Draft: Human Phys Exam 2
T/F Sound is packed air particles
T
T/F T-tubules are continuous with the sarcolemma
T
The posterior chamber of the eye is filled with what
Vitreous humor
how do we measure sound
We measure how loud sound is in decibels
Define the point of fixation
When both eyes are focusing on a close object (within the macular field
DEXA scan
measures bone density for osteoporosis
Receptive fields are most applicable to _________receptors and __________receptors
mechanoreceptors and photoreceptors
The idea that muscles hypertrophy in response to increased physical demands is the basis for the: Respiratory Challenge Endurance Principle Oxidative Adaptation Overload Principle
Overload Principle
T/F The Atrio-Ventricular valves and their associated connective tissue in the middle of the heart are electrically coupled to the heart cells above and below them for a continuous spread of depolarization throughout the entire organ.
F
T/F The left lung is bigger than the right to make room for the heart via the cardiac notch.
F
T/F Skeletal muscle contraction influences rate of venous return, but has no effect on End Diastolic Volume.
F
Heart Rate (HR)
Number of cycles per unit time (beats per minute, BPM)
What do muscle fibers contain?
Sarcolemma, t-tubules, sarcoplasm, multiple nuclei
What is the function of nebulin?
Scaffolding
T/F Pressure decreases over distance
T
True or False: Testosterone supplements like androgenic steroids only cause hypertrophy in male muscle cells. True False
False
True or False: the binding sites on globular actin monomers are capable of binding ATP. True False
False
When a muscle is in fatigue, it is experiencing a total lack of ATP, and can therefore no longer contract. True False
False
True or False: olfactory cell responds to a single odorant molecule. How do you know?
False. Each olfactory receptor has a single type of receptor ligand, but it may bind several different types of odorant molecules.
Is actin or myosin the Motile protein
Myosin
A relatively high percentage of which of the following are found in successful marathon runners. -Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers -Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers
Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers
T/F Rubbing or other touch in the same receptor field as strong pain can sometimes dilute the effect of the C fiber through post synaptic inhibition
T
T/F You get out of rigor mortis when the body begins to rot
T
Receptive field
The region within which a sensory neuron can sense a stimulation
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium ions (in a muscle cell)
Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling
The sequence of APs and calcium release that initiates contraction
Of the 2 ways to arrange a smooth muscle cell, Single unit smooth muscle cell and Multi-unit smooth muscle cells, which is the most common
The single-unit
What principle states that "motor units with larger and larger fibers are recruited as stimulus intensity increases"
The size principle
The smaller the receptive field, the lower/higher the density, the better/worse the resolution
The smaller the receptive field, the higher the density, the better the resolution
As the aroma of freshly brewed coffee drifted by dozing Henry's nose, his mouth started to water and his stomach began to rumble. Explain his reactions in terms of ANS activity.
The smell stimulates the olfactory nerves and carries the information to the CNS. The response to the potential presence of food is parasympathetic activation, which stimulates increased salivary gland secretion (mouth watering) and increased secretory activity and motility of the stomach (stomach rumbling).
What sits on top of the hair cells in the ear?
The tectorial membrane
Passive tension
Tension produced by non-contractile components of a muscle
Continued sustained smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation. Maximal stimulus Multiple motor unit summation Tetanus Wave summation
Tetanus
An increase in the calcium ion level in the sarcoplasm starts the sliding of the thin filaments. When the level of calcium ions declines, sliding stops. True False
True
Atrial tachycardia is characterized by fast atrial contractions with little pause between them, causing an increase in the speed of atrial contraction. True False
True
Light passes through the entire thickness of the neural layer of the retina to excite the photoreceptors. True False
True
Multiple powerstrokes must be performed to bring one sarcomere to full contraction. True False
True
Muscles are only able to pull, they never push. True False
True
Odorants must be volatile (aerosolized) and able to be dissolved in nasal mucus to be smelled. True False
True
One of the jobs of skeletal muscle in the human body is to help you hold your pee. True False
True
Ear: Stimulation of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) occurs via hair cells responding to movement of tectorial membrane floating in the _________ of the ________ ________
endolymph; cochlear duct
How do Fenestrated capillaries complete endothelial transport?
endothelial cells
EDV
end diastolic volume
catecholamines
increase Ca2+ entry and storage
Which of the following is the primary way to produce summation of muscle contractions and therefore achieve greater total tension? -increase the frequency of muscle stimulation -increase the intensity of the stimulus the muscle experiences in mV -none of these methods will cause a muscle to summate -add additional nerve axon inputs to communicate with the muscle
increase the frequency of muscle stimulation
Do smooth muscles have striations
no
What do we generally call sensory receptors that are specifically tasked with transducing painful, damaging, or unwholesome stimuli? chemoreceptors All receptors do this pain receptors nocireceptors
nocireceptors
Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the ________. trabeculae carneae papillary muscles pectinate muscles venae cavae
papillary muscles
How do Continuous capillaries complete endothelial transport?
patent endothelial cells
What holds groups of muscle cells together
perimysium
Frequency is precieved as _______
pitch
The vast majority of the energy payout we get from a single molecule of glucose comes from what process
the aerobic process
The length of a whole muscle is dictated by what
the amount of overlap between the different fibers in each sarcomere
A single contraction-relaxation cycle in a skeletal muscle fiber is known as a(n)
twitch
How is the receptive field demonstrated
two-point discrimination test
Which of the following is the way muscles immediately regenerate some of their ATP if exercise lasts more than 6 seconds without dipping into their oxygen supply? -draw on store of intracellular ATP -use aerobic pathways to generate more ATP efficiently -use Creatine Phosphate via CPK -slip into anaerobic glycolysis
use Creatine Phosphate via CPK
What in the veins prevents back flow of blood
valves
Are veins or arteries more compliant?
veins
T/F Fovea centralis is where we see the most color and the most detail
T
T/F Hair cells of the ear are delicate
T
T/F Heart resides in the pericardium
T
T/F Horizontal cells help modulate and process the conversation between photoreceptors and bipolar cells
T
T/F If precapillary sphincters constrict, blood flow bypasses capillaries completely and flows through metarterioles
T
T/F If you try to quit sugar, you will have withdrawal symptoms
T
T/F In the cardiac muscle fiber, the refractor period lasts almost as long as the entire muscle twitch
T
T/F Lymphatic capillaries are permeable to proteins
T
T/F Motor units can be called on and contracted one at a time or many at once
T
T/F Motor units take turns to help maintain tension and reduce fatigue
T
T/F Muscle cells can change their membrane potential to facilitate specific physiological functions
T
T/F Muscle mass is increased by androgenic steroids
T
T/F Muscles usually work in pairs
T
T/F Myocardial autorhythmic cells can depolarize in sequence, on a schedule without the input of the brain
T
T/F Optic disc doesn't have any photoreceptors so it is a blind spot
T
T/F People who are immobile and sit a lot are usually the first to show the signs of lymph edema
T
T/F Peristalsis is characteristic of smooth muscle.
T
T/F Phasic receptors rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turns off.
T
T/F QRS complex indicates that the entirety of the ventricular walls have been polarized.
T
T/F Same principles apply to contraction of a single fiber and a whole muscle
T
T/F Sensory processing disorders have problems filtering the information, so all of the info goes straight to the brain, so they get overwhelmed
T
T/F Several different types of ganglion cells are arranged in doughnut-shaped receptive fields
T
T/F Since venous Volume has little effect on Pressure, it also has little effect on diastolic filling
T
T/F Sinus bradycardia can occur in healthy people
T
T/F Smooth muscle can contract in 3 dimensions
T
T/F Sodium is a small positive ion
T
T/F T-types open first and fast and then activates l type, l types are open longer
T
T/F The action potentials of motor neuron and sarcolemma are similar in appearance and function
T
T/F The brain encodes sensory info, in part, by what cells are sending the information
T
T/F The carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole.
T
T/F The difference between fused and unfused tetanus is that the muscle has time to relax when the summation leads to unfused tetanus
T
T/F The electrocardiogram represents the summed electrical activity of all cells recorded from the surface of the body
T
T/F The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.
T
T/F The heart lies in the center of the thorax
T
T/F The human heart can beat outside the body without the help of the brain for a while because it can produce its own depolarization electicity.
T
T/F The mitochondria is so abundant in cardiac muscle that it is 1/3 of the cell volume
T
T/F The more you stretch a muscle, the more likely it is to contract harder in the reactionary phase
T
T/F The olfactory sense has stem cells, but the population of stem cells decrease over time
T
T/F The use of calcium in myocardial cells is different from other muscle type cells.
T
T/F The wider the QRS complex (the more time it takes), the more serious the problem
T
T/F Theoretically, an individual born without a middle ear would be able to hear by bone conduction with a hearing aid.
T
T/F Tissues damaged by myocardial infarction are replaced by connective tissue.
T
T/F To stake a vampire directly in the heart, it is necessary to aim slightly to patient's left of the sternum.
T
T/F Tonic receptors are slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of a stimulus
T
T/F Top and bottom of the heart contract at separate times
T
T/F Veins are very complaint
T
T/F Water is distributed between intracellular and extracellular compartments
T
T/F When precapillary sphincters are relaxed, blood flows through all capillaries in the bed.
T
T/F When you are making big gains in a short period of time, you are more prone to injury
T
T/F the number of motor neurons increase as the load to be lifted increases
T
T/F T-tubules spread the depolarizations that began on the sarcolemma
T
T/F The only way to run out of ATP is when your dead.
T
T/F To get shortening and tension, some of the thick filament has to overlap some of the thin filament
T
T/F Cardiac output gets faster if heart beats faster
T
T/F Intercalated discs make cardiac muscle hard to tear
T
T/F It is normal to see a plateau after making big muscle gains
T
T/F If you spend too much time in A-fib, blood pools in the atria. When blood sits it has a tendency to form clots. Any clots formed in the atria will go to the ventricles (if right ventricle) then to the lungs resulting in a pulmonary embolism or (if left ventricle) to the body resulting in anything including an ischemic stroke
T
t/f Some regions of the heart generate spontaneous APs
T
T/F The rate of a stimulus may change but tonic receptors never completely stop monitoring
T
For max power, skeletal muscle must contract synchronously. Need to get AP signal into interior for synchronous contraction. What allows this
T-tubules. AP races over fiber surface and down T-tubules into interiorterm-431
T/F Hair cells of the ear are graded potentials
T. AP is stimulated by increased signal
An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPs per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is ________. the citric acid cycle glycolysis hydrolysis the electron transport chain
glycolysis
Contraction of a whole muscle: Unlike muscle fibers, whole muscles are capable of ___________ contraction
graded
What are the results of Aerobic (endurance) exercise
greater endurance, strength, and resistance to fatigue
What are the measurement units for preload in regards to how much you are filling ventricles before contraction
mL
Precapillary ____________ restricts certain things during fight or flight to cut it off if it is unnecessary
sphincters
What is the function of titin
stabilizes actin and myosin scaffolds and helps maintain resting length
Third and final stage of muscle energetics: Fatigue
stage of contraction where ATP is completely expended
Second stage of muscle energetics: Anaerobic contraction
stage of contraction where ATP use exceeds production by aerobic means and ATP must be obtained via anaerobic metabolism
First stage of muscle energetics: Aerobic contraction
stage of contraction whereATP use does not exceed production by aerobic means
CNS processing of sensory information: Location: -Often a 1:1 correspondence between what two things -May require _________ ___________ of information in CNS -Often involves _______ _________ to enhance contrast of signal
stimulus and location; additional processing; lateral inhibition
What tissues are found with continuous capillaries
Exocrine Muscle Nerve Lung
Powerstroke
Movement of the myosin head that is the basis for muscle contraction
ONJ
osteonecrosis of the jaw (parts of the jaw bone begins to rot from the inside).
Does the left side of the heart carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood
oxygenated blood
What kind of protein is actin? myosin?
Actin = scaffolding and anchoring protein Myosin = motile protein (myosin heads)
T/F Blood or fluid inside the pericardial cavity has little to no effect on preload in the ventricles.
F
T/F Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes the lens to bend the light less.
F
T-type
"transient opening"
What does the y axis of a ECG (EKC) tell us
Amplitude
what gives autorhythmic cells the power to self polarize
Funny channels
Eye color is determined by the _____
Iris
T/F 3-8X more Creatine phosphate than ATP in Skel muscles
T
color blindness
defective cones
What has the greatest effect on resistance
radius
Are Epinephrine and norepinephrine included in sympathetic or parasympathetic input
sympathetic
What does the Z in z disc mean
"Zwischen" or between
How do you find pulse pressure (what is the equation)
(PP) = systolic - diastolic
List the following structures in the sequence in which a beam of light entering the eye will encounter them: (a) aqueous humor (b) cornea (c) lens (d) pupil (e) retina
(b) cornea (a) aqueous humor (d) pupil (c) lens (e) retina
Fluid only flows is a + or - pressure exists
+ (positice)
Atrial problems: Describe Atrial Fibrulation
- Quivering or unpredictable atrial contraction - No clear P wave and irregular QRS waves Sometimes caused by interference from pulmonary Vein inputs - Not always pathologic - excessive alcohol or CO poisoning can cause
What are the 2 types of calcium channels on the outside of the heart that we can modify with drugs
1. catecholamines and 2. digitalis and other cardiac glycosides
Which of the following composition of proteins is composed of only myosin A Band H Zone I Band Z Disc M Line
A Band
Sarcomeres that are shortened too greatly can lead to a what
A Charlie horse
Eye: Define convergence
A number of presynaptic neurons provide input to s dmaller number of postsynaptic neurons
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
A recording of the summed electrical events of the cardiac cycle
How many cell layers thick are capillaries
A single layer thick
What are Z discs
A specific type of accessory protein that anchors actin (thin filaments)
What is the structure of a thin filament
A thin filament consists of two strands of actin subunits twisted into a helix plus two types of regulatory proteins (troponin and tropomyosin).
Is smooth muscle ANS or SNS regulated
ANS regulated (not voluntary).
ARTERIES: -Toward or away from heart? -Thick, muscular walls or thin, elastic walls? -High or low pressure flow? -Are valves common or are there few or no valves? -Deeply placed or more superficial? -Usually large or small caliber
ARTERIES: -Away from heart -Thick, muscular walls -High pressure flow -Few or no valves -Deeply placed -Usually small caliber
An average person expends ~2000 Cal/day = 240 lbs of solid ATP, but there is only ~1.5oz of ATP in body at any time. What does this tell us about ATP
ATP has to be regenerated over & over
When do you have more ATP available in your muscles: in rest or fatigue? Choose the best answer: -fatigue; regeneration mechanisms notice the exercise induced loss of ATP and work extra hard to replace it -rest; without intense exercise to break it down, ATP generation methods produce an excess of ATP that builds up in the muscle -ATP levels really don't change much quantitatively b/n rest and fatigue states; several regen methods make sure it's available pretty much the whole time you're alive
ATP levels really don't change much quantitatively b/n rest and fatigue states; several regen methods make sure it's available pretty much the whole time you're alive
Does smooth muscle have more actin or myosin in contractile units
Actin
If (funny) channel allows slow leak of Na+ (and K+) Creates pacemaker potential at -40 mV Triggering T-type Calcium channels to create what
Action potential
What is the process for which (6C) gluclose gets converted to 2 pyruvate (3C)
Aerobic Glycolysis
Systemic circuit
All blood vessels traveling between heart and body. Usually with "normal" oxygenation.
Pupil
An eye opening through which light can pass into the interior of the eye. Pupil size varies with the contraction and relaxation of a ring of smooth pupillary muscle
Describe muscle fiber
An individual muscle cell
Is resistance exercise typically aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic
Constants
Any factors in an experiment that stay the same for the experimental groups and the control group
Experimental group
Any group that experiences the independent variable.
Prevents arterial backflow into the left ventricle. Aortic valve Pulmonary valves Tricuspid valve Mitral valve
Aortic valve
Precapillary spinctor
Bands of smooth muscle that can alter blood flow through capillary heads
Why is the t wave bigger than the p wave
Bc Ventricles have more contractile cells
Why do you see a lot of injuries at the beginning of sports seasons
Because Muscles hypertrophy faster than connective tissue.
why is adaption is problem for the CNS processing of sensory information
Because Receptors may cease to respond to continuous stimulus
why does each of the Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers have more contractile unites than Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers and Oxidative slow-twitch fibers
Because it has the Biggest cells and the most hypertrophies
Why do Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers look pink
Because they express a medium amount of myoglobin
SA node problems: Describe how you can induce Sinus arrhythmia
By taking too many... ...Anti-histamines ...over-the-counter cold meds
T/F The only time you see deoxygenated blood in a vein
F. in an artery
What is the process of contraction in smooth muscle?
C1. a2+ enters cytoplasm via SR and external channel 2. Ca2+ causes activation of two proteins: - calmodulin (CaM) - myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) before interacting with myosin
In cardiac muscle, Ca2+ is removed by what? where?
Ca2+ ATPase at SR
What types of sensory receptors can we experience the world using
Chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, and thermoreceptors
The _______ _______ holds the lens in place
Ciliary zonule holds lens in place
Systemic Blood Pressure is affected by the _________ of vessel
Compliance
What happens during the PR Interval
Delay of AV node to allow filling of ventricles (2)
When is EDV measured
EDV is measured at the end of the relaxation phase or the diastole of the left ventricle
Since there are only three types of cones, how can you explain the fact that we see many more colors?
Each cone responds maximally to one of these colors of light, but there is overlap in their absorption spectra that accounts for the other hues.
Are our number of muscle fibers fixed early in life, in the middle of life, or toward the end of life
Early in life
What happens during the P wave
Depolarization of atria in response to SA node triggering (1)
DHP
Dihydro-pyridine
What are heart blocks?
Discordant connection between the top and bottom of the heart
The kind of temporary muscle weakness you get when you break a limb and have it cast for 8 weeks is: Motor nerve degeneration Disuse atrophy Spinal muscular atrophy Muscular dystrophy
Disuse atrophy
Do we make more of Cr while resting or during fatigue
During fatigue
There are things in our muscles that are noncontractile. In other words, they are not part of the sarcomere, myofibril, or the components of the muscle that create tension. What are some noncontractiles?
Elastic components and contractile components
T/F EKGs measure tension created by the cardiac muscle as it pushes on the blood.
F
Both the cornea and the lens are vascular. True False
False
Individual muscle fibers alone can produce a graded contraction (one which varies the amount of tension measured). True False
False
Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract. True False
False
Sound is generally perceived in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex. True False
False
The bending of light rays is called reflection. True False
False
True or False: Most skeletal muscles in the average person are specialized in function and contain a predominance of one skeletal muscle fiber type. Explain the reasoning behind your choice.
False. Most body muscles contain a mixture of fiber types that allows them to exhibit a range of contractile speeds and fatigue resistance. However, certain muscle fiber types may predominate in specific muscles, e.g., white fibers predominate in the ocular muscles.
What is another term for complete tetanus
Fused tetanus
Depolarization is propagated from cell to cell via ____ junctions
Gap
Which of the following composition of proteins has margins determined by the overlap of actin and myosin? A Band H Zone I Band Z Disc M Line
H Zone
When saying high resolution, would you have a high or low likelihood of feeling where you are being poked
High
Why is it not ok for the whole heart to contract simultaneously?
If everything contracts at the same time, then the heart doesn't perform its function as a pump.
The signal for contraction in the heart originates where
In Autorhythmic cells
Henri, a chef in a five-star French restaurant, has been diagnosed with leukemia. He is about to undergo chemotherapy, which will kill rapidly dividing cells in his body. He needs to continue working between bouts of chemo. What consequences of chemo would you predict that might affect his job as a chef?
In addition to nausea and fatigue, the chemotherapy could affect his sense of taste, largely because it will kill the stem cells in his olfactory epithelium (taste = ~80% smell).
The steepest drop in systemic blood pressure occurs where
In the arterioles
What's the difference between complete and incomplete tetanus
Incomplete or unfused tetanus - the muscle isn't locked out, it has some time to relax, even if it is just a little bit of time. Complete tetanus - muscles are maxed out, they don't have any time to relax.... Until the muscles being to fatigue
Blood goes from big pipes to smaller increasing or decreasing the resistance, increasing or decreasing the velocity, Increasing or decreasing the pressure of blood.
Increasing; decreasing; decreasing
Which of the following types of electromagnetic waves has lower energy and is used to detect heat UV X-Rays Gamma rays Visible Rays Infra Red Radio Waves
Infra Red
Describe dark adaptation
It occurs when moving from bright light into darkness. it is the reverse of light adaptation. Cones stop functioning in low-intensity light. Pupils dilate. Rhodopsin accumulates in the dark and retinal sensitivity increases within 20-30 minutes
What is a kind of junctional heart problem
Junctional escape
What tissues are found with Sinusoidal/discontinuous capillaries
Liver Bone Marrow Lymph Nodes
l-type
Long opening
Sensory receptors in the skin:______________ __________ responds to flutter and stroking movements
Meissner's corpuscle
Of the 2 ways to arrange a smooth muscle cell, Single unit smooth muscle cell and Multi-unit smooth muscle cells, which is for precise work like the ciliary area of the eye and the iris
Multi-unit
What is the skeletal muscle organ called
Muscle belly
What are the results of resistance training
Muscle hypertrophy (due to increase in fiber size which helps create more tension) Increased (some) mitochondria, (lots of ) myofilaments, (more) glycogen stores, and (the biggest increase in the durability of) connective tissue
Tendon connects muscle to bone to form what
Muscle origin and insertion areas
What is a medical procedure used to take samples of a patient's muscle tissue to assess for abnormalities? Metabolic analysis Surgical resection Muscle punch biopsy Kinetic assessment
Muscle punch biopsy
Tendon attaches what two things
Muscle to bone
Which muscle cell type has a membrane potential with a plateau
Myocardiac contractile cell
Which muscle cell type has funny channels that create pacemaker potentials
Myocardial autorhythmic cells
WHat is the difference between the 2 muscle cell types: Myocardial autorhythmic cells and Myocardiac contractile cells
Myocardial autorhythmic cells - Set the pace Myocardiac contractile cells - do the work of pushing on the blood
The heart is composed mostly of cardiac muscle (also known as what?)
