Draft: Human Phys Exam 2

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T/F Sound is packed air particles

T/F T-tubules are continuous with the sarcolemma

The posterior chamber of the eye is filled with what

Vitreous humor

how do we measure sound

We measure how loud sound is in decibels

Define the point of fixation

When both eyes are focusing on a close object (within the macular field

DEXA scan

measures bone density for osteoporosis

Receptive fields are most applicable to _________receptors and __________receptors

mechanoreceptors and photoreceptors

The idea that muscles hypertrophy in response to increased physical demands is the basis for the: Respiratory Challenge Endurance Principle Oxidative Adaptation Overload Principle

Overload Principle

T/F The Atrio-Ventricular valves and their associated connective tissue in the middle of the heart are electrically coupled to the heart cells above and below them for a continuous spread of depolarization throughout the entire organ.

T/F The left lung is bigger than the right to make room for the heart via the cardiac notch.

T/F Skeletal muscle contraction influences rate of venous return, but has no effect on End Diastolic Volume.

Heart Rate (HR)

Number of cycles per unit time (beats per minute, BPM)

What do muscle fibers contain?

Sarcolemma, t-tubules, sarcoplasm, multiple nuclei

What is the function of nebulin?

Scaffolding

T/F Pressure decreases over distance

True or False: Testosterone supplements like androgenic steroids only cause hypertrophy in male muscle cells. True False

False

True or False: the binding sites on globular actin monomers are capable of binding ATP. True False

False

When a muscle is in fatigue, it is experiencing a total lack of ATP, and can therefore no longer contract. True False

False

True or False: olfactory cell responds to a single odorant molecule. How do you know?

False. Each olfactory receptor has a single type of receptor ligand, but it may bind several different types of odorant molecules.

Is actin or myosin the Motile protein

Myosin

A relatively high percentage of which of the following are found in successful marathon runners. -Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers -Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers

Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers

T/F Rubbing or other touch in the same receptor field as strong pain can sometimes dilute the effect of the C fiber through post synaptic inhibition

T/F You get out of rigor mortis when the body begins to rot

Receptive field

The region within which a sensory neuron can sense a stimulation

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium ions (in a muscle cell)

Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling

The sequence of APs and calcium release that initiates contraction

Of the 2 ways to arrange a smooth muscle cell, Single unit smooth muscle cell and Multi-unit smooth muscle cells, which is the most common

The single-unit

What principle states that "motor units with larger and larger fibers are recruited as stimulus intensity increases"

The size principle

The smaller the receptive field, the lower/higher the density, the better/worse the resolution

The smaller the receptive field, the higher the density, the better the resolution

As the aroma of freshly brewed coffee drifted by dozing Henry's nose, his mouth started to water and his stomach began to rumble. Explain his reactions in terms of ANS activity.

The smell stimulates the olfactory nerves and carries the information to the CNS. The response to the potential presence of food is parasympathetic activation, which stimulates increased salivary gland secretion (mouth watering) and increased secretory activity and motility of the stomach (stomach rumbling).

What sits on top of the hair cells in the ear?

The tectorial membrane

Passive tension

Tension produced by non-contractile components of a muscle

Continued sustained smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation. Maximal stimulus Multiple motor unit summation Tetanus Wave summation

Tetanus

An increase in the calcium ion level in the sarcoplasm starts the sliding of the thin filaments. When the level of calcium ions declines, sliding stops. True False

True

Atrial tachycardia is characterized by fast atrial contractions with little pause between them, causing an increase in the speed of atrial contraction. True False

True

Light passes through the entire thickness of the neural layer of the retina to excite the photoreceptors. True False

True

Multiple powerstrokes must be performed to bring one sarcomere to full contraction. True False

True

Muscles are only able to pull, they never push. True False

True

Odorants must be volatile (aerosolized) and able to be dissolved in nasal mucus to be smelled. True False

True

One of the jobs of skeletal muscle in the human body is to help you hold your pee. True False

True

Ear: Stimulation of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) occurs via hair cells responding to movement of tectorial membrane floating in the _________ of the ________ ________

endolymph; cochlear duct

How do Fenestrated capillaries complete endothelial transport?

endothelial cells

EDV

end diastolic volume

catecholamines

increase Ca2+ entry and storage

Which of the following is the primary way to produce summation of muscle contractions and therefore achieve greater total tension? -increase the frequency of muscle stimulation -increase the intensity of the stimulus the muscle experiences in mV -none of these methods will cause a muscle to summate -add additional nerve axon inputs to communicate with the muscle

increase the frequency of muscle stimulation

Do smooth muscles have striations

What do we generally call sensory receptors that are specifically tasked with transducing painful, damaging, or unwholesome stimuli? chemoreceptors All receptors do this pain receptors nocireceptors

nocireceptors

Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the ________. trabeculae carneae papillary muscles pectinate muscles venae cavae

papillary muscles

How do Continuous capillaries complete endothelial transport?

patent endothelial cells

What holds groups of muscle cells together

perimysium

Frequency is precieved as _______

pitch

The vast majority of the energy payout we get from a single molecule of glucose comes from what process

the aerobic process

The length of a whole muscle is dictated by what

the amount of overlap between the different fibers in each sarcomere

A single contraction-relaxation cycle in a skeletal muscle fiber is known as a(n)

twitch

How is the receptive field demonstrated

two-point discrimination test

Which of the following is the way muscles immediately regenerate some of their ATP if exercise lasts more than 6 seconds without dipping into their oxygen supply? -draw on store of intracellular ATP -use aerobic pathways to generate more ATP efficiently -use Creatine Phosphate via CPK -slip into anaerobic glycolysis

use Creatine Phosphate via CPK

What in the veins prevents back flow of blood

valves

Are veins or arteries more compliant?

veins

T/F Fovea centralis is where we see the most color and the most detail

T/F Hair cells of the ear are delicate

T/F Heart resides in the pericardium

T/F Horizontal cells help modulate and process the conversation between photoreceptors and bipolar cells

T/F If precapillary sphincters constrict, blood flow bypasses capillaries completely and flows through metarterioles

T/F If you try to quit sugar, you will have withdrawal symptoms

T/F In the cardiac muscle fiber, the refractor period lasts almost as long as the entire muscle twitch

T/F Lymphatic capillaries are permeable to proteins

T/F Motor units can be called on and contracted one at a time or many at once

T/F Motor units take turns to help maintain tension and reduce fatigue

T/F Muscle cells can change their membrane potential to facilitate specific physiological functions

T/F Muscle mass is increased by androgenic steroids

T/F Muscles usually work in pairs

T/F Myocardial autorhythmic cells can depolarize in sequence, on a schedule without the input of the brain

T/F Optic disc doesn't have any photoreceptors so it is a blind spot

T/F People who are immobile and sit a lot are usually the first to show the signs of lymph edema

T/F Peristalsis is characteristic of smooth muscle.

T/F Phasic receptors rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turns off.

T/F QRS complex indicates that the entirety of the ventricular walls have been polarized.

T/F Same principles apply to contraction of a single fiber and a whole muscle

T/F Sensory processing disorders have problems filtering the information, so all of the info goes straight to the brain, so they get overwhelmed

T/F Several different types of ganglion cells are arranged in doughnut-shaped receptive fields

T/F Since venous Volume has little effect on Pressure, it also has little effect on diastolic filling

T/F Sinus bradycardia can occur in healthy people

T/F Smooth muscle can contract in 3 dimensions

T/F Sodium is a small positive ion

T/F T-types open first and fast and then activates l type, l types are open longer

T/F The action potentials of motor neuron and sarcolemma are similar in appearance and function

T/F The brain encodes sensory info, in part, by what cells are sending the information

T/F The carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole.

T/F The difference between fused and unfused tetanus is that the muscle has time to relax when the summation leads to unfused tetanus

T/F The electrocardiogram represents the summed electrical activity of all cells recorded from the surface of the body

T/F The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.