Myocardium
Are pressure gradient and absolute pressure in a system the same thing
No
Do capillaries have valves
No
When does dark adaption occur?
Occurs when moving from bright light into darkness
Ejection Fraction (EF)
Percentage of ventricular blood (EDV) ejected during one contraction (%). EF = 100 x SV/EDV
eye: Periphery has high/low resolution and fovea has high/low resolution.
Periphery has low resolution and fovea has high resolution.
Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx: -Otoliths -Vestibule -Pharyngotympanic or eustacian tube -Tympanic membrane
Pharyngotympanic or eustacian tube
_______ receptors are generally associated with changing stimulus
Phasic
_______ receptors rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turns off.
Phasic
Eye: Cones
Photoreceptors that control visual acuity and color vision
Would the following be defined as a preload volume or afterload volume: how much we are filling up the heart. It gives us a volume that represents the degree of stretch that we're putting on the sarcomeres in the myocardia
Preload volume
Which of the following types of electromagnetic waves has the longest wavelengths with the lowest energy UV X-Rays Gamma rays Visible Rays Infra Red Radio Waves
Radio Waves
Cardiac Output (CO)
Rate of blood pumped by a ventricle (mL/min.). CO = HR x SV
The time between peak tension and loss of tension is called what
Relaxation phase
How do we perceive color? The number of ___, ___, or ___ cones engaged and how strongly they're stimulated determines "color"
S, M, or L cones
Retinal cells: Describe Ganglion Cells
Sends visual signals from the retina after they are processed to brain via the optic nerve (2 types, m type and p type. M-type = movement; P-type = texture, visual detail)
Loss of hearing resulting from prolonged exposure to high-intensity sounds. Tinnitus Conduction deafness Sensorineural deafness
Sensorineural deafness
retina
Sensory receptors lining the posterior cavity of the eye
Which of the following depends on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms. -Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers -Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers
Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers
Contraction of the smooth muscle: -_______, synchronized contractions -Cells are electrically coupled by _______ junctions -Some cells are _______________ (depolarize without external stimuli); act as ______________ for sheets of muscle -Rate and intensity of contraction may be modified by ________ and ____________ stimuli
Slow; gap; self-excitatory; pacemakers; neural; chemical
Macula
The center of the visual field
What is the difference between Mobitz I and II
The difference is that Mobitz 2 is more serious. No prolonging of the PR interval, AB waves continue even though they are not conducted by the AV node. It is characterized by many dropped beats. It can lead to spontaneous cardiac arrest
What is the first layer of connective tissue
The epimysium
What keeps lymph vessels from collapsing?
The fact that they are connected to surrounding tissues connected elements with collagen fibers.
The larger the receptive field, the lower/higher the density, the better/worse the resolution
The larger the receptive field, the lower the density, the worse the resolution
Skeletal muscle rarely work by themselves. What do they mainly work with?
They mostly work in motor units which are groups of individual muscle cells that are innervated by the same axon so they all contract together when they are stimulated
As the load gets heaver, the motor units get bigger. How does this happen
This happens by having more cells and a larger size of muscle fibers
What does the x axis on the ECG tell us
This shows how much time it takes for each one of these pieces of the ECG to occur. Each piece represents and electrical depolarization event in the heart. These should take a specific amount of time.
______ ______ helps prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent receptor cells
Tight junction
A possible side effect of medications such as aspirin. Tinnitus Sensorineural deafness Conduction deafness
Tinnitus
Muscle fibers, like neurons, can change membrane potential for a specific purpose. what is their purpose?
To catalyze contractions
Myostatin mutants suffer from a malfunction of the myostatin growth factor that impacts muscle cell development. When myostatin is defective, the result is a muscular system with: -Ineffective development of limb muscles -Too many muscle cells -Too few muscle cells per muscle organ -Too many myofibrils per cell
Too many muscle cells
What are the activities of sensory receptors?
Transduction, threshold, and receptor potential
List 3 functions of the cardiovascular system
Transport of materials entering and leaving the body, defense, and cell-to-cell communication
Atrio-Ventricular valve with three flaps. Tricuspid valve Aortic valve Pulmonary valves Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
Single-unit smooth muscle is found in the intestines. True False
True
Sour taste receptors are stimulated by hydrogen ions of acidic food substances. True False
True
T/F Phasic receptors are generally associated with changing stimulus
True
The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation and is controlled by the ANS. True False
True
The blood in the pulmonary circulation does not directly exchange with the tissues to serve the metabolic needs of body tissues. True False
True
The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion permeability properties temporarily. True False
True
The excitation phase of E-C coupling can be measured in mV because depolarization is electrical, and the contraction phase can be measured in Newtons because tension generates force. True False
True
The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment. True False
True
The latent period is something we can see happening in real time when we stimulate muscles and monitor them on an electromyogram (EMG), as we will do in lab. -True False
True
The lymphatic capillaries function to absorb the excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream. True False
True
The optic disc is the location where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball. True False
True
The optical illusions included with lecture were meant to demonstrate sensory adaptation in photoreceptor populations. True False
True
The photoreceptor cells are sensitive to damage from light. True False
True
True or False: Tinnitus is a type of sensorinerual damage, because it impacts the activity of the hair cells in the auditory system, which are part of the neural component. True False
True
True or False: Transduction of a stimulus by a sensory neuron is required for the brain to perceive sensory information. -False -Only true under certain circumstances -True -No answer text provided.
True
True or False: Your sense of olfaction is a sense you might be able to repair if moderately damaged because its receptors are replaced often by stem cells that don't divide all the time. True False
True
True or False: Muscle contractions may result in tension we can't see with the naked eye. True False
True
True or False: One ATP is needed for each crossbridge recycled between actin and myosin. True False
True
True or False: Really loud noises or head trauma can tear the tympanic membrane. True False
True
True or False: Single unit smooth muscles can contain pacemaker cells that are capable of self-depolarization; these control contraction for the entire sheet of cells with gap junctions. True False
True
True or False: initiating contraction of a single muscle fiber is, in some ways, very similar to the production of an action potential in a neuron--both are all-or-none events that require a threshold of stimulus to be met. True False
True
Warming up prior to intense physical activity helps prime skeletal muscles for sustained work by pre-supplying them with calcium and oxygen. True False
True
When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length. True False
True
When we move from darkness to bright light, retinal sensitivity is lost, but visual acuity is gained. True False
True
You can get hypertrophy of skeletal muscle fibers by using exogenous androgenic steroids, but the hypertrophy may also occur in your heart (cardiomegaly). True False
True
rue or False: a muscle's physiological function is to contract and produce tension. True False
True
True or False: Vestibular and Auditory stimuli are different sensory modalities, but they share the same nerve tract back to the brain.
True?
The time between onset of contraction and loss of tension is called what
Twitch
What is the R-R interval used to measure
Used to measure one cardiac cycle. it is one way to measure heart rate.
Which one of these rhythms will probably have a wide complex QRS associated? A-Fib 2nd degree heart block sinus bradycardia V-Tach
V-Tach
What is the maneuver likely killed "The King" (Elvis Presley)
Valsalva Maneuver
What is the classic demonstration of the Stroop effect
When one tries to name the color of the ink in which a word is printed when the word itself is the name of a color other than that of the ink. Typically, one is slower in this situation than if the word is not a color term
Which of the following is true about light and vision? -When we see the color of an object, all light is being absorbed by that object except for the color being experienced. -The greater the incident angle of light striking a refractive surface, the less the amount of light bending required by the lens to focus it on the retina. -Our photoreceptors react most strongly to light in the 800nm range -Human photoreceptors respond to light in the 100-300 nm range.
When we see the color of an object, all light is being absorbed by that object except for the color being experienced.
Describe Retinitis pigmentosa
Where the RPE layers dies leaving a person blind by 25
Describe the effects of aging on the special sense organs. Be specific with examples.
With age, the lens enlarges, loses its crystal clarity and becomes discolored, and the dilator muscles of the iris become less efficient. Atrophy of the organ of Corti reduces hearing acuity, especially for high-pitched sounds. The sense of smell and taste diminish due to a gradual loss of receptors, thus appetite is diminished.
Short duration exercise: Does the following happen within the first 6 seconds of a run, within the first 10 seconds, 30-40 seconds in/at the end of run: ATP is formed from creatine Phosphate and ADP.
Within the first 10 seconds
Which of the following types of electromagnetic waves are high energy and are used in medical facilities? UV X-Rays Gamma rays Visible Rays Infra Red Radio Waves
X- Rays
Because summation results in stronger and longer contractions compared to individual twitches, can we assume that new APs can arrive before the muscle relaxes
Yes, new APs can arrive before the muscle relaxes. This can result in tetany (a sustained maximal contraction)
Which of the following composition of proteins is an attachment point for actin fibers? A Band H Zone I Band Z Disc M Line
Z Disc
A sarcomere is the distance between two ________. I band Myosin A band Z discs
Z discs
Role of Calcium Ions in smooth muscle: -Ca2+ binds to and activates ?a? -Activated ?a? activates ?b? -Activated ?b? phosphorylates and activates ?c? -Cross bridges interact with ?d?
a = calmodulin b = myosin (light chain) kinase (MLCK) c = myosin d = actin
bisphosphonate
a drug therapy used to prevent bone loss in osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoblasts from doing their jobs (and some evidence proves that it helps build up osteoblasts)
After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction? -acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh -the action potential stops going down the overloaded T tubules -calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae -the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved
acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh
The sliding filament model of contraction involves ________. -actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping -the Z discs sliding over the myofilaments -actin and myosin shortening but not sliding past each other -the shortening of thick filaments so that thin filaments slide past
actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping
inotropic agent
any chemical that affects contractility
In cardiac auscultation (listening via stethoscope), normal heart sounds are characterized by the "lupp-dupp" audible rhythm of closing valves during the cardiac cycle. The second heart sound, "dupp", would normally be heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle? a. just after the start of ventricular systole b. just after the end of ventricular systole c. just after the end of atrial systole d. just after the start of atrial diastole
b. just after the end of ventricular systole EX: Because the sounds associated with the heart beat are due to the closing of valves, not due to heart contractions, the second heart sound would take place after ventricular contraction (systole), when the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves close
The tricuspid valve is normally closed: a. while the ventricles are in diastole b. while the ventricles are in systole c. while the atria are in systole d. during the movement of blood from the atria into the ventricles
b. while the ventricles are in systole EX: This is the right AV valve b/n the right atrium and ventricle. When the vents are contracting, we want this closed to prevent back-flush of blood into the R. atrium.
Why can we slightly dilute painful stimulus via good touch
because we are slightly inhibiting the painful stimulus
Receptor potential
graded potential in a special senses receptor
Phototransduction In the Dark: _______ is high inside the cell; __________________ channels are open. Inward or outward sodium current (_______Current) keeps cell depolarized (-40mV). Depolarized state opens Ca+2 channels, causes constant _________ neurotransmitter release onto bipolar cells
cGMP; cGMP-gated Na+; inward; dark; inhibitory
Receptors for hearing are located in the ________. tympanic membrane semicircular canals vestibule cochlea
cochlea
What kind of vestibular sensory cell causes you to puke and stumble when you get off the centripetal force-inducing Barrel Ride at Worlds of Fun? otolith cristae ampularis auditory hair cell Vestibular hair cell
cristae ampularis
Myosin heads contain: •2 small chains—form _______ _______during contraction •Binding sites for ______ of thin filaments •Binding sites for _____ •________ enzymes
cross bridges; actin; ATP; ATPase
Which of the following accurately describes an example of circulatory transport from cell to cell? -carbon dioxide diffusion into the capillaries at the tissue level -secretion of drug metabolites from the blood into the urine -oxygen loading onto hemoglobin at the lungs -cytokines released by adaptive immune cells to attract other immune cells
cytokines released by adaptive immune cells to attract other immune cells
In multi-unit smooth muscle cells, how is AP propagated
each cell stimulated individually
Which of these is the artery's ability to push back against the blood pressure produced by the heart? hydrostatic pressure elastic recoil compliance peripheral resistance
elastic recoil
Which of these is the artery's ability to push back against the blood pressure produced by the heart? peripheral resistance hydrostatic pressure compliance elastic recoil
elastic recoil
How do Continuous capillaries complete endothelial transport? How do Continuous capillaries complete paracellular transport?
endothelial transport - patent endothelial cells paracellular transport - leaky junctions
In normal Skeletal muscle, ACh channels are restricted to the region under the _______. After __________ they're inserted all over muscle. After 5-15 days, __________ begin bc they are looking for the ACh; ___________ after few months
endplate; denervation; fibrillations (random twitches); disappears
What is the functional role of the T tubules? -enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction -stabilize the G and F actin -synthesize ATP to provide energy for muscle contraction -hold cross bridges in place in a resting muscle
enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction
T/F Smooth muscle has a fast twitch sleep
f. slow
The narrower a vessel, the faster or slower the velocity of flow
faster
What type of capillary makes up the kidney glomerulus? continuous fenestrated
fenestrated
Smooth muscle: Actin and myosin form _______ _______ that wrap around cell and cross at dense bodies
filament bundles
What is the least severe of the heat blocks
first degree
coronary ischemia is due to?
having a heart attach and killing off a bunch of autorhythmic cells
Which of the following is the primary way to produce summation of muscle contractions and therefore achieve greater total tension? -none of these methods will cause a muscle to summate -increase the frequency of muscle stimulation -add additional nerve axon inputs to communicate with the muscle -increase the intensity of the stimulus the muscle experiences in mV
increase the frequency of muscle stimulation
SA node problems: Describe what Sinus bradycardia is caused by
increased vagal tone; sleep, drugs, brain damage
Which type of contraction do you want to dominate your exercise plan if you want to break/form lots of Xbridges and therefore burn up lots of calories? isotonic isometric gyrotonic pyrotechnic
isotonic
Does Isotonic contraction or isometric contraction get used in aerobic training? what is the result>
isotonic contractions. It results in more mitochondrias, vascularization, aerobic enzymes
Why is resistance important in the body
it maintains blood pressure
Do t-types or l-types produce the calcium influx that opens Cardiac SR
l-types
Presbypoia
loss of accommodation due to stiffening of the lens with age
What is the advantage of assessing a cardiac patient with a full 12-lead EKG instead of just a 4-lead rhythm strip? -more than one of these is why we do 12-leads -12 lead EKGs can help safely eliminate cardiac issues as a cause for nondescript symptoms -Each lead gives a different view through the heart, allowing better localization of the abnormally functioning tissue -multi-lead EKGs can help vascular surgeons find which coronary vessels are blocked
more than one of these is why we do 12-leads
What part of the sarcolemma contains acetylcholine receptors? end of the muscle fiber motor end plate any part of the sarcolemma part adjacent to another muscle cell
motor end plate
T-tubule system carries APs inside what
myofibrils
What are some examples of chemicals that increase heart contractility
norepinephrine, epinephrine, digitalis
Rubbing or other touch in the same receptor field as strong pain can sometimes dilute the effect of the C fiber through what
post synaptic inhibition
A patient is transported to the hospital with the following symptoms: ~numbness and tingling in his left arm and leg ~facial drooping of the left side of his face ~deviation of gaze in his left eye ~difficulty speaking and responding to questions This patient's symptom set is indicative that which of the following processes is active in his brain? internal respiration perfusion active hyperemia reactive hyperemia
reactive hyperemia
The receptors of each primary sensory neuro pick up info from a specific area of the brain, known as the
receptive field
Special terminology is often used to describe specific parts of the muscle. Which of the following terms correctly identifies the muscle cellular membrane? myofibril sarcolemma sarcomere sarcoplasmic reticulum
sarcolemma
What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage? sarcoplasmic reticulum mitochondria myofibrillar network intermediate filament network
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Describe the startle reflex
scaring someone
The eyeball is made of _______ connective tissue
sclera
What is the duration of AP in skeletal muscle? contractile myocardium? and autorhythmic myocardium?
skeletal muscle - Short; 1-2 ms contractile myocardium - Extended: 200+ msec autorhythmic myocardium - Variable; generally 150+ msec
Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________. -forming a chemical compound with actin -storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP -inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments -forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin
storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP
catecholamines increases the Ca2+ entry and storage. What is this net result?
stronger contraction, faster HR, shorter recovery
What produces the striations of a skeletal muscle cell? -the arrangement of myofilaments -a difference in the thickness of the sarcolemma -the T tubules -the sarcoplasmic reticulum
the arrangement of myofilaments
Atrial ventricular valves separates what?
the atria and ventricles
What is the first step of the visual pathway of the eye, where light from the environment enters
the cornea
What is the Q wave representative of?
the depolarization of the septum
Sphygmomanometer: The last thump you can identify when releasing pressure is what
the diastolic pressure value which is typically the 80 # in the 120/80 number
Comparing the preload and afterload will get reveal what percentage the heart is ejecting called what
the ejecting fraction.
cytochrome C oxidase is part of what
the electron transport chain
What do clinical providers call the interstitial compartment of fluid in the human body? fluid space third space transitional space interstitial space
third space
Does cardiac muscle have striations
yes
T/F The optic disc has photoreceptors
F. Optic disc doesn't have any photoreceptors so it is a blind spot
t/f The periphery of the eye has a high resolution
F. Periphery has low resolution and fovea has high resolution.
The mitochondria is so abundant in cardiac muscle that it looks like pink fibers
F. Red fibers
Electron Transport Chain - What does it convert? What is the net energy yield?
Converts: 4 O2 > 8 H2O Net energy yield: 24 ATP
Is actin or myosin the the scaffolding and anchoring protein
Actin
What is another term for thin filaments
Actin
Anaerobic Glycolysis - What does it convert? What is the net energy yield?
Converts: Glucose (6C) to 2 lactate (3C) Net energy yield: 2 ATP
Aerobic glycolysis - What does it convert? What is the net energy yield?
Converts: Glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C) Net energy yield: 2 ATP + 2 NADH
T/F You get more muscle cells as you age
F. You don't get any more muscle cells when you age. Your muscle cells get bigger
What does the H in H zone mean?
"Heller" or brighter
What does the A in A band stand for?
"Anisotropic" or polarized (dArk)
What does the I in I band mean
"Isotropic" or diffuse (lIght)
What does the M in M line mean?
"Mittelscheibe" or middle cut
Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
"Within physiological limits, the heart pumps all blood returned to it" -"Stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (the end diastolic volume)"
Put the following structures in the order in which a sound wave would encounter them: (a) Pinna (b) Cochlear duct (c) Stapes (d) Ion channels (e) Oval window (f) Hair cells/stereocilia (g) Tympanic membrane (h) Incus (i) Vestibular duct (j) Malleus
(a) Pinna (g) Tympanic membrane (j) Malleus (h) Incus (c) Stapes (e) Oval window (i) Vestibular duct (b) Cochlear duct (f) Hair cells/stereocilia (d) Ion channels
Describe Third Degree Heartblock
- Atrial and ventricular coordination blocked - P and QRS waves are divorced Complete block; no signal to ventricles... ...AV node will activate independently of SA, hence two rhythms are sometimes seen ...Usually cased by coronary ischemia; pacemaker needed
Describe 2nd Degree Heartblocks (Mobitz I)
- Atrial and ventricular coordination occasional - PR interval lengthens until a QRS wave is skipped
Describe First Degree Heartblocks
- Atrial and ventricular coordination slowed (With this, the PR interval is beginning to get long. This indicated that the depolarization is not getting from the top of the heart to the bottom on the right schedule. If this gets too long, the ventricles won't depolarize like they are supposed to. This is a problem because you would be doubly stretching the ventricle) - PRI > 0.20 s (constant) -Can be caused by vasovagal nerve issues, MI, or Any drugs that slow AV node refractory: like beta-blockers or Ca-chann blockers
SA node problems: Describe Sinus tachycardia
- Fast pacemaker - RR < 0.6 (>100 BPM) -Can be caused by... ...your ANS under situations of increased cardiac demand ...abnormal ANS control; usually goes away
Describe 2nd Degree Heartblocks (Mobitz II)
- His-Purkinje system disorder - More serious; no prolonged PR interval; can lead to spontaneous cardiac arrest
Asystole (flatline)
- No electrical activity - Only isoelectric line
What are some examples of tonic receptors monitoring
-Baroreceptors monitoring arterial BP -Pitch and volume in the ear -Color and contrast reception in the eye
SA node problems: Describe Sinus arrhythmia
- Pacemaker irregular - RRMax - RRMin > 0.16 s You can induce this by taking too many... ...Anti-histamines ...over-the-counter cold meds
Ventricular Problems: Describe Ventricular Fibrulation
- Quivering or unpredictable ventricle contraction - No clear waves -Multiple pacemaker potentials from ischemic myocardium -Can sometimes cause this during Myocardial infarction
What are the 4 valves of the heart?
- R. atrioventricular (tricuspid) - L. atrioventricular (bicuspid) - Pulmonary semilunar - Aortic semilunar
Ventricular Problems: Describe Ventricular Tachycardia
- Rapid rhythmic contraction of ventricles - No P waves, QRS waves adjacent, RR < 0.6 s - May or may not have a pulse - Adjacent QRS waves are what is shown in pic -Most of the time, is a problem with Myocardial infarction scarring
SA node problems: Describe Sinus bradycardia
- Slow pacemaker - RR > 1.0 s (< 60 BPM) Caused by: increased vagal tone; sleep, drugs, brain damage
Ventricular Problems: describe Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)
- Ventricular wall takes over as pacemeker - No P wave, tachycardia (RR > 1.0 s) -Usually happens when a serious breakdown in Communication b/n upper and lower heart occurs -No input from SA and/or AV node to guide beat
Ventricular Problems: Describe how most of the time Ventricular Tachycardia is a problem with Myocardial infarction scarring
- electrical impulses must detour around scar - result is rapid, monomorphic V contraction - combo-ing anti biotics and some anti- - histamines can also cause V tach!
What are the 3 muscle functions
-Contraction/shortening -Balance Generation of heat
Arterial Blood Pressure reflects what 2 factors of the arteries close to the heart
-Elasticity (compliance or distensibility) -Volume of blood forced into vessels at any time
SA node problems: Describe what Sinus tachycardiacan be caused by
- your ANS under situations of increased cardiac demand - abnormal ANS control; usually goes away
Myocardial autorhythmic cells Allows slow leak of Na+ (and K+) until potential of ___ mV triggers Ca+ channels
-40 mV
Muscle contraction type: Isometric contraction
-A contraction that created a force without movement. -load placed on muscle is greater than than maximum tension therefore muscle is NOT allowed to shorten -Muscle has not shortened. Sarcomeres shorten generating forces but basic elements stretch, allowing muscle length to remain the same
Muscle contraction type: Isotonic contraction
-A contraction that creates a force and moves a load -The load placed on muscle is less than maximum tension therefore the muscle is allowed to shorten -Allows you to actually move stuff because the weight you are lifting is less than your max (-Sarcomeres shorten generating forces but because basic elements are already stretched, the entire muscle must shorten)
Junctional Problems: Describe Junctional Escape
-AV node takes over as pacemaker - No P wave evident because the SA node isn't doing its job -Usually happens when SA node stim rate falls below The rate of AV stim; can occur due to MI damage -May require pacemaker implant
What are the jobs of the RPE (Retinal Pigment Epithelium)
-Absorbing light that's not interacting with photoreceptors to clarify visual signal -Recycle used pigment discs in rods/cones (w/o the rpe we would run out of useable photopigments. We would become functionally blind very quicky) -Vital for maintained retinal sensitivity
T/F Cones are tightly packed in the periphery of the eye
F. they are tightly packed in the fovea and widely spaced in the periphery
What does endomysium hold? What does perimysium hold? What does epimysium hold?
-Endomysium holds all of the cells together in fascicle shape -Perimysium holds all of the fascicles together -Epimysium holds all of the fascicles together in a group
What does the overload principle state?
-Forcing a muscle to work hard promotes increased muscle strength and endurance -Muscles adapt to increased demands so if you want to continue to make gains than you have to increase what you're asking the muscle to do -Muscles must be overloaded to produce further gains
Select all of the following that are expected adaptations for a muscle undergoing resistance training: -Increased myofibrils -Increased glycogen stores -Decreased mitochondria -Significantly reinforced connective tissue -Increased vascularization -Increased myoglobin synthesis -Resistance to hypoxia
-Increased myofibrils -Increased glycogen stores -Significantly reinforced connective tissue
Describe the flow of blood entering the heart, exiting the heart, and everything in between
-Inferior/superior vena cava -R. atrium -R. atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve -R. ventricle -Pulmonary (R. semilunar) valve -Pulmonary trunk -L/R. pulmonary artery -Lung -L/R. pulmonary vein -L. atrium -L. atrioventricular (mitral/bicuspid) valve -L. ventricle -Aortic (L. semilunar) valve -Aorta
When does muscle fatigue occur
-Ionic imbalances (K+, Ca2+, Pi) interfere with E-C coupling -Prolonged exercise damages the SR and interferes with Ca2+ regulation and release
What is the muscle equivalent to the following general terms: Muscle cell Cell membrane Cytoplasm Modified endoplasmic reticulum
-Muscle cell - Muscle fiber -Cell membrane - Sarcolemma -Cytoplasm - Sarcoplasm -Modified endoplasmic reticulum - Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Describe when the PR interval happens and what the normal time range is
-Onset of P wave to onset of QRS wave -Normal range: 0.12-0.20 s
The big difference b/n tonic and phasic receptors is: (Pick all that apply) -Phasic receptors fire rapidly at first, and then shut off entirely when the stimulus remains stable -olfactory receptors are tonic -tonic receptors are only on part of the time and are not good for continuously monitoring -tonic receptors never shut off completely; they just change firing rate when stimulus changes
-Phasic receptors fire rapidly at first, and then shut off entirely when the stimulus remains stable -tonic receptors never shut off completely; they just change firing rate when stimulus changes
Select all of the following that are expected adaptations for a muscle undergoing aerobic training: -Resistance to hypoxia -Significantly reinforced connective tissue -Increased vascularization -Increased glycogen stores -Increased myofibrils -Decreased mitochondria -Increased myoglobin synthesis
-Resistance to hypoxia -Increased vascularization -Increased myoglobin synthesis
What are the 2 ways to arrange a smooth muscle cell
-Single unit smooth muscle cell -Multi-unit smooth muscle cells
Describe the following in regards to Oxidative slow-twitch fibers (type I) --"Slow Oxidative" -(SO): -Speed: -Twitch length: -Calcium movement: -Mitochondria: -Myoglobin: -Size and color: -Vascularization: -Other features:
-Speed: Slow -Twitch length: ~75 ms -Calcium movement: Slow -Mitochondria: Dense -Myoglobin: High -Size and color: Small diameter, red -Vascularization: High -Other features: Rely on aerobic ATP production, primarily used for posture, balance, sustained activity
Describe the following in regards to Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers (type IIb) "Fast Glycolytic" -- (FG): -Speed: -Twitch length: -Calcium movement: -Mitochondria: -Myoglobin: -Size and color: -Vascularization: -Other features:
-Speed: Very fast (2-3 x speed of type IIb) -Twitch length: ~7.5 ms -Calcium movement: Fast -Mitochondria: Sparse -Myoglobin: Low -Size and color: Large diameter, white -Vascularization: Low -Other features: Rely on anaerobic glycolysis, resulting in H+ ion build-up (acidosis)
Describe the following in regards to Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers (type IIa) - "Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic" - (FO or FOG): -Speed: -Twitch length: -Calcium movement: -Mitochondria: -Myoglobin: -Size and color: -Vascularization: -Other features:
-Speed: fast (2-3 x speed of type Iib, 1-2x slower than T-I) Twitch length: ~7.5 ms Calcium movement: Fast -Mitochondria: Moderate -Myoglobin: Medium -Size and color: Medium diameter, pink -Vascularization: Medium -Other features: Rely on aerobic ATP production
List the possible ventricular heart problems
-Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) - Ventricular wall takes over as pacemeker -Ventricular Fibrulation - Quivering or unpredictable ventricle contraction -Ventricular Tachycardia - Rapid rhythmic contraction of ventricles
Describe the R-R interval and include the normal time range
-Time between successive R spikes -Normal range: 0.6-1.0 s (=60-100 BPM)
Latent Period
-Time when E-C coupling events occur -Time between AP initiation and the beginning of contraction
VEINS: -Toward or away from heart? -Thick, muscular walls or thin, elastic walls? -High or low pressure flow? -Are valves common or are there few or no valves? -Deeply placed or more superficial? -Usually large or small caliber
-Toward heart -Thin, inelastic walls -Low pressure flow -Valves common -More superficial -Usually larger caliber
What are the circulatory functions
-Transportation of materials: -Immune response (in part) -Physical protection (in part) -Heat (in part)
What are some features and characteristicsof skeletal muscle
-elongated cell -multinucleated -visible striations -somatic (voluntary) -not branching -intercalated with capillaries -cholinergic -fast, all-or-none contraction
Adaptation: describe tonic receptors
-fire rapidly upon initial stimulus, -fire slowly with continued stimulus -Generally associated with monitoring a system
The two things that primarily influence the force that will be produced in a graded muscle contraction are: -frequency of stimulation of the muscle -task being asked of the muscle -number and size of motor units recruited -size of the muscle organ
-frequency of stimulation of the muscle -number and size of motor units recruited
Select all of the effects that a major hemmorhage would have on a patient's cardiac and circulatory status: -increased sodium permeability in myocardial autorhythmic cells -initially increased blood pressure that falls over time -blood pressures in the range of 120/80 -perfusion that stabilizes over time -initially increased heart rate -initially falling heart rate
-increased sodium permeability in myocardial autorhythmic cells -initially increased blood pressure that falls over time -initially increased heart rate
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the size of receptive fields/density of primary sensory neurons and the resolution of the sensation they provide? Please select all choices that are correct. -the larger the receptive field for each neuron the higher the resolution of the sense -the lower the density of primary neurons, the better the resolution of the sense -lateral inhibition of primary sensory neurons contributes to the clarity of sensory resolution -the higher the density of primary sensory neurons, the higher the resolution of the sensory input -the smaller the receptive field the higher the resolution of the sense
-lateral inhibition of primary sensory neurons contributes to the clarity of sensory resolution -the higher the density of primary sensory neurons, the higher the resolution of the sensory input -the smaller the receptive field the higher the resolution of the sense
The two things that primarily influence the force that will be produced in a graded muscle contraction are: -task being asked of the muscle -size of the muscle organ -number and size of motor units recruited -frequency of stimulation of the muscle
-number and size of motor units recruited -frequency of stimulation of the muscle
Pick all of the following that are expected modifications that someone participating in intense aerobic training might expect to see in their muscle fibers' primary energy profile? -more prevalent reliance on glycolysis -significantly increased numbers of mitochondria intracellularly -hypertrophy of muscle fibers -new capillary formation -an increase in the # of muscle fibers
-significantly increased numbers of mitochondria intracellularly -new capillary formation
Motor units are not all the same. Pick all of the following ways in which motor units can be different from each other--think about the different tasks you use your muscles to perform and the different amounts of tension and motor control that might be required. -the amount of tension that can be produced by a motor unit -fiber type or metabolic characteristics of cells within a single motor unit -number of fibers included -fiber type or metabolic characteristics of different motor units in the same muscle -fiber size
-the amount of tension that can be produced by a motor unit -number of fibers included -fiber type or metabolic characteristics of different motor units in the same muscle -fiber size
Study this image: Slide 29 https://www.dropbox.com/s/9wok8d92g8hzzp1/L13.Bio438.F17.Circulatory.I.pptx?dl=0
...
Each square on a ECG (or EKG) is how many seconds
0.04s on the x axis
How long, in seconds, does the QRS Complex take
0.05-0.10
How long, in seconds, does the p wave take
0.07-0.12
How long, in seconds, does the PR interval take
0.12-0.20
How long, in seconds, does the p wave take QT interval take
0.26-0.45
How many cells thick are capillaries? 1 capillaries are not cellular 2 More than 2
1
How many ATP are required for 1 twitch
1 ATP
What is the body size limit for organisms that have no circulatory system? 10 um 1 um 1 mm 10 mm
1 mm
EDV is controlled by what 3 factors affecting venous return
1) Action of skeletal muscle pump 2) Action of respiratory pump 3) Autonomic control of vein dilation and constriction
What are the three physiological stages of muscle energetics
1) Aerobic contraction - stage of contraction where ATP use does not exceed production by aerobic means 2) Anaerobic contraction -stage of contraction where ATP use exceeds production by aerobic means and ATP must be obtained via anaerobic metabolism 3) Fatigue -stage of contraction where ATP is completely expended
How long are people supposed to be on bisphosphonate
3-5 years
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is variable depending on what 4 factors
1) Cardiac output (CO) - HR and SV 2) Blood volume (fluid intake and loss) - excretory 3) Resistance - arterial diameter 4) Pooling - venous diameter
Muscles are divisible into 3 categories depending on their ability to deal with delaying anaerobic contraction. What are they?
1) Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers (type IIb; white) 2) Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers (type IIa; pink) 3) Oxidative slow-twitch fibers (type I; red) -
What are the 2 subsets of heart cells
1) Myocardial autorhythmic cells 2) Myocardiac contractile cells
Describe the process of myogenic contraction (describe depolarization of the heart)
1) Myogenic contraction starts at the S-A node (a.k.a. pacemaker) in R. atrium 2) Depolarization spreads from R. atrium out and throughout both atria - R. and L. atria contract in unison (Pressure from this contraction = diastole) 3) Connective tissue at atrial-ventricular interface prevents spread of polarization to ventricles, but not to A-V node 4) A-V node sends impulse down R. and L. bundle branches and into the myocardium of heart apex/ventricles via Purkinje fibers 5) Depolarization spreads through ventricular myocardium from the apex toward atria - ventricles contract (Pressure from this contraction = systole). Concomitantly, atria are repolarizing - atria relax 6) Once ventricular contraction is over, ventricles repolarize and relax
How is cardiac muscle different from and similar to skeletal and smooth muscle?
1) Smaller diameter than skeletal muscle 2) Mitochondria very abundant (1/3 cell volume) 3) Intercalated disks - with desmosomes and gap junctions 4) Depolarization propagated cell-to-cell via gap junctions (which is something that cardiac and smooth muscles have in common) 5) Ca2+ used for contraction from SR and ECF 6) RyR (ryanodine receptor) of SR functions by binding with Ca2+ (positive feedback loop) 7) Ca2+ removed by Ca2+ ATPase at SR and facilitated diffusion to ECF by NCX antiporter 8) autorhythmic
What is the process of using the sphygmomanometer
1) increase cuff pressure until greater than systolic pressure 2) Slowly release cuff pressure until blood flow resumes and "pulse" (Korotkoff sounds) can be heard: SYSTOLIC 3) Slowly release cuff pressure until blood flow unrestricted and no Korotkoff sounds can be heard: DIASTOLIC
How do digitalis and other cardiac glycosides inhibit Ca2+ removal from heart
1) inhibit Na+/K+ pump 2) decrease Na+ gradient 3) Na+/Ca2+ transporter retarded
catecholamines increases the Ca2+ entry and storage. How does it do this
1) ß1 adrogenic receptors trigger cAMP 2) cAMP opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels 3) cAMP phosphorylates Ca2+ ATPase, Ca2+ sequestered to SR
Blood flows from atria to ventricles through what
1-way valves
Describe the contraction cycle in regards to myosin heads
1. ATP binds to myosin and myosin releases actin. 2. Myosin hydrolyses ATP. Energy from ATP rotates the myosin head to the crocked position. Myosin binds weakly to actin 3. Power stroke begins 4. Myosin releases ADP
What is the process of relaxation in smooth muscle
1. Ca2+ sequestered to SR via Ca2+ (active transport) pump and to extracellular environment via Ca2+/Na+ secondary active transport antiport 2. ATP removed from myosin by myosin phosphatase
Describe step one and two of the initiation of a muscle action potential
1. Sarcolemma with -70 mV resting potential. Myosin heads bound to ATP and ready to bind to actin. Action potential arrives at neuromuscular junction, ACh released. 2.ACh triggers cholinergic ligand-gated channels, Na+ enters cell to trigger muscle action potential that spreads out and down T-tubules toward dihydro-pyridine L-type calcium channels (DHP).
Smooth muscle 1. Describe the connective tissue components 2. Is there a presence of myofibrils composed of sarcomeres 3. Is there a presence of t-tubules and site of invagination
1. Endomysium 2. No, but actin and myosin filaments are present throughout; dense bodies anchor actin filaments 3. No; only caveolae
Cardiac muscle: 1. Describe the connective tissue components 2. Is there a presence of myofibrils composed of sarcomeres 3. Is there a presence of t-tubules and site of invagination
1. Endomysium attached to fibrous skeleton of heart 2. yes, but myofibrils are of irregular thickness 3. Yes; one in each sarcomere at z disc; larger diameter than those of skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle: 1. Describe the connective tissue components 2. Is there a presence of myofibrils composed of sarcomeres 3. Is there a presence of t-tubules and site of invagination
1. Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium 2. yes 3. yes; 2 in each sarcomere at A-I junctions
Once ligands activate taste cells, describe the process for which they proceed in order to communicate with the brain
1. Ligands activate the taste cell 2. Various intracellular pathways are activated 3. Sodium signal in the cytoplasm triggers exocytosis or ATP formation 4. Neurotransmitter or ATP is released 5. Primary sensory neuron fires and action potentials are sent to the brain
Transport in the Cardiovascular System: List some examples of transportation from the cells to the environment
1. Metabolic wastes from ;all cells to the kidneys 2. Heat from all cells to the skin 3. Carbon Dioxide from all cells to the lungs
What are the 4 steps to AP in myocardiac contractile cells
1. Na+ channels close (Na+ movement stops); Fast K+ channels open (K+ rushes out) 2. Plateau - Fast K+ channels close (K+ movement stops); Ca2+ channels open (Ca2+ enters slowly) 3. Na+ channels open (Na+ rushes in) 4. Resting potential (-90 mV)
Describe the 8 steps involved in the initiation of muscle AP, the excitation-contraction coupling, and the relaxation phase
1. Sarcolemma with -70 mV resting potential. Myosin heads bound to ATP and ready to bind to actin. Action potential arrives at neuromuscular junction, ACh released. 2.ACh triggers cholinergic ligand-gated channels, Na+ enters cell to trigger muscle action potential that spreads out and down T-tubules toward dihydro-pyridine L-type calcium channels (DHP). 3. DHP changes conformation with depolarization and twists ryanodine receptor channel (RyR) attached to SR. 4. RyR opens to Ca2+ ions, which spill into sarcoplasm from SR. 5. Ca2+ binds to troponin, which twists and pushes tropomyosin aside, Allowing myosin heads to attach to actin myosin binding sites. 6. Myosin heads execute power stroke 7. Actin filaments slide toward center of the sarcomere. 8. Sarcolemma returned to -70 mV resting potential by Na/K ATPase. DHP and RyR return to normal configuration. Ca2+ returned to SR by Ca2+ ATPase pumps.
Describe sound transmission through the ear
1. Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane. 2. Auditory ossicles vibrate pressure is amplified. 3. Pressure waves created by the stapes pushing on the oval window move through fluid in the scala vestibuli. 4a. Sounds with frequencies below hearing travel through the helicotrema and do not excite hair cells. 4b. Sounds in the hearing range go through the cochlear duct, vibrating the basilar membrane and deflecting hairs on inner hair cells.
The circulatory functions to transport materials. What are the three subtypes of this
1. Transportation from environment to cells 2. Transportation from cells to cells 3. Transportation from cells to environment
Transport in the Cardiovascular System: List some examples of transportation from the cells to the cells
1. Wastes from the cells to liver cells for processing 2. Immune cells/antibodies/clotting proteins moved from blood to any cell that needs them 3. Hormones moved from endocrine cells to target cells 4. Stored nutrients moved from liver and adipose tissue to all the cells
Transport in the Cardiovascular System: List some examples of transportation from the environment to the cells
1. oxygen moved from the lungs to the cells 2. Nutrients and water moved from the intestinal tract to the cells
Place the following in order to for skeletal muscle relaxation: ?passive sliding of actin and myosin fibers facilitated by titin to resting state ?Ca returned to SR by Ca ATPase ?skeletal muscle achieves full contraction ?DHP and RYR return to closed conformation ?sarcolemma membrane potential returned to resting ?Actin binding sites recovered by tropomyosin
1. skeletal muscle achieves full contraction 2. sarcolemma membrane potential returned to resting 3. DHP and RYR return to closed conformation 4. Ca returned to SR by Ca ATPase 5. Actin binding sites recovered by tropomyosin 6. passive sliding of actin and myosin fibers facilitated by titin to resting state
What are the 6 steps required for skeletal muscle relaxation?
1. skeletal muscle achieves full contraction 2. sarcolemma membrane potential returned to resting 3. DHP and RYR return to closed conformation 4. Ca returned to SR by Ca ATPase 5. Actin binding sites recovered by tropomyosin 6. passive sliding of actin and myosin fibers facilitated by titin to resting state
Describe the electrical events of the cardiac cycle
1/2) The SA node begins to depolarize the atria which shows as a P wave. The p wave isn't very substantial because the atria don't have as many cells compared to other parts of the heart. When the p wave completes, we may have to wait a few milliseconds for the contraction of the p wave. 3/4) While the atria are contracting, the AV node is taking the depolarization and jumping, using the bundle branches down the center of the septum, across the connective tissue bridge that holds the valves. 5/6) then we start to move up the walls of the ventricles 7/8)Ventricles contractt
During fight or flight, almost ____% of blood flow goes to digestive and excretory systems, ___% to skeletal muscle
10%; 75%
A patient you are treating at the ER has just been found after being lost in the woods for a week with no supplies. After taking his blood pressure, you immediately put him on IV fluids. What blood pressure would you expect to see in this patient that might indicate the need for this normal saline treatment? 165/90 120/80 132/82 100/60
100/60
Arterial blood pressure: is expressed as the fraction (no alteration) of systolic/diastolic. "Normal" value: BP = what
120 mm Hg / 80 mm Hg
Blood pressure is normally 120/80. Explain what the 120 represents
120 would be the systolic pressure or how much pressure you experience when your heart is contracting
Sympathetic system increases rate during fight or flight response. What is the hear rate in BPM
125 BPM and higher
You should be able to get at least a __% drop in HR with a legitimate Diving Response
15%
When increasing pressure via the sphygmomanometer Don't go above _____mm of mercury because it might do arterial damage
180
What are the 4 chambers of the heart
2 atria and 2 ventricles
What do myosin tails contain
2 interwoven, heavy polypeptide chains
An average person expends ~2000 Cal/day = _____ lbs of solid ATP
240 lbs
Fluid tends to accumulate in what 3 general compartments
27-30 L is locked inside cellular cytoplasm 3-3.5L is in blood (plasma) 11-13L in interstitial fluid volume
After step one and two of the initiation of a muscle action potential, describe steps 3-7 of the excitation-contraction coupling
3. DHP changes conformation with depolarization and twists ryanodine receptor channel (RyR) attached to SR. 4. RyR opens to Ca2+ ions, which spill into sarcoplasm from SR. 5. Ca2+ binds to troponin, which twists and pushes tropomyosin aside, Allowing myosin heads to attach to actin myosin binding sites. 6. Myosin heads execute power stroke 7. Actin filaments slide toward center of the sarcomere
What is the total net energy yield of aerobic glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain
30-32 ATP
Short duration exercise: Does the following happen within the first 6 seconds of a run, within the first 10 seconds, 30-40 seconds in/at the end of run: Glycogen stored in muscles is broken down to glucose, which is oxidized to generate ATP.