T/F The heart lies in the center of the thorax

T/F The human heart can beat outside the body without the help of the brain for a while because it can produce its own depolarization electicity.

T/F The mitochondria is so abundant in cardiac muscle that it is 1/3 of the cell volume

T/F The more you stretch a muscle, the more likely it is to contract harder in the reactionary phase

T/F The olfactory sense has stem cells, but the population of stem cells decrease over time

T/F The use of calcium in myocardial cells is different from other muscle type cells.

T/F The wider the QRS complex (the more time it takes), the more serious the problem

T/F Theoretically, an individual born without a middle ear would be able to hear by bone conduction with a hearing aid.

T/F Tissues damaged by myocardial infarction are replaced by connective tissue.

T/F To stake a vampire directly in the heart, it is necessary to aim slightly to patient's left of the sternum.

T/F Tonic receptors are slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of a stimulus

T/F Top and bottom of the heart contract at separate times

T/F Veins are very complaint

T/F Water is distributed between intracellular and extracellular compartments

T/F When precapillary sphincters are relaxed, blood flows through all capillaries in the bed.

T/F When you are making big gains in a short period of time, you are more prone to injury

T/F the number of motor neurons increase as the load to be lifted increases

T/F T-tubules spread the depolarizations that began on the sarcolemma

T/F The only way to run out of ATP is when your dead.

T/F To get shortening and tension, some of the thick filament has to overlap some of the thin filament

T/F Cardiac output gets faster if heart beats faster

T/F Intercalated discs make cardiac muscle hard to tear

T/F It is normal to see a plateau after making big muscle gains

T/F If you spend too much time in A-fib, blood pools in the atria. When blood sits it has a tendency to form clots. Any clots formed in the atria will go to the ventricles (if right ventricle) then to the lungs resulting in a pulmonary embolism or (if left ventricle) to the body resulting in anything including an ischemic stroke

t/f Some regions of the heart generate spontaneous APs

T/F The rate of a stimulus may change but tonic receptors never completely stop monitoring

For max power, skeletal muscle must contract synchronously. Need to get AP signal into interior for synchronous contraction. What allows this

T-tubules. AP races over fiber surface and down T-tubules into interiorterm-431

T/F Hair cells of the ear are graded potentials

T. AP is stimulated by increased signal

An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPs per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is ________. the citric acid cycle glycolysis hydrolysis the electron transport chain

glycolysis

Contraction of a whole muscle: Unlike muscle fibers, whole muscles are capable of ___________ contraction

graded

What are the results of Aerobic (endurance) exercise

greater endurance, strength, and resistance to fatigue

What are the measurement units for preload in regards to how much you are filling ventricles before contraction

Precapillary ____________ restricts certain things during fight or flight to cut it off if it is unnecessary

sphincters

What is the function of titin

stabilizes actin and myosin scaffolds and helps maintain resting length

Third and final stage of muscle energetics: Fatigue

stage of contraction where ATP is completely expended

Second stage of muscle energetics: Anaerobic contraction

stage of contraction where ATP use exceeds production by aerobic means and ATP must be obtained via anaerobic metabolism

First stage of muscle energetics: Aerobic contraction

stage of contraction whereATP use does not exceed production by aerobic means

CNS processing of sensory information: Location: -Often a 1:1 correspondence between what two things -May require _________ ___________ of information in CNS -Often involves _______ _________ to enhance contrast of signal

stimulus and location; additional processing; lateral inhibition

What tissues are found with continuous capillaries

Exocrine Muscle Nerve Lung

Powerstroke

Movement of the myosin head that is the basis for muscle contraction

ONJ

osteonecrosis of the jaw (parts of the jaw bone begins to rot from the inside).

Does the left side of the heart carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood

oxygenated blood

What kind of protein is actin? myosin?

Actin = scaffolding and anchoring protein Myosin = motile protein (myosin heads)

T/F Blood or fluid inside the pericardial cavity has little to no effect on preload in the ventricles.

T/F Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes the lens to bend the light less.

T-type

"transient opening"

What does the y axis of a ECG (EKC) tell us

Amplitude

what gives autorhythmic cells the power to self polarize

Funny channels

Eye color is determined by the _____

Iris

T/F 3-8X more Creatine phosphate than ATP in Skel muscles

color blindness

defective cones

What has the greatest effect on resistance

radius

Are Epinephrine and norepinephrine included in sympathetic or parasympathetic input

sympathetic

What does the Z in z disc mean

"Zwischen" or between

How do you find pulse pressure (what is the equation)

(PP) = systolic - diastolic

List the following structures in the sequence in which a beam of light entering the eye will encounter them: (a) aqueous humor (b) cornea (c) lens (d) pupil (e) retina

(b) cornea (a) aqueous humor (d) pupil (c) lens (e) retina

Fluid only flows is a + or - pressure exists

+ (positice)

Atrial problems: Describe Atrial Fibrulation

- Quivering or unpredictable atrial contraction - No clear P wave and irregular QRS waves Sometimes caused by interference from pulmonary Vein inputs - Not always pathologic - excessive alcohol or CO poisoning can cause

What are the 2 types of calcium channels on the outside of the heart that we can modify with drugs

1. catecholamines and 2. digitalis and other cardiac glycosides

Which of the following composition of proteins is composed of only myosin A Band H Zone I Band Z Disc M Line

A Band

Sarcomeres that are shortened too greatly can lead to a what

A Charlie horse

Eye: Define convergence

A number of presynaptic neurons provide input to s dmaller number of postsynaptic neurons

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A recording of the summed electrical events of the cardiac cycle

How many cell layers thick are capillaries

A single layer thick

What are Z discs

A specific type of accessory protein that anchors actin (thin filaments)

What is the structure of a thin filament

A thin filament consists of two strands of actin subunits twisted into a helix plus two types of regulatory proteins (troponin and tropomyosin).

Is smooth muscle ANS or SNS regulated

ANS regulated (not voluntary).

ARTERIES: -Toward or away from heart? -Thick, muscular walls or thin, elastic walls? -High or low pressure flow? -Are valves common or are there few or no valves? -Deeply placed or more superficial? -Usually large or small caliber

ARTERIES: -Away from heart -Thick, muscular walls -High pressure flow -Few or no valves -Deeply placed -Usually small caliber

An average person expends ~2000 Cal/day = 240 lbs of solid ATP, but there is only ~1.5oz of ATP in body at any time. What does this tell us about ATP

ATP has to be regenerated over & over

When do you have more ATP available in your muscles: in rest or fatigue? Choose the best answer: -fatigue; regeneration mechanisms notice the exercise induced loss of ATP and work extra hard to replace it -rest; without intense exercise to break it down, ATP generation methods produce an excess of ATP that builds up in the muscle -ATP levels really don't change much quantitatively b/n rest and fatigue states; several regen methods make sure it's available pretty much the whole time you're alive

ATP levels really don't change much quantitatively b/n rest and fatigue states; several regen methods make sure it's available pretty much the whole time you're alive

Does smooth muscle have more actin or myosin in contractile units

Actin

If (funny) channel allows slow leak of Na+ (and K+) Creates pacemaker potential at -40 mV Triggering T-type Calcium channels to create what

Action potential

What is the process for which (6C) gluclose gets converted to 2 pyruvate (3C)

Aerobic Glycolysis

Systemic circuit

All blood vessels traveling between heart and body. Usually with "normal" oxygenation.

Pupil

An eye opening through which light can pass into the interior of the eye. Pupil size varies with the contraction and relaxation of a ring of smooth pupillary muscle

Describe muscle fiber

An individual muscle cell

Is resistance exercise typically aerobic or anaerobic?

Anaerobic

Constants

Any factors in an experiment that stay the same for the experimental groups and the control group

Experimental group

Any group that experiences the independent variable.