30-40 seconds in/at the end of run
Smooth muscle cells contract in ___D, and ______ ______ connected to actin help pull the sides of the cell inward--twitch speed is very _______ compared to other types, 5-6 secs total, and ATP use is therefore very _________
3D; dense bodies; slow; efficient
Available stores of ATP are depleted in how many seconds in anaerobic glycolysis
4-6 seconds
What is considered normal pulse pressure?
40 mm Hg
During rest and digest, almost ____% of blood flow goes to digestive and excretory systems, ___% to skeletal muscle
50%; 21%
What is normal ejection fraction
52%
What is the average volume of blood
5L
Parasympathetic system slows the heart rate at rest to an average of what
72 BPM
What is normal cardiac output (CO)
72 BPM x 70 mL/beat = 5 L/min. (note: average volume of blood is 5L!)
Your circulatory system, given normal cardiac output of ____ beats per minute, means that you going to push your entire blood volume of roughly _____ L/min in about a minute for your entire blood volume through the heart and tissues and back to the heart in about a minute.
72; 5.5
After step one and two of the initiation of a muscle action potential and steps 3-7 of the excitation-contraction coupling, describe step 8 of the relaxation phase
8. Sarcolemma returned to -70 mV resting potential by Na/K ATPase. DHP and RyR return to normal configuration. Ca2+ returned to SR by Ca2+ ATPase pumps.
No cell in the body is more than _____ microns from a capillary
80
Blood pressure is normally 120/80. Explain what the 80 represents
80 would be diastolic pressure or how low arterial pressure is when you are relaxing. Relaxation of the heart
A sarcomere between ______% and _____% of normal will operate optimally
80% and 120%
If I have a patient with an EKG R-R value of .72, what is this patient's heart rate? 83 BPM 73 BPM 93 BPM 63 BMP
83 BPM
Parasympathetic system shut off to increase the heart rate during mild stress. what is this in BPM
90-100 BPM
When not modified, what does the SA node firing rate
90-100 BPM
What is normal Arterial blood pressure?
93 mm Hg
What is the correct calculation for Ejection Fraction? = 100 x EDV/EF = 100 x EDV/CO = 100 x EDV/ESV = 100 x EDV/SV = 100 x SV/EDV
= 100 x SV/EDV
During contraction, the __________ band remains a constant length. This band is composed primarily of __________ molecules. Which components of the sarcomere approach each other during contraction?
A band; myosin, Z discs approach each other
Optic disc
A blink spot. It is the region where the optic nerve and blood vessels leave the eye
Osteoporosis
A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.
Control Group
A group in the experiment that serves as a standard for comparison. This the only group that does NOT have the independent variable
Which of the following types of electromagnetic waves has the highest energy UV X-Rays Gamma rays Visible Rays Infra Red Radio Waves
Gamma Rays
In single unit smooth muscle cell how is AP propagated
Gap junctions
In single-unit smooth muscle cells, the muscle cells are put together in one sheet and electrically coupled with what junction
Gap junctions
Destroys ACh. Acetylcholinesterase Sodium-potassium ions Acetylcholine Calcium ions Creatine phosphate
Acetylcholinesterase
smooth muscle is all ANS regulated (not voluntary) so that means it has muscarinic receptors for ______, and adrenergic receptors for ________
Ach; Epi
Would the following be defined as a preload volume or afterload volume: is how much is left inside the ventricle. It represents the ventricular wall stress and the resistance that the heart has to push against. So if you fill the heart up with a lot if blood but you have to push against a lot of pressure to get it out of the body, then the after load might be more significant and we might start to see ejection fractions decrease
Afterload volume
Pulmonary circuit
All blood vessels traveling between the heart and lungs. Usually with "reversed" oxygenation
In Aerobic (endurance) exercise Why are All fibers in motor unit the same type?
All fibers in motor unit, bc they are going to be stimulated by the same motor neuron, should be the same type, b/c type is determined by what you are asking the muscle to do (via innervation pattern)
Which ANS fibers release ACh? Do all fibers use this NT?
All preganglionic fibers and postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division secrete acetylcholine. Some postganglionic sympathetic fibers secrete acetylcholine. Only postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division release norepinephrine.
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called ______. Blood vessels that return blood to the heart are called ______
Arteries; veins
Helps maintain the intraocular pressure; located in the anterior part of the eye: Lens Aqueous humor Retina Fovea centralis
Aqueous humor
Helps maintain the intraocular pressure; located in the anterior part of the eye: Retina Fovea centralis Lens Aqueous humor
Aqueous humor
Results from having an abnormal pacemaker. Fibrillation Ischemia Infarction Arrhythmia
Arrhythmia
Results from having an abnormal pacemaker. Infarction Ischemia Arrhythmia Fibrillation
Arrhythmia
what is the pressure that propels the blood to the tissues
Arterial blood pressure
Do arteries or veins have a thicker smooth muscle layer?
Arteries
Describe the blood vessel chain from arteries (high pressure) to veins
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, then veins
How are motor units arranged in smooth muscle
As varicosities
Define spatial coding
Association of wave frequencies with different areas of the membrane
What is a kind of atrial problem
Atrial Fibrulation (A Fib)
Electrocardiogram (ECG): What does the p wave represent
Atrial depolarization
If the primary pace maker of the heart is knocked out by a heart attack, which is the next group of pacemaker cells to take over pacing the heart? Bundle Branches Purkinje Fibers Sinoatrial Node Atrioventricular Node
Atrioventricular Node
Eye: what do zonules do?
Attach the lens to the ciliary muscle
Is smooth muscle associated with the somatic NS or autonomic NS
Autonomic NS
What muscle types have neural control of contraction of autonomic neurons vs somatic motor neurons
Autonomic neurons - smooth and cardiac somatic motor neurons - skeletal
Why is the mitochondria sparse in Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers
Because its glycolic and therefore isn't investing in mitochondria
Why can different motor units of fibers be contracted at any one time
Because of the innervation patterns of muscles
What happens during the ST segment
Beginning of ventricle repolarization (should be flat on ECG)(4)
Systemic Blood Pressure: The pumping action of the heart generates what?
Blood flow
Perfusion
Blood flow to lung tissues
Is Isotonic contraction or isometric contraction used in weight training? What is the result?
Both Isometric and isotonic contractions. It results in hypertrophy occurs via increased fiber thickness
In order to determine the relative strength of a sensory stimulus, the brain cares about two aspects: Intensity of the stimulus and the duration it is transduced. Which of these attributes is a measure of time? Intensity Both can be depending on how you measure Duration
Both can be depending on how you measure
A single muscle twitch consists of: a relaxation phase a contraction phase Both of these in sequence
Both of these in sequence
Select the muscle tissue subtypes that are operated by the autonomic nervous system: Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle
Myocardial autorhythmic cells Allows slow leak of Na+ (and K+) until potential of -40 mV triggers _____ channels
Ca+
T-type ____ channels act as Na+ channels do in other systems (K+ channels similar to nerves)
Ca+
In cardiac muscle, RyR (ryanodine receptor) of SR functions by binding with what
Ca2+
Terminal cisterna are where we are going to find all of the _________ stored
Calcium
in blood, _______ limits sodium's access to the membrane acting as a bouncer of sort
Calcium
Explain the roles of troponin, tropomyosin, and Ca2+ in skeletal muscle contraction.
Calcium binds to troponin, which repositions tropomyosin, uncovering actin's myosin-binding sites
Mediate synaptic vesicle release in axon terminals. Sodium-potassium ions Creatine phosphate Acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholine Calcium ions
Calcium ions
Serves as the actual "trigger" for muscle contraction by removing the inhibition of the troponin molecules. Creatine phosphate Acetylcholinesterase Calcium ions Acetylcholine Sodium-potassium ions
Calcium ions
What ions are important for bones
Calcium, phosphate, and phosphorous
Site where exchanges of food and gases are made. Capillaries Large veins Large arteries Arterioles
Capillaries
Site where exchanges of food and gases are made. Large arteries Capillaries Arterioles Large veins
Capillaries
Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest. Capillaries Arterioles Large arteries Large veins
Capillaries
Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest. Large arteries Large veins Capillaries Arterioles
Capillaries
The interaction between blood and tissue occurs at _________
Capillaries
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? The skin will be cold and clammy. Blood flow to the kidneys increases. Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs.
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood
Which of the following hemodynamic values is calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume? Cardiac Output MAP pulse pressure Total peripheral resistance
Cardiac Output
What muscle types use similar distributions of calcium on the inside of the cell to achieve contraction
Cardiac and skeletal muscle
What muscle types contain sarcomeres as their contractile units
Cardiac and skeletal muscles
What is the process by which 2 pyruvate (3C) is converted to 6 CO2 (1C)
Citric acid cycle
The diving reflex is an adaptation that can be observed in marine mammals for diving in cold or warm water.
Cold
Citric Acid Cycle - What does it convert? What is the net energy yield?
Converts: 2 pyruvate (3C) to 6 CO2 (1C) Net energy yield: 4 ATP + 8 NADH + 2 FADH
Which of the following is true about gustatory receptors? -Complete adaptation occurs in about one to five minutes. -All gustatory receptors have the same threshold for activation. -In order for a chemical to be sensed, it must be hydrophobic. -The receptors generate an action potential in response to chemical stimuli.
Complete adaptation occurs in about one to five minutes.
A condition of deafness that may result from otosclerosis. Sensorineural deafness Night blindness Glaucoma Conduction deafness
Conduction deafness
Can result from the fusion of the auditory ossicles. Conduction deafness Sensorineural deafness Tinnitus
Conduction deafness
Compare and contrast the forms of hearing loss
Conductive loss: sound cannot be transmitted through the external or middle ear. Sensorineural loss: inner ear is damaged. Central hearing loss: auditory pathways are damaged
Eye: ______ are stimulated by certain wavelengths of light ((S) blue - 445 nm; (M) green - 535 nm; (L) red - 575nm). _____ are stimulated by a variety of wavelengths of light (450-575 nm)
Cones; Rods
Arrange the following skeletal muscle components in order from outer most to innermost: sarcolemma, connective tissue sheath, thick and thin filaments, and myofibrils
Connective tissue, sarcolemma, myofibrils, thick and thin filaments
List the capillary types from least to most permeable
Continuous capillaries, Fenestrated capillaries, sinusoidal capillaries (aka discontinuous).
What are the 3 types of capillaries?
Continuous capillaries, Fenestrated capillaries, sinusoidal capillaries (aka discontinuous).
Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction
Contraction occurs when thin and thick filaments slide past each others as myosin binds to actin, swivels, and pulls actin toward the center of the sarcomere
The time between onset of contraction and peak tension is called what
Contraction phase
What does contraction to to the cell in smooth muscle
Contraction shortens cell along bundles (and in multiple planes)
Eye: Compare and contrast convergence and nonconvergence
Convergence is one pathway to the brain Nonconvergent has many pathways to the brain
Used to convert ADP to ATP by transfer of a high-energy phosphate group. A reserve high-energy compound. Acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholine Creatine phosphate Calcium ions Sodium-potassium ions
Creatine phosphate
What is the main storage mol for high energy phosphate bonds in Skeletal muscle
Creatine phosphate
what re-phosphorylates ADP as soon as any ATP is used
Creatine phosphate
What happens during QRS Complex
Depolarization of ventricles triggering main pumping contractions (3)
What contributions to the understanding of the cardiovascular system did Otto Frank and Ernest Starling make?
Described the relationship between ventricular muscle stretch and force of contraction
T/F Muscles open/close heart valves
F. Muscles don't open/close heart valves: Opening/closing of valves results from pressure differences
What is the process for which 4 O2 is converted to 7 H20
Electron transport chain
Since venous Volume has little effect on Pressure, it also has little effect on the diastolic filling. Describe preload
End diastolic volume, represents degree of myocardial sarcomere stretch. how much are we filling up the heart when it is relaxing. The degree of myocardial stretch created by venous return
At what point in the cardiac cycle is the End Diastolic Volume measured? can be measured at the same time at -End Systolic Volume -end of atrial diastole -end of ventricular systole -End of ventricular diastole
End of ventricular diastole
Who discovered that filling of the heart with a volume of blood stretched the heart walls
Ernst Starling
What hormone is used to keep bones healthy and keep osteoclasts and blasts in balance
Estrogen
Why is the grid pattern on which ECGs are generated is significant?
Every box gives us an amount of time that we can then apply to each part of the ECG.
What do you call the sequence of events by which transmission of an AP along the sarcolemma leads to sliding of the myofilaments
Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling
Explain what is meant by excitation-contraction coupling.
Excitation-contraction coupling is the sequence of events by which an action potential traveling along the sarcolemma leads to the contraction of a muscle fiber. The latent period is an important feature of E-C coupling, and represents the time between the initiation of the NT signal at the NMJ and the beginning of muscle tension development.
T/F Inotropic agents can only be positively inotropic--meaning they can only increase heart contractility strength.
F
T/F Lymph always flows away from the heart.
F
T/F The best way to learn how to read EKGs is to memorize what each type of pathology looks like.
F
T/F The vasomotor center in the brainstem controls the contractility and rate of the heart.
F
T/F Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction.
F
T/F When Beta-1 adrenergic receptors are agonized on cardiac muscle cells, they work through the adenylyl cyclase second messenger cascade to increase heart rate.
F
Ultrastructure of thin filaments: •Twisted double strand of fibrous protein ?a? •?a? consists of G (_______) actin subunits •_ ______ has active sites for myosin head attachment during contraction •______________ (string like) and ___________ (binds calcium): regulatory proteins bound to actin
F actin; F actin; globular; G actin; Tropomyosin; troponin
T/F Preload can be measured as pressure or volume
F. Afterload can be measured as pressure or volume
T/F Hair cells of the ear have stem cells and therefore regenerate
F. Hair cells do not regenerate as they do not have stem cells
T/F The venous BP stays the same during the cardiac cycle
F. It cahnges a little
T/F Our sense of smell stays consistent over time
F. It dulls over time
What fiber type predominates in power lifters? FO (fast oxidative) FG (fast glycolytic) SO (slow oxidative)
FG (fast glycolytic)
True or False: Color perception is determined by population coding in a convergent pathway of photoreceptor info going back to the brain. True False
False
Which of the following have very fast-acting myosin ATPases and depend upon anaerobic metabolism during contraction. -Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers -Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers
Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers
Zonules
Fibers that attach the lens of the eye and change its shape
A condition of rapid and irregular "fluttering" or out-of-phase contraction of heart muscle cells. Infarction Ischemia Arrhythmia Fibrillation
Fibrillation
If resistance increase, what happens to the flow rate
Flow rate decreases
Ear: What goes through teh endolymph and drives the tectorial membrane to move back and forth
Fluid waves
T/F Intensity and duration can be measured from a single action potential event.
F. Intensity and duration cannot be measured from a single action potential event.
What are some functions of capillaries
Form diffuse beds and penetrate tissues
Typically rods outnumber cones, except in teh _____ where there are only cones
Fovea
Eye: ________ _________ is where we see the most color and the most detail
Fovea centralis
Which is more central in the eye, the fovea or fovea centralis
Fovea centralis
Eye: Cones are tightly packed in the _____ and widely spaced in the _______
Fovea; periphery
"Within physiological limits, the heart pumps all blood returned to it" is a corollary of what physiological principle? Frank-Starling Law of the Heart Einthoven's Triangle Donnan Equilibrium Nernst Equation
Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
Which skin receptor matches the modality transduced by the sensation of pain Pacinian corpuscles Ruffini corpuscles Mercel receptors Meissner's corpuscles Free Nerve Endings
Free Nerve Endings
Sensory receptors in the skin: ___________________ of hair root sense movement
Free nerve endings
Sensory receptors in the skin:______________________ of nociceptor respond to noxious stimuli
Free nerve endings
What touch receptor in the skin sends back signals of pain to the brain as it is kind of the jack of all trades
Free nerve endings
Based on what you know about how the brain codes stimuli and communicates with tissues, which of these two factors is the most important characteristic of a stimulus that will determine whether a muscle will achieve fused tetany? Intensity (amplitude) Frequency
Frequency
The primary reason we are using frog muscle tissue to simulate human muscle physiology in lab for this unit is: Dr. Spears is really cheap and frogs are a lot less expensive than actual humans Muscle physiology isn't that well conserved across vertebrate species; frogs are simply the best we can do to model in real time Frog neuromuscular physiology is actually quite similar to humans' Frogs are slimy and no one cares about their pain
Frog neuromuscular physiology is actually quite similar to humans'
Place the following molecular features of the cardiomyocyte excitation-contraction cascade in the order of use: order the features based on the sequence in which they are used to achieve contraction in the heart: u
Funny channel T-Type Calcium channel L-type Calcium channel Fast K+ channel NCX transporter
Frequency of stimulation: when summative stimulations create maximum prolonged tension for a muscle, what is this called
Fused tetanus or complete tetanus
Muscle fibers depend on a continuous supply of APT. How do the fibers in the different types of muscle generate ATP
Generate ATP by energy transfer from phosphocreatine. Oxidative fibers use oxygen to make ATP from glucose and fatty acids; glycolytic fibers get ATP primarily from anaerobic glycolysis
what are some effector tissues
Glands?
A condition often leading to blindness due to increased intraocular pressure. Otitis media Conduction deafness Night blindness Glaucoma
Glaucoma
when the interocular pressure in the anterior chamber gets too high, what does this cause?
Glaucoma
High frequency = short or long wave length = high or low pitch
High frequency = short wave length = high pitch
Blue light is _____________ energy than Red light. higher the same lower
Higher
Is this a short or long duration exercise: ATP is generated by breakdown of several nutrient energy fuels by aerobic pathway. This pathway uses oxygen released from myoglobin or delivered in the blood by hemoglobin. When it ends, the oxygen deficit is paid back.
Hours into a long duration exercise
Sarcomeres that are excessively stretched can lead to what
Hypertension
Which of the following composition of proteins is composed of only actin A Band H Zone I Band Z Disc M Line
I Band
The ________ contains only the actin filaments. Myosin A band Z discs I band
I band
What are the I band and H zone composed of>
I band is composed of actin only. H zone is composed of myosin only
During contraction, the following bands change: ___ _______ and ___ _______ therefore the __ _______ (and thus the _____________ shortens)
I bands and h zone; z line; sarcomeres
Frequency of stimulation: What's the difference between individual twitches and summation
Individual twitches - usually short and weak Summation - result in a stronger, longer contraction
Describe how you do the the Valsalva Maneuver
Inhale, hold their breath, and bear down while tightening the chest and abdominal muscles as if they were straining while having a bowel movement. Then, suddenly release and breathe out. To put it simply - it is the 'maneuver' you make while trying to defecate.
Depolarization in the heart depends on what 2 things
Intact autorhythmic cell network and Appropriate timing
Explain how the intensity and duration of a stimulus ae code so that the stimulus can be interpreted by the brain. (remember, APs are all-or-none.)
Intensity - action potential frequency Duration - duration of a train of action potential
Heart muscle is deprived of oxygen. Ischemia Fibrillation Infraction Arrhythmia
Ischemia
Does Isotonic contraction or isometric contraction use the least ATP
Isometric contraction uses least ATP because crossbridges don't cycle as fast but you can still force ALL muscle fibers to contract maximally
Does Isotonic contraction or isometric contraction burn more calories
Isotonic contractions because it has fast crossbridging and thus uses the most ATP
Does Isotonic contraction or isometric contraction have fast crossbridging and thus uses the most ATP
Isotonic contractions therefore it is best for burning calories
What determines how much preload your going to put in the heart? How much are you going to fill your heart every time you ask it to pump?
It depends on what kind of cardiovascular demands you are asking of it
Because smooth muscle doesn't have striations, does this mean that it doesn't have actin or myosin
It does have actin and myosin but it is arranged different
What is the advantage of isometric contraction compared to isotonic contraction
It gives out the all call to every motor unit you have to try and move the load. Because Isotonic contractions can move their load, they don't use every single motor unit.
Why have a plateau in myocardial cells?
It helps prevent tetanus by making the refractory period longer and making cardiac muscle cells unable to summate
Describe light adaption
It occurs when moving from darkness into bright light. Large amounts of pigments are broken down instantaneously, producing glare. Pupils constrict. There are dramatic changes in retinal sensitivity as rod function ceases. Cones and neurons rapidly adapt. Visual acuity improves over 5-10 minutes
what parts of your body are regulated by the ANS
It regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Why is there a latent period between depolarization of the muscle cell and the development of observable tension? -Excitation is completely separate from an not at all related to the contraction events in muscle cells--because they aren't connected, there's no significance to the delay -It takes several milliseconds to depolarize muscle cells because nicotinic receptors are metabotropic -It takes time to get skeletal muscles to contract after depolarization because they must get the Ca ions they need for this from outside the cell -It takes time to initiate cell-wide depolarization and subsequent Ca release in order to get actin/myosin binding and contraction
It takes time to initiate cell-wide depolarization and subsequent Ca release in order to get actin/myosin binding and contraction
Smooth muscle responds the same way as skeletal or cardiac to being stretched inside its overlap limits. What does it do?