Prevents arterial backflow into the left ventricle. Aortic valve Pulmonary valves Tricuspid valve Mitral valve

Aortic valve

Precapillary spinctor

Bands of smooth muscle that can alter blood flow through capillary heads

Why is the t wave bigger than the p wave

Bc Ventricles have more contractile cells

Why do you see a lot of injuries at the beginning of sports seasons

Because Muscles hypertrophy faster than connective tissue.

why is adaption is problem for the CNS processing of sensory information

Because Receptors may cease to respond to continuous stimulus

why does each of the Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers have more contractile unites than Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers and Oxidative slow-twitch fibers

Because it has the Biggest cells and the most hypertrophies

Why do Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers look pink

Because they express a medium amount of myoglobin

SA node problems: Describe how you can induce Sinus arrhythmia

By taking too many... ...Anti-histamines ...over-the-counter cold meds

T/F The only time you see deoxygenated blood in a vein

F. in an artery

What is the process of contraction in smooth muscle?

C1. a2+ enters cytoplasm via SR and external channel 2. Ca2+ causes activation of two proteins: - calmodulin (CaM) - myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) before interacting with myosin

In cardiac muscle, Ca2+ is removed by what? where?

Ca2+ ATPase at SR

What types of sensory receptors can we experience the world using

Chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, and thermoreceptors

The _______ _______ holds the lens in place

Ciliary zonule holds lens in place

Systemic Blood Pressure is affected by the _________ of vessel

Compliance

What happens during the PR Interval

Delay of AV node to allow filling of ventricles (2)

When is EDV measured

EDV is measured at the end of the relaxation phase or the diastole of the left ventricle

Since there are only three types of cones, how can you explain the fact that we see many more colors?

Each cone responds maximally to one of these colors of light, but there is overlap in their absorption spectra that accounts for the other hues.

Are our number of muscle fibers fixed early in life, in the middle of life, or toward the end of life

Early in life

What happens during the P wave

Depolarization of atria in response to SA node triggering (1)

DHP

Dihydro-pyridine

What are heart blocks?

Discordant connection between the top and bottom of the heart

The kind of temporary muscle weakness you get when you break a limb and have it cast for 8 weeks is: Motor nerve degeneration Disuse atrophy Spinal muscular atrophy Muscular dystrophy

Disuse atrophy

Do we make more of Cr while resting or during fatigue

During fatigue

There are things in our muscles that are noncontractile. In other words, they are not part of the sarcomere, myofibril, or the components of the muscle that create tension. What are some noncontractiles?

Elastic components and contractile components

T/F EKGs measure tension created by the cardiac muscle as it pushes on the blood.

Both the cornea and the lens are vascular. True False

False

Individual muscle fibers alone can produce a graded contraction (one which varies the amount of tension measured). True False

False

Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract. True False

False

Sound is generally perceived in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex. True False

False

The bending of light rays is called reflection. True False

False

True or False: Most skeletal muscles in the average person are specialized in function and contain a predominance of one skeletal muscle fiber type. Explain the reasoning behind your choice.

False. Most body muscles contain a mixture of fiber types that allows them to exhibit a range of contractile speeds and fatigue resistance. However, certain muscle fiber types may predominate in specific muscles, e.g., white fibers predominate in the ocular muscles.

What is another term for complete tetanus

Fused tetanus

Depolarization is propagated from cell to cell via ____ junctions

Gap

Which of the following composition of proteins has margins determined by the overlap of actin and myosin? A Band H Zone I Band Z Disc M Line

H Zone

When saying high resolution, would you have a high or low likelihood of feeling where you are being poked

High

Why is it not ok for the whole heart to contract simultaneously?

If everything contracts at the same time, then the heart doesn't perform its function as a pump.

The signal for contraction in the heart originates where

In Autorhythmic cells

Henri, a chef in a five-star French restaurant, has been diagnosed with leukemia. He is about to undergo chemotherapy, which will kill rapidly dividing cells in his body. He needs to continue working between bouts of chemo. What consequences of chemo would you predict that might affect his job as a chef?

In addition to nausea and fatigue, the chemotherapy could affect his sense of taste, largely because it will kill the stem cells in his olfactory epithelium (taste = ~80% smell).

The steepest drop in systemic blood pressure occurs where

In the arterioles

What's the difference between complete and incomplete tetanus

Incomplete or unfused tetanus - the muscle isn't locked out, it has some time to relax, even if it is just a little bit of time. Complete tetanus - muscles are maxed out, they don't have any time to relax.... Until the muscles being to fatigue

Blood goes from big pipes to smaller increasing or decreasing the resistance, increasing or decreasing the velocity, Increasing or decreasing the pressure of blood.

Increasing; decreasing; decreasing

Which of the following types of electromagnetic waves has lower energy and is used to detect heat UV X-Rays Gamma rays Visible Rays Infra Red Radio Waves

Infra Red

Describe dark adaptation

It occurs when moving from bright light into darkness. it is the reverse of light adaptation. Cones stop functioning in low-intensity light. Pupils dilate. Rhodopsin accumulates in the dark and retinal sensitivity increases within 20-30 minutes

What is a kind of junctional heart problem

Junctional escape

What tissues are found with Sinusoidal/discontinuous capillaries

Liver Bone Marrow Lymph Nodes

l-type

Long opening

Sensory receptors in the skin:______________ __________ responds to flutter and stroking movements

Meissner's corpuscle

Of the 2 ways to arrange a smooth muscle cell, Single unit smooth muscle cell and Multi-unit smooth muscle cells, which is for precise work like the ciliary area of the eye and the iris

Multi-unit

What is the skeletal muscle organ called

Muscle belly

What are the results of resistance training

Muscle hypertrophy (due to increase in fiber size which helps create more tension) Increased (some) mitochondria, (lots of ) myofilaments, (more) glycogen stores, and (the biggest increase in the durability of) connective tissue

Tendon connects muscle to bone to form what

Muscle origin and insertion areas

What is a medical procedure used to take samples of a patient's muscle tissue to assess for abnormalities? Metabolic analysis Surgical resection Muscle punch biopsy Kinetic assessment

Muscle punch biopsy

Tendon attaches what two things

Muscle to bone

Which muscle cell type has a membrane potential with a plateau

Myocardiac contractile cell

Which muscle cell type has funny channels that create pacemaker potentials

Myocardial autorhythmic cells

WHat is the difference between the 2 muscle cell types: Myocardial autorhythmic cells and Myocardiac contractile cells

Myocardial autorhythmic cells - Set the pace Myocardiac contractile cells - do the work of pushing on the blood

The heart is composed mostly of cardiac muscle (also known as what?)

Myocardium

Are pressure gradient and absolute pressure in a system the same thing

Do capillaries have valves

When does dark adaption occur?

Occurs when moving from bright light into darkness

Ejection Fraction (EF)

Percentage of ventricular blood (EDV) ejected during one contraction (%). EF = 100 x SV/EDV

eye: Periphery has high/low resolution and fovea has high/low resolution.

Periphery has low resolution and fovea has high resolution.

Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx: -Otoliths -Vestibule -Pharyngotympanic or eustacian tube -Tympanic membrane

Pharyngotympanic or eustacian tube

_______ receptors are generally associated with changing stimulus

Phasic

_______ receptors rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turns off.

Phasic

Eye: Cones

Photoreceptors that control visual acuity and color vision

Would the following be defined as a preload volume or afterload volume: how much we are filling up the heart. It gives us a volume that represents the degree of stretch that we're putting on the sarcomeres in the myocardia

Preload volume

Which of the following types of electromagnetic waves has the longest wavelengths with the lowest energy UV X-Rays Gamma rays Visible Rays Infra Red Radio Waves

Radio Waves

Cardiac Output (CO)

Rate of blood pumped by a ventricle (mL/min.). CO = HR x SV

The time between peak tension and loss of tension is called what

Relaxation phase

How do we perceive color? The number of ___, ___, or ___ cones engaged and how strongly they're stimulated determines "color"

S, M, or L cones

Retinal cells: Describe Ganglion Cells

Sends visual signals from the retina after they are processed to brain via the optic nerve (2 types, m type and p type. M-type = movement; P-type = texture, visual detail)