It will induce the muscle to contract more frequently at first when stressed
What tissues are found with Fenestrated capillaries
Kidney Endocrine Intestine
Sphygmomanometer: At a certain point, when the pressure becomes great enough to overcome the occlusion, you begin hearing pulses called __________ sounds. The very first one that you hear is the __________ pressure.
Korotkoff; systolic
In comparison to t-type, are L-types open sooner or later? open longer or shorter
L-types open later and stay open longer
the 1:1 association between receptor and modality perceived is termed what?
Labelled line coding
Site where the blood pressure is greatest. Large arteries Large veins Capillaries
Large arteries
Site where the blood volume is greatest. Large arteries Capillaries Large veins Arterioles
Large veins
size and density of primary sensory neurons determines how ______ a receptive field is and the ________ of the receptive field
Large; resolution
The delay between the arrival of action potential and onset of contraction is called what
Latency period
What is the term for the time between excitation and contraction of the muscles. It lasts a couple milliseconds
Latent period
The structure most responsible for focusing light rays that enter the eye is the: Lens Aqueous humor Retina Fovea centralis
Lens
The lymphatic system has a pressure of ~1mmHg. Is this more or less than what other tissues use to facilitate fluid recovery
Less
The somatosensory cortex is divided into different areas for processing incoming sensory info from different surface and muscle tissues of the body. According to the diagram in L9 slide 27, which area of the body listed below probably has the highest density of touch receptors? tongue fingers lips trunk
Lips
Otoliths that weight the otolythic membrane in the utricle and sacule are actually: -Little proteins that we don't miss if they don't form properly -Little bones made mostly of calcium carbonate -Not super important to the transduction of vestibular information, but vital for auditory -attached to the sterocilia of vestibular hair cells
Little bones made mostly of calcium carbonate
Red-Green color blindness in humans is caused by the lack of development of one of the three cone photoreceptor cell types. Which one is missing for these folks? Long cones (red light) Short cones (blue light) Rod cells are actually affected Medium cones (green light) Some of each are missing
Long cones (red light)
What activities are Oxidative slow-twitch fibers good for
Long distance runs like marathon runs, posture, balance, and other sustained activities
Match smooth muscle with the relative length of its twitch in seconds: Medium; up to 1 sec short; <1sec Longest; up to 5 sec
Longest; up to 5 sec
Amplitude intensity is precieved as __________
Loudness
What system recovers fluid from interstitial fluid volume and take it back to the venous return through a series of progressively larger vessels (lymph vessels)
Lymph system
Which of the following composition of proteins is an attachment point for myosin fibers? A Band H Zone I Band Z Disc M Line
M Line
What are the two types of ganglion cells
M-type = movement P-type = texture, visual detail
Hair cells receptive to changes in static equilibrium are found in this structure. Crista ampullaris Macula Taste buds Olfactory epithelium
Macula
Due to innervation patterns of muscles, different motor units of fibers can be contracted at any one time therefore 1 motor plate per fiber should hold one or many fibers per motor unit
Many
The stimulus above which no stronger contraction can be elicited, because all motor units are firing in the muscle. Tetanus Wave summation Multiple motor unit summation Maximal stimulus
Maximal stimulus
Match cardiac muscle with the relative length of its twitch in seconds: Medium; up to 1 sec short; <1sec Longest; up to 5 sec
Medium; up to 1 sec
Which skin receptor matches the modality transduced by the sensation of flutter/stroking Pacinian corpuscles Ruffini corpuscles Mercel receptors Meissner's corpuscles Free Nerve Endings
Meissner's corpuscles
Your cat wants you to keep petting it always not because it likes you (remember, cats are jerks), but because the stroking sensation is detected by a certain type of skin receptor, _____________ that adapts ________________. -free nerve endings/ variably -Merkel receptors/slowly -Meissner's corpuscles/ rapidly -ruffini corpuscles/slowly
Meissner's corpuscles/ rapidly
Your cat wants you to keep petting it always not because it likes you (remember, cats are jerks), but because the stroking sensation is detected by a certain type of skin receptor, _____________ that adapts ________________. Merkel receptors/slowly ruffini corpuscles/slowly Meissner's corpuscles/ rapidly
Meissner's corpuscles/ rapidly
Which skin receptor matches the modality transduced by the sensation of Pressure and texture Pacinian corpuscles Ruffini corpuscles Mercel receptors Meissner's corpuscles Free Nerve Endings
Mercel receptors
Sensory receptors in the skin: ________ _______ sense steady pressure and texture
Merkel receptors
Atrio-Ventricular valve with two flaps. Pulmonary valves Aortic valve Mitral valve Tricuspid valve
Mitral valve
Prevents backflow into the left atrium. Tricuspid valve Mitral valve Pulmonary valves Aortic valve
Mitral valve
Tonic receptors are generally associated with __________ a system
Monitoring
Which of the following receptor modailty types is correctly matched with the proper special sense? mechanoreceptor: olfaction More than one of these is correctly paired thermoreceptor : taste photoreceptor : sight chemoreceptor : taste
More than one of these is correctly paired
Which type of capillary is the most common? which is the least common
Most common: Continuous capillary Least common: Sinusoidal capillary
WHat controls the skeletal muscle
Motor neurons of the efferent NS
Muscles that are better adapted for oxidative respiration also express the most: Myoglobin Connective tissue Hypertrophy Myofibrils
Myoglobin
What is another term for thick filaments
Myosin
Which protein made up in the myofibrils creates the Powerstroke for contraction
Myosin produces the powerstroke
Tinnitis, vertigo, and gradual hearing loss typify the disorder called ________. strabismus conjunctivitis Ménière's syndrome motion sickness
Ménière's syndrome
In cardiac muscle, Ca2+ is removed by Ca2+ ATPase at SR and facilitated diffusion goes to ECF by what
NCX antiporter
CNS processing of sensory information: define the following Nature (modality) Location Intensity Duration
Nature (modality) - type of stimulus Location - where is it coming from Intensity - amount (how intense is it) Duration - length (how long is it persisting)
Do our brains help regulate HR
No
Does the ANS help regulate HR
No
Do tonic receptors ever completely stop monitoring?
No. The rate of a stimulus may change but tonic receptors never completely stop monitoring
___________ respond to various strong noxious stimuli (e.g., acids, bases, heat) and are passed through pain c fibers and inhibited by Ab fibers
Nocireceptors
What is the normal range for HR? what is the average?
Normal: 60-100 BPM Average: 72 BPM
The receptors of olfaction are found in this structure. Taste buds Macula Crista ampullaris Olfactory epithelium
Olfactory epithelium
Small, round calcified structures in the ear attached to the tectorial membrane: -Tympanic membrane -Otoliths -Pharyngotympanic or eustacian tube -Vestibule
Otoliths
Small, round calcified structures in the ear attached to the tectorial membrane: Vestibule Pharyngotympanic or eustacian tube Tympanic membrane Otoliths
Otoliths
Which famous cardiac physiologist we discussed in class coined the term "preload"? Walter Herman Nernst Michio Kaku Otto Frank Ernst Starling
Otto Frank
Who Discovered that stretching cardiac muscle increased contractile force - preload
Otto Frank
Which , of the 3 categories that muscles are divisible of depending on their ability to deal with delaying anaerobic contraction, is the best at aerobic respiration
Oxidative slow-twitch fibers (type I; red)
Sensory receptors in the skin: ___________ __________ senses vibration
Pacinian corpuscle
Which skin receptor matches the modality transduced by the sensation of vibration Pacinian corpuscles Ruffini corpuscles Mercel receptors Meissner's corpuscles Free Nerve Endings
Pacinian corpuscles
Is Acetylcholine (Ach) included in sympathetic or parasympathetic input
Parasympathetic input
Tension produced by non-contractile components of a muscle is called what
Passive tension
What is the difference between phasic and tonic receptors
Phasic receptors rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turns off. Tonic receptors are slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of a stimulus
Phototransduction—In the Light: ____________ breaks down cGMP (remember, this was high before which was keeping Na+ channels _______). When cGMP decreases, Na+ channels ______ (Dark Current _______). Cells become __________ as K+ continues to leak out. Stops the release of ___________ ___________ by the photoreceptor
Phospodiesterase; open; close; ceases; hyperpolarized; inhibitory neurotransmitters
What are the retinal cells
Photoreceptors—rods/cones; do the actual light detection bc they have all the photopigments. Synapse with bipolar cells Bipolar cells—synapse directly w/ photocells to synapse directly with ganglion cells Horizontal cells—modulates info flow between photoreceptors and bipolar cells Amacrine cells—modulate bipolar-ganglion cell communication Ganglion cells—send visual signals from the retina after they are processed to brain via the optic nerve (2 types, m type and p type. M-type = movement; P-type = texture, visual detail)
Muscle Fatigue
Physiological inability to contract
____________sphincters restricts certain things during fight or flight to cut it off if it is unnecessary
Precapillary
Would the following be defined as a preload volume or afterload volume: If you put more preload into the heart - meaning that if you stretch it out more with more volume, that muscle is going to react with increased contractile force to push out that extra volume
Preload volume
Velocity: the speed of a fluid is a factor of both _______ and __________
Pressure and resistance
Opening and closing of the heart results from what
Pressure differences
When is pressure increased in regards to volume?
Pressure is increased when you constrict an existing volume to make it smaller because you are pushing on something noncompressible
Fluid flow depends on the change in __________not absolute ________
Pressure; pressure
Lateral inhibition
Process in which sensory neurons close to a stimulus are inhibited to intensify the perception of a stimulus
Prevents backflow into the right ventricle. Mitral valve Pulmonary valves Tricuspid valve Aortic valve
Pulmonary valves
Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. Femoral artery Pulmonary vein Brachial artery Great saphenous vein Superior mesenteric artery
Pulmonary vein
What are the parts of a well-constructed experiment
Purpose/Question, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analysis, and Conclusion
Electrocardiogram (ECG): In which of the following is atrial repolarization incorporated P wave T wave QRS complex
QRS complex
Jim decided that his physique left much to be desired, so he joined a local gym and began to weight train three times a week. After three months of training, he noticed that his arm and chest muscles were substantially larger. Explain the structural and functional basis of these changes.
Regular resistance exercise leads to increased muscle strength by causing muscle cells to hypertrophy, or increase in size. The number of myofibrils increases in these muscle cells, which accounts for most of the change in size. Many of these fibers will be fast glycolytic (Ib) characterized by very fast ATPase, comparatively low vascularization, and low levels of myoglobin. The primary method of energy derivation with be anaerobic glycolysis.
What is extra oxygen needed for after an exercise
Replenishment of: -Oxygen reserves -Glycogen stores -ATP and CP reserves
What happens between the QRS complex and the T wave (also called the QT interval)
Repolarization of the ventricles
Do we make more, less or equal amount of PCr while resting or during fatigue
Resting
What occurs when no more ATP is available to release crossbridging
Rigor mortis
Are rods or cones used in night vision
Rods
Which of the following is true about photoreceptors? -In dim light, images are focused directly on the rods in the fovea centralis. -If all cones are stimulated equally, all colors are absorbed by the cones and the color perceived is black. -Three types of color-sensitive photoreceptors exist: red, green, and yellow. -Rods absorb light throughout the visual spectrum but confer only gray tone vision.
Rods absorb light throughout the visual spectrum but confer only gray tone vision.
Do we make more, less or equal amount of ATP while resting or during fatigue
Roughly equal
Which type of mechanoreceptor do you need to fool to re-set its threshold for stretch and help you gain flexibility? Meissner's Ruffini Merkel Pacinian
Ruffini
Which type of mechanoreceptor do you need to fool to re-set its threshold for stretch and help you gain flexibility? Ruffini Pacinian Merkel Meissner's
Ruffini
Sensory receptors in the skin: _________ _________ responds to skin stretch
Ruffini corpuscle
Which skin receptor matches the modality transduced by the sensation of stretch Pacinian corpuscles Ruffini corpuscles Mercel receptors Meissner's corpuscles Free Nerve Endings
Ruffini corpuscles
Compare and contract the source and role of calcium in skeletal muscle and smooth muscle contraction
Skeletal muscle - sarcoplasmic reticulum Smooth muscle - extracellular fluid and sarcoplasmic reticulum
Order the skeletal muscle from the belly to its smallest part
Skeletal muscle > Muscle fascicle > Muscle fiber > Myofibril
T/F Each thick filament consists of many myosin molecules whose heads protrude at opposite ends of the filament.
T
1) Myogenic contraction starts at the ______ node (a.k.a. pacemaker) in _____ atrium 2) Depolarization spreads from R. atrium out and throughout both atria - R. and L. atria contract in _________ (Pressure from this contraction = __________) 3) Connective tissue at atrial-ventricular interface prevents spread of _____________ to ventricles, but not to AV node 4) A-V node sends impulse down R. and L. _______ ______and into myocardium of heart apex/ventricles via _________ fibers 5) Depolarization spreads through ventricular myocardium from the _____ toward _____ - ventricles contract (Pressure from this contraction = ________). Concomitantly, atria are repolarizing - atria relax 6) Once ventricular contraction is over, ventricles __________ and relax
SA; right; unison; diastole; polarization; bundle branches; Purkinje; apex; atria; systole; repolarize
What fiber type predominates in marathon runners? FO (fast oxidative) FG (fast glycolytic) SO (slow oxidative)
SO (slow oxidative)
In a cytochrome C oxidase stain, what do the dark, medium, and light stains represent?
SO is darkest FO is the medium stained FG is the lightest
EDV - ESV = ?
SV (stroke volume)
Venous blood pressure has a small or large pressure gradient
Sall, about 15 mm Hg
What is the physical source for smooth muscle's extracellular calcium for contraction? The bones The plasma Sarcolemma caveolae Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Sarcolemma caveolae
What is the smallest organelle that can contract?
Sarcomere
the modified endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle is called ___________ __________. Its role is to sequester _________________ ions
Sarcoplasmic reticulum; Calcium ions
The parts of the vestibular apparatus that tell our rain about our movements through space are the ______________, which sense rotation, and the _________________ organs, which respond to linear forces
Semicircular canals; otolith organs
Describe the characteristics of capillaries
Single layer think, no valves, often with sphincters
Autorhythmicity is a feature of autorhythmic cardiomyocytes and what other type of muscle? -skeletal muscle in the diaphragm -Cardiac contractile cells of the heart -Multi-unit smooth muscle pacemaker nodes -Single unit smooth muscle pacemaker nodes
Single unit smooth muscle pacemaker nodes
Heart: APs originate where and then spread rapidly from cell to cell in the heart
Sinoatrial node (SA)
What sets the pace of the heart beat
Sinoatrial node (SA)
List some SA node problems
Sinus bradycardia - Slow pacemaker Sinus tachycardia - Fast pacemaker Sinus arrhythmia - Pacemaker irregular
Twitch duration: How fast is twitch in ... skeletal muscle? cardiac muscle? smooth muscle?
Skeletal muscle: fast (~20 ms) Cardiac muscle: medium (~70 ms) Smooth muscle: slow (~4-5 s)
BE ABLE TO LABEL THE ECG WAVES ON THIS SLIDE https://www.dropbox.com/s/lnl2o2id5tp6j9p/L15.Bio438.F17.Circulatory.III.pptx?dl=0 Slide 17
Slide 18
https://www.dropbox.com/s/dk7ra44l3q4hagf/L9.Bio438.Nervous.V.pptx?dl=0 Slide 27
Slide 28
https://www.dropbox.com/s/dk7ra44l3q4hagf/L9.Bio438.Nervous.V.pptx?dl=0 Slide 37
Slide 38
https://www.dropbox.com/s/dk7ra44l3q4hagf/L9.Bio438.Nervous.V.pptx?dl=0 Slide 39
Slide 40
https://www.dropbox.com/s/dk7ra44l3q4hagf/L9.Bio438.Nervous.V.pptx?dl=0 Slide 41
Slide 42
https://www.dropbox.com/s/dk7ra44l3q4hagf/L9.Bio438.Nervous.V.pptx?dl=0 Slide 46
Slide 47
https://www.dropbox.com/s/dk7ra44l3q4hagf/L9.Bio438.Nervous.V.pptx?dl=0 Slide 60
Slide 61
https://www.dropbox.com/s/dk7ra44l3q4hagf/L9.Bio438.Nervous.V.pptx?dl=0 Slide 62
Slide 63
caveolae
Small invaginations of the sarcolemma that concentrate calcium
In which muscle subtype is actin more prevalent than myosin? Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle
Smooth Muscle
In which muscle subtype is actin more prevalent than myosin? Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Select the muscle tissue subtypes that are known to get some of their calcium for contraction from outside the cell: Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle
In cardiac muscle, Depolarization is propagated cell-to-cell via gap junctions. What other muscle type has this in common with cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
What muscle type does jobs that we need to have ongoing like maintaining muscle tone and moving things through GI tract
Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle cells can be electrically coupled and function together in synchronously contracting sheets. Which of the following is an example of single-unit smooth muscle? Smooth muscle of the GI Smooth muscle of the vasculature Smooth muscles lining the airway Smooth muscle of the ciliary body
Smooth muscle of the GI
Are Myocardial autorhythmic cells more permeable to sodium or potassium
Sodium
What are the 6 major ions in the blood stream
Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Chloride (Cl-) Calcium (Ca2+) phosphate (PO4^3-) Bicarbonate (HCO^3-)
Purkinje fibers
Specialized myocardial cell that rapidly conducts electrical signals to the apex of the heart
The receptor organ for hearing. Cochlear duct Vestibule Spiral organ (of Corti) Tympanic membrane
Spiral organ (of Corti)
sometimes very large fibers will split. These fibers are called what
Split fibers
What are some activities in which Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers are used
Sprints and weightlifting
Retinal Processing: What are On-center fields stimulated and inhibited by?
Stimulated by light hitting the center of the field Inhibited by light hitting the periphery of the field (opposite of off-center fields)
Retinal Processing: What are Off-center fields stimulated and inhibited by?
Stimulated by light hitting the periphery of the field Inhibited by light hitting the center of the field (opposite of on-center fields)
describe the following for the Mesissner's corpusles skin receptors: Stimulus - ? Location - ? Structure - ? Adaptation - ?
Stimulus - Flutter, stroking Location - Superficial layers of skin Structure - Encapsulated in connective tissue Adaptation - Rapid
describe the following for the Merkel receptors skin receptors: Stimulus - ? Location - ? Structure - ? Adaptation - ?
Stimulus - Steady pressure, texture Location - Superficial layers of skin Structure - Enlarged nerve endings Adaptation - Slow
describe the following for the Ruffini corpuscles skin receptors: Stimulus - ? Location - ? Structure - ? Adaptation - ?
Stimulus - Stretch of skin Location - Deep layers of skin Structure - Enlarged nerve endings Adaptation - Slow
describe the following for the Free nerve endings skin receptors: Stimulus - ? Location - ? Structure - ? Adaptation - ?
Stimulus - Various touch and pressure stimuli Location - Around hair roots and under surface of skin Structure - Unmyelinated nerve endings Adaptation - Variable
describe the following for the Pacinian corpuscles skin receptors: Stimulus - ? Location - ? Structure - ? Adaptation - ?
Stimulus - Vibration Location - Deep layers of skin Structure - Encapsulated in connective tissue Adaptation - Rapid
What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscular contraction? How can smooth muscle contract when it has so little sarcoplasmic reticulum
Stores and releases calcium on command. Smooth muscle uses calcium from the extracellular fluid
What muscle types are striated vs smooth
Striated - skeletal and cardiac Smooth - smooth
During incomplete tetany, the brain recruits & rests motor units in shifts to reduce fatigue. __________ keeps these shifts going longer
Summation
What are the 5 basic sensations of taste
Sweet - monosaccharides Umami (savory) - glutamates + nucleotides Bitter -hydroxyl groups Salty - sodium ions Sour - hydrogen ions
What are the 5 basic sensations of taste and what are they composed of
Sweet - monosaccharides Umami (savory) - glutamates + nucleotides Bitter -hydroxyl groups Salty - sodium ions Sour - hydrogen ions
T/F Different parts of the cardiac contraction cycle are captured by the EKG leads
T
T/F Due to overlap between myosin and actin a muscle may produce more or less tension
T
T/F Each taste pore consists of one of each type of taste ligand
T
T/F 80% of what makes food appeal to you is olfactory
T
T/F A single muscle twitch is usually not enough to do what we want the muscle to do.
T
T/F About 2 liters of fluid are lost to the tissue spaces every 24 hours and are returned to the bloodstream as lymph.
T
T/F An ECG provides information on heart rate and rhythm, conduction velocity, and the condition of cardiac tissues
T
T/F An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance.
T
T/F Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.
T
T/F Arterioles ensure that the right amount of pressure that goes into capillaries because capillaries are fragile.
T
T/F Atrial tachycardia is characterized by fast atrial contractions with little pause between them, causing an increase in the speed of atrial contraction.
T
T/F Autorhythmic cells are noncontractile myocardium
T
T/F Blood is always contained within a vessel
T
T/F Blood pressure is normally 120/80
T
T/F Calcium is a really big positive ion
T
T/F Capillaries are the most important vessels for performing gas exchange, but they are also the most vulnerable to hypertensive blood pressures.
T
T/F Cardiac and smooth get some calcium from the outside to induce contraction
T
T/F Cardiomyocytes have a metabolic profile most similar to Type I Red fibers in skeletal muscle.
T
T/F Depolarization in cardiac muscles begins like the other muscle types by having a sodium influx that moves across the sarcoplasm.
T
T/F Depolarization is propagated from cell to cell via gap junctions
T
T/F The lymphatic capillaries have such low pressure that without some help they would fall close and be unable to stay open.
T. Because they are connected to the surrounding tissues and elements, they don't collapse. They are held open like tent ropes.
T/F the diving reflex can become more pronounced with training.
T. Cold water swimmers and skin divers often have a larger reflex than others.
T/F Olfactory cells are gene cells from our parents
T. This explains why some people can smell cyanide.
T/F If temperature receptors are stimulated, the brain will perceive temperature modulation, regardless of the means of stimulation
T. This is true for all of the sensory modalities
T/F Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers have some hypertrophy going on, but they aren't going to be as big in diameter as the white fibers
T. because they are kind of the medium thing
Gustatory cells are found in this structure. Crista ampullaris Macula Olfactory epithelium Taste buds
Taste buds
Contraction produces _________, the force exerted on the load or object to be moved
Tension
The force created by by a contracting muscle is called what
Tension
You are prodding your blindfolded lab partner's arm with two needle probes. Sometimes she can tell that you are using two probes. But when you probe less sensitive areas, she jus thinks there is one probe. Which sense are you testing? Which receptors are being simulated? Explain why she sometimes feels only one probe.
Testing touch-pressure, mediated through free nerve endings and Merkel receptors. Feeling only one probe means that both needles are within the same receptive field
How much stronger is tetany compared to a single twitch
Tetany can be 3-4X stronger than a single twitch
Because pacemaker cells exist in single unit sheets of smooth muscle and are electrically coupled, what does this mean for smooth muscle
That smooth muscle can be self-depolarizing, and can contract without the ANS instructing, but the brain can also influence the pace of contraction with NTs
Labelled Line Coding
The 1:1 association of a sensory receptor with a sensation
Select the correct statement about the heart valves. -The mitral valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. -The tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle. -The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur. -Aortic and pulmonary valves control the flow of blood into the heart.
The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur.
The Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction was a major physiological breakthrough that changed scientific understanding of muscle contraction. Which of the following correctly describes the changes observed in a sarcomere when the muscle moves from resting to contracted? -The H zone and I band both shorten, while the A band remains constant -The H zone and A band both shorten, while the I band remains constant -The H zone disappears completely while the I and A bands both shorten -the Z discs get closer together while the I band gets wider
The H zone and I band both shorten, while the A band remains constant
What is the term for the "delay between the muscle AP and the beginning of muscle tension that represents the time required for calcium release and binding to troponin
The Latent period
What reservoir is essentially the arterial feed to your tissues. It is produced by the pumping actions of your heart and the elastic recoil of arteries
The Pressure reservoir
What reservoir is in the lower pressure feed of the system which is in the venous return? This reservoir is essential produced because the veins are low pressure and highly compliant
The Volume reservoir
The only band that does not change with contraction is what?
The a band
The classic demonstration of the Stroop effect is produced when one tries to name the color of the ink in which a word is printed when the word itself is the name of a color other than that of the ink. Typically, one is slower in this situation than if the word is not a color term. This form of Stroop interference is thought to be evidence for what
The automatic nature of reading
What do pace maker cells allow us to communicate with
The autonomic NS
Between the left arium and ventricle of the heart is what
The bicuspid or mitral valve
Cornea
The clear covering of the anterior surface of the eye. It is continuous with the sclera
Describe myofibril
The contractile organelle of the skeletal muscle
In veins, the movement of blood is powered by what
The contraction of skeletal muscle or arteries
venous blood pressure has Low pressure due to what
The cumulative effects of peripheral resistance
Latency period
The delay between arrival of action potential and onset of contraction
Explain how accommodation by the eye occurs. What is the loss of accommodation called?
The lens changes shape due to contraction/relaxation of the ciliary muscles. Loss of this reflex is called presbyopia
Peak tension
The maximum force generated by contraction of a single muscle fiber All-or-none
The more end diastolic fluid you have, the harder or easier the heart is going to contract and the more or less blood it's going to push out per minute which increases or decreases cardiac output
The more end diastolic fluid you have, the harder the heart is going to contract and the more blood it's going to push out per minute which increases cardiac output
The more preload in ventricle, the stronger or weaker your cardiac myocardial contraction, and the better or worse your ejection fraction should get
The more preload in ventricle, the stronger your cardiac myocardial contraction, and the better your ejection fraction should get
Population coding
The number of sensory receptors activated encodes the intensity of a stimulus
What is the only entrance or exit to the eye from the body
The optic disc
Where does the blood supply comes into the eye and where ganglion axons leave to take info to the brain?
The optic disc
the retinal ganglion cell, a retina associated cell type, has axons that exit the eye to produce what
The optic nerve
Thalamus
The portion of the brain that serves as a relay station going to and from higher brain centers
What changes the amount of light entering the eye
The pupil
What is the purpose of the sphygmomanometer
The purpose of the cuff is to provide enough pressure to become greater than the systolic pressure being put out by heart.
Prevents backflow into the right atrium. Tricuspid valve Aortic valve Mitral valve Pulmonary valves
Tricuspid valve
Sphygmomanometer: At a certain point, when the pressure becomes great enough to overcome the occlusion, you begin hearing pulses called Korotkoff sounds. The very first one that you hear is the systolic pressure. Is this the top or bottom number in normal blood pressure (120/80)
The top number
Between the right arium and ventricle of the heart is what
The tricuspid valve
Independent Variable
The variable that is manipulated. This is the part of your experiment that you will test (vary) to answer your hypothesis
Dependent Variable
The variable that is measured. This is what occurs in response to the changing independent variable
what does action potential of heart muscle look like, and why?
There are plateaus during which the cell is prevented from repolarizing for roughly 150 ms so there is no tetanus
Why is Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) one step worse that junctional escape
There is no SA node, nor AV node so the ventricular wall takes over as the pacemaker
If there is no pressure gradient, then what do we know about the fluid flow
There is no fluid flow. ex0 cardiac arrest
Which of the following is not a characteristic of olfactory receptor cells? -They have a short life span of about 60 days. -They are ciliated. -They are chemoreceptors. -They are multipolar motor neurons.
They are multipolar motor neurons.
Adaptation: describe phasic receptors
They fire rapidly upon initial stimulus, but after a short period of time it stops firing even though the stimulus continues
Ear: Are hair cells tonic or phasic?
Tonic
_______ receptors are slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of a stimulus
Tonic
Define tonic receptors and list some examples. Define phasic receptors and give some examples. Which type adapts?
Tonic receptors, such as for heat, adapt slowly and respond to stimuli that need to be monitored. Phasic receptors adapt rapidly and stop responding unless the stimulus changes. An example is smell
Prevents backflow into the right atrium. Pulmonary valves Tricuspid valve Aortic valve Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles? -Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the actin binding sites on the myosin molecules. -Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules. -Tropomyosin is the receptor for the motor neuron neurotransmitter. -Tropomyosin is the name of a contracting unit.
Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.
A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric. True False
True
Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments. True False
True
Muscle contraction is a potential effector response in a negative feedback regulation mechanism used to maintain homeostasis. True False
True
Muscle fibers innervated in the same motor unit are all of similar type and have similar physical characteristics. True False
True
The thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin that bears active sites for myosin attachment. True False
True
True or False: An example of conduction deafness could be having a wax plug in front of the ear drum.
True
True or False: Children with non-convergent binocular vision due to a lazy eye will eventually lose sight in the non-convergent eye, necessitating the daily patching of the "good" eye to force the brain to continue using it.
True
True or False: Children with non-convergent binocular vision due to a lazy eye will eventually lose sight in the non-convergent eye, necessitating the daily patching of the "good" eye to force the brain to continue using it. True False
True
True or False: The Dark Currents are inward sodium currents that depolarize photoreceptors in the dark.
True
True or False: The term "sensory modality" refers to the type of stimulus transduced by a particular sensor. True False
True
True or False: Tinnitus is a type of sensorinerual damage, because it impacts the activity of the hair cells in the auditory system, which are part of the neural component.
True
A membrane that transmits sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles. Tympanic membrane Spiral organ (of Corti) Vestibule Cochlear duct
Tympanic membrane
Separates the external ear from the middle ear. Tympanic membrane Otoliths Vestibule Pharyngotympanic or eustacian tube
Tympanic membrane
Which skeletal muscle fiber metabolic profile is characterized by the highest expression of myoglobin? Type IIb White Fibers Type IIa Pink Fibers Type I Red Fibers
Type I Red Fibers
What is another name for Oxidative slow-twitch fibers
Type I, red fibers, or SOs
Which skeletal muscle fiber metabolic profile is characterized as the best "middle distance" fibers that have properties of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? Type IIa Pink Fibers Type IIb White Fibers Type I Red Fibers
Type IIa Pink Fibers
What is another name for Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers
Type IIa, pink fibers, or FOs
Which skeletal muscle fiber metabolic profile is affords the fastest twitch speed?Type IIb White Fibers Type IIa Pink Fibers Type I Red Fibers
Type IIb White Fibers
What is another name for Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers
Type IIb, white fibers, or FGs
How do we perceive color? The ______ and ________ of cone stimulus determines the coding of each color-related stimulus
Type; intensity
Which of the following types of electromagnetic waves can bees see? UV X-Rays Gamma rays Visible Rays Infra Red Radio Waves
UV
Visible light fits between ________. UV and infrared gamma rays and infrared X rays and UV microwaves and radio waves
UV and infrared
What is another term for incomplete tetanus
Unfused tetanus
Frequency of stimulation: When summative stimulations create near maximum tension for a muscle, what is this called?
Unfused tetanus or incomplete tetanus
What are pace maker potentials
Unstable membrane potentials cause regular supra-threshold triggers (what essentially cause Pacemaker cells to depolarize on schedule)
________ in the heart and veins ensure unidirectional blood flow
Valves
What happens during the T wave
Ventricle repolarization (5)
The high pressure of _____________ contraction is prevented from everting valves by contraction of papillary muscles which are connected to valves by chorda tendinea
Ventricular
Electrocardiogram (ECG): What does the T wave represent
Ventricular repolarization
Contains utricle and saccule. Pharyngotympanic or eustacian tube Vestibule Otoliths Tympanic membrane
Vestibule
Detects linear acceleration. Vestibule Tympanic membrane Pharyngotympanic or eustacian tube Otoliths
Vestibule
What are the two ways that a muscle can contract?
Via Isometric contractions and Isotonic contractions.
Which of the following types of electromagnetic waves has wavelengths between 400-700 UV X-Rays Gamma rays Visible Rays Infra Red Radio Waves
Visible Light
Stroke Volume (SV)
Volume of blood pumped by a ventricle per beat (mL/beat). [How much blood in mL that your heart is going to beat]
Graves disease
a parathyroid problem that means that the osteoclasts are overactive in their bone reabsorption and calcium and phosphate are dangerously high.
The use of calcium in myocardial cells is different from other muscle type cells. DOes any calcium come from the outside of cells
Yes
Explain what is meant by adequate stimulus to a receptor
a form of energy to which a receptor is most sensitive
myostatin
a growth factor that suppresses muscle stem cells (A transcription factor that turns on at a certain point during embryonic development. It suppresses The differentiation and of new muscle stem cells. So at a certain point in development this turns on and prevents the ability to stop making new muscle cells)
Flexion
a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. ex. bending a joint
Extension
a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. ex. straightening a joint
What is the smallest contractile unit of a skeletal muscle called? the sarcoplasmic reticulum a sarcomere a myofilament a myofibril
a sarcomere
Twitch
a single contraction and relaxation cycle in a muscle fiber
When you have a light load, do you use all of your muscle cells or just a small number
a small number of muscle cells
Muscle tetanus is: -a sustained maximal contraction -only possible in specific muscle groups at one time -physiologically a very rare event -a partial contraction that achieves maximum tension
a sustained maximal contraction
Loud noises cause APs to: (choose all that apply) a. fire more frequently b. have higher amplitudes c. have longer refractory periods
a. fire more frequently
After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction? -the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved -calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae -the action potential stops going down the overloaded T tubules -acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh
acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh
In the "romantic relationship" of temporary attachment between the contractile proteins in the sarcomere, which choice accurately describes the dynamics between actin and myosin? -actin is "unavailable" until enough calcium is released to make it "sticky" and compatible with binding to myosin -once bound to actin, myosin can never release -actin binding sites are available all the time, but become competitively inhibited by high levels of intracellular calcium, making them hard for myosin to bind -myosin is the primary driver of actin-myosin binding, and depends on calcium ions to assist it with binding ATP for the first power stroke
actin is "unavailable" until enough calcium is released to make it "sticky" and compatible with binding to myosin
In the "romantic relationship" of temporary attachment between the contractile proteins in the sarcomere, which choice accurately describes the dynamics between actin and myosin? -once bound to actin, myosin can never release -actin binding sites are available all the time, but become competitively inhibited by high levels of intracellular calcium, making them hard for myosin to bind -actin is "unavailable" until enough calcium is released to make it "sticky" and compatible with binding to myosin -myosin is the primary driver of actin-myosin binding, and depends on calcium ions to assist it with binding ATP for the first power stroke
actin is "unavailable" until enough calcium is released to make it "sticky" and compatible with binding to myosin
T-tubules allow _____ to move to the interior of the muscle fiber.
action potentials
do t types activate before or after the l type? Does it activate at more positive or negative t-hold potentials
activates before L-Type (Long Opening) at more negative t-hold potentials
Ultrastructure of thin filaments: •Twisted double strand of fibrous protein F actin •F actin consists of G (globular) actin subunits •G actin has ______ ______ _____ _____ _____ _______ during contraction •Tropomyosin (_______ like) and troponin (binds ________): regulatory proteins bound to actin
active sites for myosin head attachment; string; calcium
The relationship between the tectorial membrane and the hair cells in the ear allows what to occur?
allows transduction to occur
Hypocalcemia. what is it and what does it cause?
an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood (causes muscle tissues)
The classic demonstration of the Stroop effect is produced when one tries to name the color of the ink in which a word is printed when the word itself is the name of a color other than that of the ink. Typically, one is slower in this situation than if the word is not a color term. This form of Stroop interference is thought to be evidence for the automatic nature of reading. 'Automatic' in this context refers to what
an activity, such as reading, that is so well learned that it is occurs even when one attempts to suppress it. The interference probably arises when different words in the mental lexicon representing the color terms are activated by both the words and the ink color and 'compete' with one another, slowing the overt response.
what is a t tubule
an invagination of the sarcolemma over z discs
How does Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers make most of their ATP
anaerobic glycolysis
A sprinter would experience muscle fatigue sooner than a marathon runner due to ________. -anaerobic metabolism in the muscles of the sprinter -anaerobic metabolism in the muscles of the marathon runner -aerobic metabolism in the muscles of the sprinter -glycolysis in the muscles of the marathon runner
anaerobic metabolism in the muscles of the sprinter
Muscle mass is increased by ____________ steroids
androgenic
Which of the following can act as activation signals that cause muscle satellite stem cell populations to mitose in the adult muscle tissue? Select all that apply: -androgenic hormones like testosterone -inflammation -stem cells require specific ques from the brain to begin cycling -traumatic damage -direct electrical stimulation
androgenic hormones like testosterone inflammation traumatic damage
The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________. angina pericarditis ischemia myocardial infarct
angina
Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers are starting to add some vascularization efforts so there will be some ________________ in the fibers to better distribute blood and do a little bit better supplying oxygen
angiogenesis
Systemic Blood Pressure: Systemic Pressure- -Is highest in the _______ -________ and _______throughout the pathway -Is ___ mm Hg in the right atrium
aorta (where the blood comes right out of the heart); Declines and slows; 0 mm Hg
During ventricular contraction blood is pumped through _______ & ________ ___________ valves
aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with what?
aqueous humor
Fenestrated capillaries ________. -are not found in the brain -do not occur in the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys -are not more permeable than continuous capillaries -are not common in endocrine organs and in areas where capillary absorption is an important function
are not found in the brain
Fenestrated capillaries ________. -are not more permeable than continuous capillaries -are not common in endocrine organs and in areas where capillary absorption is an important function -are not found in the brain -do not occur in the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys
are not found in the brain
The Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction was a major physiological breakthrough that changed scientific understanding of muscle contraction. Which of the following correctly describes what produces the dark microscopic section of the sarcomere called the A band? -actin filaments attached at the z-disks -myosin filaments attached at the M-line -accessory proteins involved in structuring the boundaries of a single sarcomere -areas of overlapping actin and myosin filaments
areas of overlapping actin and myosin filaments
Arterial blood pressure: • Varies along ____________ system due to resistance • By convention usually measured on brachium
arterial
Blood experiences the biggest increase in resistance when it transitions into which of the following types of vessels? arteriole vein capillary venule artery
arteriole
Blood experiences the biggest increase in resistance when it transitions into which of the following types of vessels? venule capillary vein arteriole artery
arteriole
The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________. arterioles muscular arteries elastic arteries venules
arterioles
How is Arterial blood pressure: expressed
as fraction: systolic/diastolic (120/80)
Long-term denervation results in _________ & loss of ________. The muscle gets replaced by ________ tissue & _______. If _____________ before too long, muscle returns to normal.
atrophy; striations; connective; fat; re-innervated
You are viewing a heart dissected on a mid-frontal plane. All of the vessels leading into and away from the heart have been removed. The easiest way to determine the right and left sides is to: a. find the opening of the coronary sinus b. notice the difference in thickness of the ventricle walls c. locate the pulmonary semilunar valves d. trace the pattern of the serous visceral pericardium
b. notice the difference in thickness of the ventricle walls EX: Left vent will be thicker due to increased force necessary to supply systemic arterial pressure.
Which structure in the inner ear codes for pitch
basilar membrane
Circulatory systems are necessary. Why?
bc w/o them diffusion is not efficient enough to supply fuel to remove wastes for larger organisms (espically those that are multicellular)
Why is digitalis a poison
because it inhibits calcium removal from the heart.
Why does fatigue happen
because our intracellular calcium pumps can't keep up with the need to keep the calcium where it needs to be
Muscle mass is increased by androgenic steroids. Why are male muscle fibers thicker
because testosterone promotes actin & myosin synthesis
Nocireceptors: When there is no pain there is an inhibitory neuron there to block the message to brain, but when there is pain then the inhibition stops (why does inhibition stop) letting the stimulus go to brain
because the inhibitor gets inhibited
Why is Vascularization and myoglobin and mitochondria going to be low in Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers
because they 're not going to use primarily oxidative needs to replace ATP bc they aren't being asked to do endurance activities then they're not going to invest in forementioned modifications
Giving motor units a big job will not only result in more motor units but also _______ motor units
bigger
What do photoreceptors synapse with?
bipolar cells
the amacrine cell, a retina associated cell type, mediates communication between what two things
bipolar cells and ganglion cells
Eye: Some processing occurs in retina via _______ and _________ cells, remainder processed in optic lobe
bipolar; horizontal
What is the function of tropomyosin?
blocks myosin binding sites on actin
What are the three features necessary for a functional circulatory system? Pick all that apply. blood lungs afferent nerves vessels a heart
blood vessels a heart
Ligaments connect what?
bone to bone
The diving reflex is an adaptation that can be observed in marine mammals for diving in cold water. This involves a reduction in heart rate (called ___________ ) while diving.
bradycardia
During incomplete tetany, does the brain use all of the motor units at once or use them in shifts
brain recruits & rests motor units in shifts to reduce fatigue
Light adaptation: -Occurs when moving from darkness into _______ ______ -Large amounts of __________ are broken down instantaneously, producing _____ -Pupils __________ -Dramatic changes in retinal sensitivity: rod function _________ -Cones and neurons rapidly ________ -Visual acuity improves over ________ minutes
bright light; pigments; glare; constrict; ceases; adapt; 5-10 minutes
Osteoblast cells
build bone
How can we modify the rate and intensity of a contraction of smooth muscle through pacemaker cells
by putting a chemical on pacemaker cells
Intercalated discs they are going to make cardiac muscle really hard to tear apart with desmosomes. Within the desmosomes are ____ junctions with allows depolarization to travel from one cell into the next.
gap
Phototransduction—In the Light: Phospodiesterase breaks down ______ (remember, this was ______ before which was keeping Na+ channels open). When cGMP ___________, Na+ channels close (Dark Current ceases). Cells become hyperpolarized as _____ continues to leak out. Stops the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters by the ____________
cGMP; high; decreases; K+; photoreceptor
In smooth muscles, some Ca comes from the outside for contraction (like cardiac), but __________ is needed to regulate myosin crossbridge formation
calmodulin
Aerobic (endurance) exercise: Leads to increased.... ...Muscle ___________ to get _________ to the muscle cells and do better ______ exchange ....Number of __________________ so that you can do more onsite _____ production by aerobic means ...._______________ synthesis because you need to be able to hold the ______ onsite with the respiratory _________
capillaries; blood; gas; mitochondria; ATP; Myoglobin; oxygen; pigment
When precapillary sphincters are relaxed, blood flows through all capillaries in the bed. If precapillary sphincters constrict, blood flow bypasses ________________ completely and flows through __________
capillaries; metarterioles
Lymph system: recovers fluid filtered out of ______ -begins with blind-ending caps that drain __________ fluid -_______occurs when lymph production happens faster than recovery
caps; extracellular; edema
Concerning the three types of muscle in the human body, which two are involuntary? Select all that apply: skeletal cardiac smooth
cardiac smooth
androgenic steroids, while they will give you hypertrophy, can lead to serious problems because increased androgen levels can effect cardiovascular health by causing a condition called what and what does it do
cardiomegaly- when your heart gets really big
Smooth muscle: Ca2+ stored in ________ as well as the _________ ______________
caveolae; sarcoplasmic reticulum
What is the muscle fasciculus
cell bundle (a group of muscle cells)
Where is actin attached to smooth muscles?
cell membranes at attachment plaques
Ultimately, fiber type is determined by the isoform of myosin ATPase expressed—and this is _____________
changeable
In an isotonic contraction, the muscle ________. -does not change in length but increases tension -never converts pyruvate to lactate -rapidly resynthesizes creatine phosphate and ATP -changes in length and moves the "load"
changes in length and moves the "load"
Phasic receptors are generally associated with __________ stimulus
changing
Phototransduction—In the Light: Light strikes photoreceptor, which causes the retinal part of rhodopsin to isomerize from what to what. No longer fits opsin binding site—causes molecular split of rhodopsin into opsin and retinal. Opsin activates Transducin, which in turn activates what?
cis- to trans-; Phosphodiesterase
Cochlea: what do the cochlear duct (aka the scala media), the scala vestibuli, and the scala tympani contain?
cochlear duct (aka scala media) contains endolymph scala vestibuli contains perilymph scala tympani contains perilymph
Which of the following did we discuss to be the ultimate cause of "old man butt"--loss of muscle tone in the elderly? -mobility issues impact the elderly's ability to exercise -nutritional absorption in old people is deficient enough to cause muscle atrophy -circulatory issues that most of the elderly suffer -combined effects of decreasing testosterone levels and a dwindling satellite cell population
combined effects of decreasing testosterone levels and a dwindling satellite cell population
the cone or rod photoreceptor, a retina associated cell type, is highly dense in the fovea and needs bright light to function
cone
Contractures
continuous contractions
contraction phase - The time between onset of _____________ and peak ________ is called what
contraction; tension
Muscle fatigue: Total lack of ATP occurs rarely, during states of continuous contraction, and causes ____________
contractures (continuous contractions)
the rod photoreceptor, a retina associated cell type, is responsible for what
contrast and peripheral vision
What are the functions troponin?
controls position of tropomyosin & Ca2+ binding protein
Activity of sensory receptors: Transduction
conversion of stimulus energy into nervous impulse
Select from the list below the two cellular tissues that are primarily responsible for refracting the light that enters the eyeball to focus directly on the retina: vitreous humor sclera ciliary zonule iris cornea pupil lens
cornea lens
Light passes through the following structures in which order? -vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea -cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor -aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor -cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
What are the three mechanisms for ATP regeneration?
creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic metabolism.