Loss of hearing resulting from prolonged exposure to high-intensity sounds. Tinnitus Conduction deafness Sensorineural deafness

Sensorineural deafness

retina

Sensory receptors lining the posterior cavity of the eye

Which of the following depends on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms. -Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers -Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers

Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers

Contraction of the smooth muscle: -_______, synchronized contractions -Cells are electrically coupled by _______ junctions -Some cells are _______________ (depolarize without external stimuli); act as ______________ for sheets of muscle -Rate and intensity of contraction may be modified by ________ and ____________ stimuli

Slow; gap; self-excitatory; pacemakers; neural; chemical

Macula

The center of the visual field

What is the difference between Mobitz I and II

The difference is that Mobitz 2 is more serious. No prolonging of the PR interval, AB waves continue even though they are not conducted by the AV node. It is characterized by many dropped beats. It can lead to spontaneous cardiac arrest

What is the first layer of connective tissue

The epimysium

What keeps lymph vessels from collapsing?

The fact that they are connected to surrounding tissues connected elements with collagen fibers.

The larger the receptive field, the lower/higher the density, the better/worse the resolution

The larger the receptive field, the lower the density, the worse the resolution

Skeletal muscle rarely work by themselves. What do they mainly work with?

They mostly work in motor units which are groups of individual muscle cells that are innervated by the same axon so they all contract together when they are stimulated

As the load gets heaver, the motor units get bigger. How does this happen

This happens by having more cells and a larger size of muscle fibers

What does the x axis on the ECG tell us

This shows how much time it takes for each one of these pieces of the ECG to occur. Each piece represents and electrical depolarization event in the heart. These should take a specific amount of time.

______ ______ helps prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent receptor cells

Tight junction

A possible side effect of medications such as aspirin. Tinnitus Sensorineural deafness Conduction deafness

Tinnitus

Muscle fibers, like neurons, can change membrane potential for a specific purpose. what is their purpose?

To catalyze contractions

Myostatin mutants suffer from a malfunction of the myostatin growth factor that impacts muscle cell development. When myostatin is defective, the result is a muscular system with: -Ineffective development of limb muscles -Too many muscle cells -Too few muscle cells per muscle organ -Too many myofibrils per cell

Too many muscle cells

What are the activities of sensory receptors?

Transduction, threshold, and receptor potential

List 3 functions of the cardiovascular system

Transport of materials entering and leaving the body, defense, and cell-to-cell communication

Atrio-Ventricular valve with three flaps. Tricuspid valve Aortic valve Pulmonary valves Mitral valve

Tricuspid valve

Single-unit smooth muscle is found in the intestines. True False

True

Sour taste receptors are stimulated by hydrogen ions of acidic food substances. True False

True

T/F Phasic receptors are generally associated with changing stimulus

True

The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation and is controlled by the ANS. True False

True

The blood in the pulmonary circulation does not directly exchange with the tissues to serve the metabolic needs of body tissues. True False

True

The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion permeability properties temporarily. True False

True

The excitation phase of E-C coupling can be measured in mV because depolarization is electrical, and the contraction phase can be measured in Newtons because tension generates force. True False

True

The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment. True False

True

The latent period is something we can see happening in real time when we stimulate muscles and monitor them on an electromyogram (EMG), as we will do in lab. -True False

True

The lymphatic capillaries function to absorb the excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream. True False

True

The optic disc is the location where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball. True False

True

The optical illusions included with lecture were meant to demonstrate sensory adaptation in photoreceptor populations. True False

True

The photoreceptor cells are sensitive to damage from light. True False

True

True or False: Tinnitus is a type of sensorinerual damage, because it impacts the activity of the hair cells in the auditory system, which are part of the neural component. True False

True

True or False: Transduction of a stimulus by a sensory neuron is required for the brain to perceive sensory information. -False -Only true under certain circumstances -True -No answer text provided.

True

True or False: Your sense of olfaction is a sense you might be