5. The deflection waves of an ECG/EKG include: a. the P-wave, which is only present in a person who had a heart attack b. the Q-T interval, which indicates the time of atrial contraction c. the PQRS complex, which immediately follows ventricular contraction d. the T-wave, which indicates ventricular repolarization
d. the T-wave, which indicates ventricular repolarization EX: Only one of these correctly identifies a feature of the ECG; review the correspondence of ECG features with heart anatomy depolarizing.
the bipolar cells, a retina associated cell type, are actively hyperpolarized by photoreceptors in the light or dark
dark
General phototransduction: Photoreceptors are depolarized in the _____. ____hyperpolarizes photoreceptors, stopping ______of adjacent bipolar cells. Bipolar cells then _______ganglion cells
dark; Light; inhibition; stimulate
dark adaptation: -Occurs when moving from bright light into ________ -The reverse of light adaptation -Cones stop functioning in _________ light -Pupils ________ -__________accumulates in the dark and retinal sensitivity _________ within ________ minutes
darkness; low-intensity; dilate; Rhodopsin; increases; 20-30 minutes
Diving reflex: During each dive, heart rate and cardiac output undergo dramatic decrease or increase, and vital circulation is shunted away from the extremities and directed to what
decrease; the vital organs
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________. -a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production -a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways -decreased delivery of oxygen -an inadequate supply of lactic acid
decreased delivery of oxygen
A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except________. -decreased size of the heart muscle -increased work of the left ventricle -increased incidence of coronary artery disease -increased damage to blood vessel endothelium
decreased size of the heart muscle
List some examples of the Valsalva Maneuver and forcing things out of the body.
defecation, urination, and childbirth
When there is motor neuron damage there is ________________ because they can't talk to skeletal muscle and they freak out.
denervation
Smooth Muscle: Actin and myosin form filament bundles that wrap around cell and cross at ________ _______
dense bodies
the cone photoreceptor, a retina associated cell type, is highly ______in the fovea and needs _______ light to function
dense; bright
The resolution of the eye is low in the periphery and high in the fovea due to the _________ of the photoreceptors and the _____ of the receptive field that said receptors are responsible for.
density; size
Does the right side of the heart carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood
deoxygenated blood
General phototransduction: Photoreceptors are depolarized or hyperpolarized in the dark. Light depolarizes or hyperpolarizes photoreceptors, stopping inhibition of adjacent ______ cells. Bipolar cells then stimulate _______cells
depolarized; hyperpolarizes; bipolar; ganglion
During excitation of the skeletal muscle, you are ____________ the muscle cell. _______ signal is arriving, ____ is being released, and the muscle cell is appropriately reacting in an ________ way by allowing _________mto influx into the muscle itself.
depolarizing; neural; ACh; active; sodium
Valsalva Maneuver: The air pressure helps to stabilize the _________, so that the ___________ muscles can squeeze things out of the abdominal cavity more efficiently. The _______ and _______ muscles relax when defecation is intended, but tighten up when it is not intended, so as to prevent accidental evacuation of the bowels.
diaphragm; abdominal; rectal; anal
Since venous Volume has little effect on Pressure, it also has little effect on what
diastolic filling
Arterial Blood Pressure: Pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure)
Lymph nodes are an important meeting spot for ________that is coming out of the tissue. Lymph nodes have a lot of _______ cells waiting to see what kind of antigens in the form of _________ and protein pieces show up from.
drainage; immune; proteins
Off-center fields are Stimulated by light hitting the periphery of the field and Inhibited by light hitting the center of the field whereas on-center fields are Stimulated by light hitting the center of the field and Inhibited by light hitting the periphery of the field. What are these responses due to?
due to different receptor types for glutamate in the "on" and "off" fields
Do we make more, less or equal amount of lactate while resting or during fatigue
during fatigue
As the heart approaches the end of atrial diastole: a. the atrial myocardium contracts thereby opening the semilunar valves b. the ventricular myocardium contracts thereby opening the atrioventricular valves c. the majority of atrial blood has entered the ventricles via gravity and elastic recoil d. all of the heart's valves must remain opened in order for normal blood flow e. none of the above are acceptable answers
e. none of the above are acceptable answers. EX: There's something wrong with each of these statements: A, atrial diastole is the period of repol. and relaxation of the atria, so the myocardium isn't contracting here, and won't open semilunar valves when it does. B, while the vent. myocardium should be contracting while the atria are relaxing, this should open semilunar valves, not Atrio-Ventricular valves--if it did, we would get back-flush of blood into the atria. C, the atria fill by gravity and elastic recoil from venous return, not the vents! Atrial contractions during atrial systole are what fill the vents. D, What would happen if all of the heart's valves were open at once??
ESV
end systolic volume
How do Fenestrated capillaries complete transcytosis transport?
endothelial fenestrations
How do Fenestrated capillaries complete endothelial transport? How do Fenestrated capillaries complete paracellular transport? How do Fenestrated capillaries complete transcytosis transport?
endothelial transport - endothelial cells paracellular transport - leaky junctions Transcytosis transport - endothelial fenestrations
Hyperkalemia. what is it and what does it cause?
excessive potassium in the blood (causes muscle weakness)
Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the ________. ears skin eye nose
eye
T/F Because there are only 5 modalities of gustatory receptor, this means you can only have 5 different taste experiences.
f
T/F Lymphatic capillaries carry carbon dioxide back to the venous circulation.
f
T/F Multi-unit smooth muscle cells are electrically coupled
f. They are not electrically coupled
Senses of taste passed to ____________________________ and then to base of brain
facial cranial nerve (VII)
Aerobic (endurance) exercise may convert fast glycolytic fibers into what
fast oxidative fibers
Match the following characteristics to either fast-twitch glycolytic fibers, fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibers, or slow-twitch oxidative fibers: a. Has the largest diameter b. uses anaerobic metabolism, thus fatigues quickly c. has the most blood vessels d. has some myoglobin e. Is used for quick, fine movements f. is also called red muscle g. uses a combination of oxidative and glycolytic metabolism h. Has the most mitochondria
fast-twitch glycolytic fibers: a. Has the largest diameter b. uses anaerobic metabolism, thus fatigues quickly e. Is used for quick, fine movements fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibers: d. has some myoglobin f. is also called red muscle (pink) g. uses a combination of oxidative and glycolytic metabolism slow-twitch oxidative fibers: c. has the most blood vessels d. has some myoglobin f. is also called red muscle h. Has the most mitochondria
I have a 66 y/o patient in the ER who is complaining of dizziness, fatigue, and looks pale with poor balance. She takes beta blockers for hypertension. An EKG shows a consistent measured PR Interval of 0.26 seconds and a heart rate of 55 BPM. With no other information, which of these rhythms most closely matches the above criteria? second degree block type II supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) junctional escape first degree block
first degree block
If resistance decreases, what happens to flow rate
flow rate increases
Lymph system: recovers _______ filtered out of caps -begins with ________________ caps that drain extracellular fluid -edema occurs when _________ production happens faster than recovery
fluid; blind-ending; lymph
What area of the body is low resolution
forearms
the cone photoreceptor, a retina associated cell type, is highly dense in the _______ and needs bright light to function
fovea
Which pairing of terms is incorrectly related? frequency: loudness amplitude: sound intensity frequency: wavelength number
frequency: loudness
Intensity and duration cannot be measured from a single action potential event. They are -Measured from frequency and number of action potentials (____________ coding) or -_________ of neurons stimulated (population coding)
frequency; Number
Intensity and duration cannot be measured from a single action potential event. They are -Measured from ________ and _________ of action potentials (frequency coding) or -Number of neurons stimulated (_________ coding)
frequency; number; population
In _________tetanus, stimuli are arriving so quickly that the muscle has no opportunity to relax between them and remains at max tension. tetany unfused fused
fused
The cells of the retina in which action potentials destined for the brain are generated are the ________. rods and cones ganglion cells bipolar cells amacrine cells
ganglion cells
There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves? cone cells ganglion cells bipolar cells rod cells
ganglion cells
Which of the following correctly describes what constitutes a motor unit? -muscle cells that respond to different neurotransmitters -individual muscle fibers that each have their own motor end plate and are stimulated separately -groups of muscle fibers that listen to one neuron but include a mixture of different fiber sizes within a single motor unit -groups of muscle fasicles -groups of similar muscle fibers that are innervated by axon collaterals of the same motor neuron
groups of similar muscle fibers that are innervated by axon collaterals of the same motor neuron
Ordinarily, it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea ________. does not contain connective tissue is not a living tissue has no nerve supply has no blood supply
has no blood supply
The diving reflex is an adaptation that can be observed in marine mammals for diving in cold water. This involves a reduction in _____ ____ (called bradycardia) while diving.
heart rate
Thermoreceptors are attuned to detect what
heat
In general, within physiological limits, the __________ the task you give your muscles, the __________ the number of motor units of _____________size are recruited until enough tension is produced to accomplish the task. more variable, fewer, decreasing lighter, fewer, larger heavier, greater, increasing lighter, greater, decreasing heavier, fewer, increasing
heavier, greater, increasing
The unit of soundwave measurement is _____________, which is a measure of the frequency of sound waves per second. The loudness, or intensity, of a sound is a function of the _____________ of the sound waves and is measured in _____________.
hertz (Hz); wave amplitude; decibels (dB)
Blood flows down a pressure gradient, from the __________ pressure in the aorta and arteries to the ___________ pressure in the venae cavae and pulmonary veins
highest; lowest
Thick filaments: Confirmation change happens in the _______ region
hinge
The preload and the stretch that it's providing to the heart are the related elements that determine what
how hard the heart is going to contract in response
What is EDV a measure of
how much we are filling the heart
What does junctional escape demonstrate
how the rest of the autorhythmic cells take over when the SA node begins to fail which is why the AV node has taken over here
the bipolar cells, a retina associated cell type, are actively ___________ by photoreceptors in the dark
hyperpolarized
What is the only way to get a new muscle fiber
if you destroy one and a satellite cell happens to replace It
In which of the locations specified below would be the best place to find a scaromere? inside the t-tubule system inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum in a myofibril inside the muscle cytoplasm
in a myofibril
What is an example in which Reversible disuse atrophy occurs
in broken bones after the cast is taken off
Eye: When do rods function well
in low light
Why are our number of because testosterone promotes actin & myosin synthesis
in part by myostatin - a growth factor that suppresses muscle stem cells
Where are Myocardial autorhythmic cells found
in the top of the right atrium in what is called the sinoatrial node
Peripheral resistance ________. -increases as blood vessel diameter increases -decreases with increasing thickness of the walls of the blood vessel -increases as blood viscosity increases -is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals
increases as blood viscosity increases
digitalis and other cardiac glycosides
inhibit Ca2+ removal from heart
Nocireceptors: When there is no pain there is an ___________ neuron there to block the message to ______, but when there is pain then the ____________stops (because the inhibitor gets inhibited) letting the stimulus go to _______
inhibitory; Brain; inhibition; brain
The receptive field depends on the __________ __________ of secondary sensory neurons.
innervation pattern
Any chemical with an affect on heart contractility is an _______ agent (with an _________ effect):
inotropic; inotropic
Phototransduction In the Dark: cGMP is high inside or outside the cell; cGMP-gated Na+ channels are open or closed. Inward sodium current (Dark Current) keeps cell ____________ (-40mV). The Depolarized state opens _____ channels, causes constant inhibitory neurotransmitter release onto _______ cells
inside; open; depolarized; Ca+2; bipolar
Some regions of the heart generate spontaneous APs. These are carried through the heart by electrical synapses called what
intercalated disks
What are All myocardial cells are electrically coupled with?
intercalated disks
The Stroop effect can manifest as either '_________', that is, when one mental operation degrades the performance of another, or as '_________', that is, when one mental operation enhances the performance of another.
interference; facilitation
What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye? iris aqueous humor lens cornea
iris
What is ESV
is how much blood is left over after the left ventricle contracts. There should always be some or the ventricles will stick together like a wet Ziplock bag
When you are really sore after a work out, it is essentially a _______ ______ build up that is chewing up the surface of your cells which does physical damage.
lactic acid
Ultimately, fiber type is determined by the _______ of myosin ATPase expressed—and this is changeable
isoform
Which of these muscle contraction types forces ALL motor units to respond to training, event the lazy, high-threshold ones? pyrotecnic isotonic isometric
isometric
Which of these muscle contraction types allow sarcomere fibers to overlap during contraction? isotonic gyrotonic isometric
isotonic
Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except ________. -it appears to lack troponin -there are noncontractile intermediate filaments that attach to dense bodies within the cell -there are more thick filaments than thin filaments -there are no sarcomeres
it appears to lack troponin
When you depolarize a muscle cell to its threshold, will it contract different in different areas or equally well?
its going to contract equally well
During vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________. lactic acid stearic acid a strong base hydrochloric acid
lactic acid
How do Continuous capillaries complete paracellular transport?
leaky junctions
How do Fenestrated capillaries complete paracellular transport?
leaky junctions
Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________. right ventricle left ventricle right atrium left atrium
left atrium
The ciliary zonule holds the ____ in place
lens
Senses of smell and taste are the result of ______________ channels that are triggered by the presence of certain _________
ligand-gated channels; chemicals
Photoreceptors are adapted to detect the presence of what
light
Contraction/shortening is in association with what?
locomotion, heartbeat, peristalsis, ventilation, feeding, eye movement, and light regulation, etc
As people age, their ability to see at night decreases. What changes in the retina might explain this?
loss of rods explains loss of night vision
low frequency = short or long wave length = high or low pitch
low frequency =long wave length = low pitch
When saying low resolution, would you have a high or low likelihood of feeling where you are being poked
low therefore you will have an idea of where you are being poked but won't know exactly where you were being poked
Arterial Blood Pressure: Diastolic pressure
lowest level of arterial pressure
Lymphatic system -These filaments attach to surrounding tissues to prevent a collapse of what -lymph propelled by ______ muscle pumps -contract in _______
lymph caps; skeletal; sequence
Select all of the following vessels that contain one way valves as part of their structure: arterioles capillaries lymph vessels Veins arteries
lymph vessels Veins
15% of the capillary filtrate that is pushed out into interstitial space is returned by the __________ system (2 liters/day)
lymphatic
Most touch sensations are passed to the _______________ ________ for interpretation via thalamus (for sorting)
somatosensory cortex
The diving reflex is an adaptation that can be observed in ______ _______ for diving in cold water.
marine mammals
When all of the motor units available to a muscle have been recruited and the muscle is producing as much tension as it can possibly make as a result, we say the muscle has reached______________. contracture total contraction threshold maximum maximal contraction
maximal contraction
Activity of sensory receptors: Receptor Potential
may be simple action potential or graded potential (graded by release of neurocrine chemical)
Arterial blood pressure is also expressed as what?
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
What equation expresses mean arterial pressure (MAP)
mean arterial pressure (MAP) = diastolic + 1/3 (systolic - diastolic)
What activities are Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers good for?
medium distance endurance like a 1500m race
Once sound waves have been transformed into electrical signals in the cochlea, sensory neurons transfer information to the ______, from which collaterals then take the information to the ________ and ________. The main auditory pathway synapses in the ______ and _______ before finally projecting to the _______ in the ________.
medulla; reticular function; cerebellum; midbrain; thalamus; auditory cortex; cerebrum
Activity of sensory receptors: Threshold
minimum stimulus needed to elicit action potential (how much of a stimulus do you need to get AP)
Retinal cells: Describe amacrine cells
modulate bipolar-ganglion cell communication
Retinal cells: Describe horizontal cells
modulates info flow between photoreceptors and bipolar cells
digitalis and other cardiac glycosides inhibit Ca2+ removal from heart. What is the net result
more Ca2+ available for stronger heart contraction
The lymphatic capillaries are ________. less permeable than blood capillaries as permeable as blood capillaries more permeable than blood capillaries completely impermeable
more permeable than blood capillaries
The basic unit of contraction in an intact skeletal muscle is the __________________. The force of contraction within a skeletal muscle is increased by _____________ additional motor units
motor unit; recruitment
Which of the following would be recruited later in muscle stimulation when contractile strength increases? -large motor units with small, highly excitable cells -many small motor units with the ability to stimulate other motor units -motor units with larger, less excitable cells -motor units with the longest muscle fibers
motor units with larger, less excitable cells
What controls the force of muscle contraction? multimotor unit summation wave summation concentric contractions tonic contraction
multimotor unit summation
How do we get the heart to slow down
muscarinic cholinergic channels > increase PK of K+ channels but decrease PCa of If channels
smooth muscle is all ANS regulated (not voluntary) so that means it has _______ receptors for Ach, and ____________ receptors for Epi
muscarinic; adrenergic
Which is larger? A muscle fiber or a muscle fascicle? they are actually about the same size, just made of different stuff muscle fasicle muscle fiber
muscle fasicle
Special terminology is often used to describe specific parts of the muscle. Which of the following terms correctly identifies a single muscle cell? muscle fiber muscle belly muscle fascicle myofibril
muscle fiber
One of the ways to take a diagnostic look at a muscle fibers and what they're doing is a ________ ________ _________. What can it help you learn?.
muscle punch biopsy. This can help you learn a lot about the fiber type distribution, how well the cells are doing both metabolically and structurally
Death of heart muscle cells. Fibrillation Arrhythmia myocardial Ischemia myocardial Infarction
myocardial Infarction
Death of heart muscle cells. myocardial Ischemia Fibrillation myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia
myocardial Infarction
The heart is made up of cardiac muscle tissue called what
myocardium
The contractile organelles of skeletal muscles are ________. myofibrils microtubules T tubules mitochondria
myofibrils
The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________. immunoglobin hemoglobin myoglobin ATP
myoglobin
Ultimately, fiber type is determined by the isoform of ________ __________ expressed—and this is changeable
myosin ATPase
Which of these domains of the myosin monomer is the part that changes conformation during the powerstroke? myosin ATPase hinge region myosin head myosin tail
myosin head
In smooth muscle, what determines when contraction happens
myosin's MLCK
T-type Ca+ channels act as Na+ channels do in other systems (K+ channels similar to ________)
nerves
How do we perceive color? The number of S, M, or L cones engaged and how strongly they're stimulated determines "color". Because of this, color coding is _____________—messages from each _____ are important in coding the signal. _____ primarily transduce dark/light contrast intensity, so _____________within the visual field enhances contrast perception
non-convergent; cone; rods; convergence
When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________. -locating the apex -finding the papillary muscles -tracing out where the auricles connect -noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls
noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls
Which of the following is a factor that affects the velocity and duration of muscle contraction? -load on the fiber -muscle length -size of the muscle fibers stimulated -number of muscle fibers stimulated
number of muscle fibers stimulated
Smell sensors in nose respond to >1000 ligands, with signal passed via _______ nerve () and interpreted by _____ _______
olfactory nerve (I); frontal cortex
Which of the follow types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life? olfactory receptor cells retinal ganglion cells retinal bipolar cells auditory outer and inner hair cells
olfactory receptor cells
Which of the follow types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life? retinal bipolar cells olfactory receptor cells retinal ganglion cells auditory outer and inner hair cells
olfactory receptor cells
Light goes through pupil, through the lens, through vitreous humor, and then through all retina cell types to get to the photoreceptors. Direction of neural activity is in the same or opposite direction as we see the light going in and striking the retina
opposite
RPE is vital for maintained retinal sensitivity. Trans-retinal diffuses to RPE to be recombined w/ _______ after photoreceptor activation. Photoreceptors need help with this to maintain light sensitivity. It takes a minute, and the _____ is responsible for delayed dark/light adaptation in our vision
opsin; lag
Which of the following could not be seen as one looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope? fovea centralis retinal capillaries optic disc optic chiasma
optic chiasma
Does estrogen support osteoblast or osteoclast function
osteoblast cells
Nocireceptors respond to various strong noxious stimuli (e.g., acids, bases, heat) - passed through what
pain c fibers
Nocireceptors respond to various strong noxious stimuli (e.g., acids, bases, heat) and are passed through what and are inhibited by what?
pain c fibers; Abeta fibers
Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the ________. trabeculae carneae papillary muscles venae cavae pectinate muscles
papillary muscles
Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the ________. trabeculae carneae pectinate muscles venae cavae
papillary muscles
The high pressure of Ventricular contraction is prevented from everting valves by contraction of ________________ muscles which are connected to valves by _______ tendinea
papillary; corda
The maximum force generated by contraction of a single muscle fiber, All-or-none, is called what?
peak tension
The Heart is enclosed within a double-membraned sack (called the _________), with ____________ cavity allowing free movement
pericardium; pericardial
How are pace maker potentials impaced/modified?
pharmacologically. (The nervous system and drugs can control the times in pacemaker potentials)
How do we regenerate ATP
phosphocreatine then phosphate + ADP -> ATP
Phototransduction—In the Light: Light strikes __________, which causes the retinal part of _________ to isomerize from cis- to trans-. No longer fits _______ binding site—causes molecular split of _________ into _______ and retinal. Opsin activates _________, which in turn activates _____________
photoreceptor; rhodopsin; opsin; rhodopsin; opsin; Transducin; Phosphodiesterase
the bipolar cells, a retina associated cell type, are actively hyperpolarized by ______________ in the dark
photoreceptors
the horizontal cell, a retina associated cell type, mediates communication between what two things
photoreceptors and bipolar cells
The resolution of the eye is low in the periphery and high in the fovea due to the density of the __________ and the size of the ______ ______that said receptors are responsible for.
photoreceptors; receptive field
the increased lung pressure created by a Valsalva maneuver helps us to exert _________ ______ more efficiently. We also use the Valsalva maneuver to help us to force things in or out of the body.
physical effort
When the number of neurons stimulated in a specific location is important for the brain's interpretation of the sensory stimulus, we call this: frequency coding decoding intensity coding population coding
population coding
Through what principle of neuron communication that we discussed last unit do nerve fiber interactions cause dilution of a pain signal with the addition of "good touch"? pre-synaptic inhibition axon-axonal inhibition post-synaptic inhibition
post-synaptic inhibition
Myosin heads hook onto actin and pulls in what is called a ______________________
powerstroke
The degree of myocardial stretch created by venous return is termed what
preload
The age-related vision condition related to stiffness of the lens, leading to lack of accommodation is called: hyperopia astigmatism presbyopia myopia
presbyopia
Blood flows down a ____________ gradient, from the highest pressure in the aorta and arteries to the lowest pressure in the venae cavae and pulmonary veins
pressure
What = the ratio of change in Volume for a given change in Pressure
pressure
Arterial Blood Pressure: Systolic pressure
pressure exerted during ventricular contraction
size and density of ______ _________ neurons determines how large a receptive field is and the resolution of the receptive field
primary sensory
Animals with mutations that inhibit ______________ or action of ___________ develop much larger muscles
production; myostatin
What artery carries de-oxygenated blood: aorta pulmonary artery superior vena cava pulmonary vein
pulmonary artery
What vein carries oxygenated blood: aorta pulmonary artery superior vena cava pulmonary vein
pulmonary vein
The _________ circulation goes from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. The _________ circulation goes from the left side of the heart to the tissues and back to the heart
pulmonary; systemic
Arterial Blood Pressure: Blood pressure near the heart is __________
pulsatile
Light goes through ______, through the ____, through _______ humor, and then through all ______ cell types to get to the photoreceptors. The rest of the cells in the retina are completely clear, don't reflect light.
pupil; lens; vitreous; retina
fibrillations
random muscle twitches
peripheral resistance
resistance to blood flow created primarily by the arterioles
Osteoclast cells
reabsorb bone
When a sensor receptor membrane depolarizes (or hyperpolarizes, in a few cases), the change in membrane potential is called the ____________ potential. Is this a graded or all-or-none potential?
receptor potentials are graded potentials
How is strength of contraction determined for a whole muscle?
recruitment, frequency of stimulation, muscle length at contraction, and passive tension
What is the most important job of the RPE (Retinal Pigment Epithelium) in relation to maintenance of photosensitivity? -recycle retinol and opsin to re-make rhodopsin -act as a "stage curtain" and absorb extra photons -transmit action potentials back to the brain -it's just there to look pretty, not do stuff
recycle retinol and opsin to re-make rhodopsin
The three primary colors of vision are _____________, ________________, and ______________. White light containing these colors stimulates photoreceptors called __________________. Lack of the ability to distinguish some colors is called _____________
red, blue, and green; cones; color-blindness
Einthoven's Triangle
refers to positions of electrodes used in a 3-lead measurement of electrical activity in the heart
Arterial blood pressure: • Varies along arterial system due to ______________ • By convention usually measured on ___________
resistance; brachium
Blood goes from big pipes to smaller increasing the __________, decreasing the __________, decrease ________ of blood.
resistance; velocity; pressure
The receptive field determines the ____________ ______ __________
resolution of sense.
Systemic Blood Pressure: The pumping action of the heart generates blood flow. Pressure results when the flow is opposed by what
resistance
Chemoreceptors respond who what 3 things
respond to oxygen, organics, ions (incl. pH)
What do mechanoreceptors respond to?
respond to pressure (baroreception), cell expansion (osmoreception), vibration acceleration, sound
What layer of the eye contains photoreceptors?
retina
What does RPE stand for?
retinal pigment epithelium
the cone or rod photoreceptor, a retina associated cell type, is responsible for contrast and peripheral vision
rod
Retinal cells: describe photoreceptors
rods/cones; do the actual light detection bc they have all the photopigments. Synapse with bipolar cells
RyR
ryanodine receptor
The diving reflex is an adaptation that can be observed in marine mammals for diving in cold water. This involves a reduction in heart rate (called bradycardia) while diving. What animal is the preferred research model for de-constructing the diving reflex
seals
Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________. contractility extensibility excitability secretion
secretion
Taste ligands create sodium signals that release ___________ or ______
serotonin; ATP
When the lymphatic structures are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________. -shrinkage of tissues distal to the blockage due to inadequate delivery of lymph -increased pressure in the lymphatics proximal to the blockage -severe localized edema distal to the blockage -abnormally high lymph drainage from the distal region
severe localized edema distal to the blockage
Match skeletal muscle with the relative length of its twitch in seconds: Medium; up to 1 sec short; <1sec Longest; up to 5 sec
short; <1sec
catecholamine
signal molecule formed from tyrosine; includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
The primary sensory neurons of the auditory system look ___________ to the primary sensory neurons found in the vestibular system because they are both ________________. -different; one is a hair cell, the other is a mechanosensor -the same; both can produce tinnitus when damaged -pretty much the same; hair cells, except that the hairs on vestibular cells are longer than hairs on auditory cells -similar; hair cells
similar; hair cells
______ and ______ of primary sensory neurons determines how large a receptive field is and the resolution of the receptive field
size and density
The receptive field depends on ______ and ______ of primary sensory neurons to determine how large a receptive field is and the resolution of said receptive field. The receptive field depends on the ____________ _________ of secondary sensory neurons. The receptive field determines the ___________ ________ ________. Receptive fields are most applicable to ___________ and ________________ and is demonstrated by the ______-_______ _____________ _____
size and density; innervation pattern; resolution of sense; mechanoreceptors and photoreceptors; two-point discrimination test
What muscle type of the only muscle type able to self-contain the calcium needed for a contraction
skeletal muscle
What are the events leading to threshold potential for skeletal muscle? contractile myocardium? and autorhythmic myocardium?
skeletal muscle - Net sodium entry through ACh-operated channels contractile myocardium - Depolarazation enters via gap junctions autorhythmic myocardium - Net sodium entry through funny channels; reinforced by calcium entry
Discuss repolarization in skeletal muscle? contractile myocardium? and autorhythmic myocardium?
skeletal muscle - Due to excessive K+ efflux at high K+ permeability when K+ channels close; leak of K+ and Na+ restores potential to resting state contractile myocardium - None; resting potential is -90 mV, the equilibrium potential for K+ autorhythmic myocardium - Normally none; when repolarization hits -60 mV, the funny channels open again. ACh can hyperpolarize the cell
What is the rising phase of AP in skeletal muscle? contractile myocardium? and autorhythmic myocardium?
skeletal muscle - Sodium entry contractile myocardium - Sodium entry autorhythmic myocardium - Calcium entry
What is the refractory period of skeletal muscle? contractile myocardium? and autorhythmic myocardium?
skeletal muscle - generally brief contractile myocardium - Long because resetting of Na+ channel gates delayed until end of AP autorhythmic myocardium - None
What is the repolarization phase of skeletal muscle? contractile myocardium? and autorhythmic myocardium?
skeletal muscle - rapid; caused by K+ efflux contractile myocardium - Extended plateau caused by calcium entry; rapid phase caused by K+ efflux autorhythmic myocardium - Rapid; caused by K+ efflux
What is the membrane of skeletal muscle? contractile myocardium? and autorhythmic myocardium?
skeletal muscle - stable at 70 mV contractile myocardium - Stable at -90 mV autorhythmic myocardium - Unstable pacemaker potential; usually starts at -60 mV
What are some locations of skeletal muscle?
skeletal tissues, urinary bladder, trachea, diaphragm, and others
What are the muscle types
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
You are treating a patient with end stage congestive heart failure (CHF). To help this patient's failing heart increase its ejection fraction, you decide to put the patient on a low dose of Digoxin (digitalis). How will this drug improve this patient's circulation? -slow down Calcium access from T-type calcium channels on the cell membrane, forcing contraction to slow but become stronger -increase the concentration gradient of sodium b/n inside and outside the cell, making the heart depolarize more easily -slow down Calcium removal inside the cells, increasing availability for contraction -increase the amount of Calcium that can access the cytoplasm from outside the cell, helping to increase contraction strength
slow down Calcium removal inside the cells, increasing availability for contraction
Which of the following is not a method that maintains lymph flow? breathing skeletal muscle contraction valves in lymph vessel walls smooth muscle contraction
smooth muscle contraction
Taste ligands create _______ signals that release serotonin or ATP
sodium
Funny channels are permeable to what ions
sodium and potassium
Knowing that calcium acts as a bouncer in the blood preventing sodium from an all access pass across the membrane. What happens to the cell if calcium is removed as it is in the EDTA drug
sodium has an all access pass and moves across membrane making it more positive.
Trias are how we translate _________ influx (or _______________ stimulus) into actual calcium release
sodium; depolarization
One of the ways to take a diagnostic look at a muscle fibers and what they're doing is a muscle punch biopsy (seen above). This can help you learn a lot about the fiber type distribution, how well the cells are doing both metabolically and structurally. Typically done on patients with what suspected diseases?
suspected polymyositis (which is an auto immune condition that attacks muscle cells) or potentially rhabdomyolysis (which is sometimes an exercise induced breakage of muscle cells that can be dangerous to kidneys), or muscular dystrophy, or Myasthenia gravis (which is an autoimmune condition)
Retinal cells: describe bipolar cells
synapse directly w/ photocells to synapse directly with ganglion cells
Contraction of the smooth muscle: -Slow, ____________ contractions -Cells are electrically coupled by gap junctions -Some cells are self-excitatory (_________________ without external stimuli); act as pacemakers for _______ of muscle -_______ and ___________ of contraction may be modified by neural and chemical stimuli
synchronized; depolarize; sheets; Rate; intensity
For max power, skeletal muscle must contract _______________
synchronously
T/F Light goes through pupil, through the lens, through vitreous humor, and then through all retina cell types to get to the photoreceptors. The rest of the cells in the retina are completely clear, don't reflect light.
t
T/F Preload can change based on how much circulatory help you need
t
What are invaginations of sarcolemma over Z disks
t tubules
Conduction deafness is a result of some mechanical malfunction of the physical conduction of sound waves into the nervous parts of the ear. Issues with which of the following parts of the auditory apparatus could be responsible for conduction deafness? Pick all that apply: tectorial membrane tympanic membrane Vestibular-cochlear nerve Organ of Corti auditory ossicles
tectorial membrane tympanic membrane auditory ossicles
Relaxation phase - The time between peak ________ and loss of ________
tension; tension
The long refractory period in cardiac muscle helps prevent what
tetanus
The somatosensory cortex is divided into different areas for processing incoming sensory info from different surface and muscle tissues of the body. Where does all this incoming info get received by the brain first before it's sorted into these areas for processing? amygdala hypothalamus somatosensory cortex thalamus
thalamus
The QRS complex indicates what?
that the entirety of the ventricular walls have been polarized.
What is the R wave representative of?
that the perking fibers and the bundle branches have spread the depolarization to the apex of the heart.
what does the stroop effect refer to?
the Stroop effect refers to the difficulty observers have in eliminating meaningful but conflicting information from a task, even when that information is irrelevant or counterproductive in that task. Ex) naming the color of the ink in which a word is printed when the word itself is the name of a color other than that of the ink
What does oxygen deficit represent? -the amount of oxygen taken into the body immediately after the exertion -amount of energy needed for exertion -the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle activity and the amount actually used -the amount of oxygen taken into the body prior to the exertion
the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle activity and the amount actually used
tesnion
the force exerted on the load or object to be moved
What causes rigor mortis? -the cooler body temperature after death causes muscles to temporarily stiffen -the start of decay that begins to break down muscle proteins -the lack of ATP means myosin can't break the last crossbridges formed with actin -when bodies die, all the calcium is released from the SR at once, causing tetanus
the lack of ATP means myosin can't break the last crossbridges formed with actin
What bends the light to focus it on the retina
the lens
The blind spot of the eye is where ________. -only cones occur -the optic nerve leaves the eye -the macula lutea is located -more rods than cones are found
the optic nerve leaves the eye
Describe macular degeneration
the overgrowth of blood vessels which disrupt the architecture of the retina which disrupts visual transduction (controls this by injecting stuff right into the eyeball)
What is another term for the SA node
the pacemaker
Lens
the portion of the eye that focuses light on the retina
Fluid flow through a tube is proportional to what
the pressure gradient
What is the ultrastructure of Thick Filament composed of?
the protein myosin
The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle in that ________. -ATP energizes the sliding process -the trigger for contraction is a rise in intracellular calcium -the site of calcium regulation differs -actin and myosin interact by the sliding filament mechanism
the site of calcium regulation differs
Blood goes from big pipes to smaller increasing the resistance, decreasing the velocity, decrease pressure of blood. It decreases pressure because of what
the turnback phenomenon and the increase in resistance
Select the true statement: -Lateral inhibition only works in skin receptors -the two-point discrimination test is used for measuring receptive field density -the pattern of secondary sensory neuron innervation doesn't matter for resolution of stimulus -the highest density of photoreceptors in your retina is found in the periphery
the two-point discrimination test is used for measuring receptive field density
Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate? the vessel selected to palpate activity emotions postural changes
the vessel selected to palpate
What causes the stretch on the heart in the first place
the volume that we are putting into it.
If you compare the preload in the ventricle of a patient who is asleep with a patient that is walking on the street, which will be larger? the walking patient the sleeping patient this activity isn't enough to make a difference
the walking patient
Which of these is the reason t-tubules are needed in skeletal muscle cells? -t-tubules store Ca ions in preparation for release into the muscle cell -they are continuous with the sarcolemma, so they can pass Na currents more effectively to the interior of the cell -they work like pneumatic tubes at the bank drive-thru--they transfer Ca ions from the surface of the cell to the interior to facilitate contraction -t-tubules are only one way the muscle maximizes depolarization current transfer
they are continuous with the sarcolemma, so they can pass Na currents more effectively to the interior of the cell
Drugs used in emergency medicine to stabilize a patient's failing circulatory perfusion like norepinephrine, epinephrine, phenylephrine, and dopamine, are called antihypotensives or vasopressors. What does this imply about the type of effect they have on cardiac muscle function? -they don't qualify as inotropic agents because they have differing impacts on cardiac contraction -they are positive inotropic agents -they are negative inotropic agents
they are positive inotropic agents
Crossbridge
this forms when the myosin heads attach to actin during muscle contraction
The pacemaker potential gradually becomes less negative until it reaches ________ triggering AP
threshold
If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, ________. -heart rate would decrease, but blood pressure would rise due to the excess sodium present -potassium channels compensate and no change in heart rate would occur -tetanic contraction would occur due to the short absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle -threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase
threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase
If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, ________. -tetanic contraction would occur due to the short absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle -heart rate would decrease, but blood pressure would rise due to the excess sodium present -threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase -potassium channels compensate and no change in heart rate would occur
threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase
Lymph nodes are an important meeting spot for drainage that is coming out of the ________. Lymph nodes have a lot of immune cells waiting to see what kind of ________ in the form of proteins and protein pieces show up from.
tissue; antigens
What is the purpose of the "plateau" in cardiac contractile cell re-polarization? to give calcium pumps time to remove calcium from the cytoplasm after contraction to shorten the time needed to complete relative refractory these cells are lazy and want a break to prevent tetanus due to summation
to prevent tetanus due to summation
What is the role of the accessory protein titin in the sarcomere? -to return the sarcomere to its resting state of filament overlap via passive recoil -to pull the sides of the sarcomere closer to the M line -to prevent actin from stretching when myosin pulls on it -to help secure actin filaments to the Z disc
to return the sarcomere to its resting state of filament overlap via
The rate of a stimulus may change but _______ receptors never completely stop monitoring
tonic
Most _______ sensations are passed to the somatosensory cortex for interpretation via _________
touch; thalamus
The conversion of stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential is called __________. The form of energy to which a receptor responds is called its _____________ _____________. The minimum stimulus required to activate a receptor is known as the ______________.
transduction; adequate stimulus; threshold
One t-tubule and its two flanking terminal cisternae are called what
triad
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between troponin and tropomyosin? -tropomyosin is a regulatory protein that controls the conformation of troponin -troponin is influenced by tropomyosin's binding to calcium ions -troponin is a regulatory protein that controls the conformation of tropomyosin -both troponin and tropomyosin are important for regulating the availability of myosin head domains for binding to actin
troponin is a regulatory protein that controls the conformation of tropomyosin
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between troponin and tropomyosin? -troponin is influenced by tropomyosin's binding to calcium ions -troponin is a regulatory protein that controls the conformation of tropomyosin -both troponin and tropomyosin are important for regulating the availability of myosin head domains for binding to actin -tropomyosin is a regulatory protein that controls the conformation of troponin
troponin is a regulatory protein that controls the conformation of tropomyosin
Which of the following is the way muscles immediately regenerate some of their ATP if exercise lasts more than 6 seconds without dipping into their oxygen supply? -use aerobic pathways to generate more ATP efficiently -draw on store of intracellular ATP -slip into anaerobic glycolysis -use Creatine Phosphate via CPK
use Creatine Phosphate via CPK
The narrower a vessel, the faster the __________ of flow
velocity
Electrocardiogram (ECG): What does the QRS complex represent
ventricular depolarization
Since venous Volume has little effect on Pressure, it also has little effect on the diastolic filling. Describe afterload
ventricular pressure at end of systole; represents ventricular wall stress or resistance. the pressure or volume measurement after the contraction. How much is left over.
Afterload volume
ventricular wall stress or resistance. ventricular pressure at end of systole
Arterial blood pressure: • Used as a proxy for _______________ pressure • Always __________ • Has two extremes: ______________ and ________________ pressures
ventricular; present; systolic and diastolic pressures
If you notice that a patient's QT segment measures 0.50 sec, how concerned are you likely to be about that patient's heart rhythm? -minor concern; this is not normal for the QT segment, but is probably something caused by an ion imbalance that will go away with time -very concerned; 0.50 is too short for the ventricles to achieve re-polarization -not very; normal QT is up to 0.44 secs and this isn't much longer than that -very concerned; 0.50 is very long for the QT and can lead to cardiac arrest
very concerned; 0.50 is very long for the QT and can lead to cardiac arrest
Ear: Stimulation of _________ nerve (_) occurs via hair cells responding to movement of tectorial membrane floating in endolymph of cochlear duct
vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
The diving reflex, in humans, is a _______ reflex (leftover from evolution) that causes a ________ response when the face contacts cold water while the subject is holding their breath.
vestigial; vasovagal
What is the main function of the rods in the eye? color vision vision in dim light depth perception accommodation for near vision
vision in dim light
When does light adaption occur?
when moving from darkness into bright light
The Stroop effect: interference
when one mental operation degrades the performance of another
The Stroop effect: facilitation
when one mental operation enhances the performance of another.
The tricuspid valve is closed ________. while the ventricle is in diastole when the ventricle is in systole while the atrium is contracting by the movement of blood from atrium to ventricle
when the ventricle is in systole
Short duration exercise: Does the following happen within the first 6 seconds of a run, within the first 10 seconds, 30-40 seconds in/at the end of run: ATP stored in muscles is used first.
within the first 6 seconds of a run
Is osteoporosis more common in men or women?
women because of how important estrogen is in bones
Does skeletal muscle have striations
yes
What feature of the EKG represents atrial re-polarization? -you can't really see it because the QRS complex obscures it -the S feature of the QRS complex -the second half of the P-wave -the Q feature of the QRS complex
you can't really see it because the QRS complex obscures it
What area of the body is high resolution
your fingertips
The lymphatic system has a pressure of ___mmHg
~1mm Hg
Most muscles have enough ATP for how many twitches
~8 twitches
How do we get the heart to speed up
ß1 adrogenic receptors > cAMP system > increase PCa via If and Ca2+ channels
How does movement of blood occur?
•rhythmic contractions of heart •elastic recoil of arteries •squeezing during body movements •contraction of smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels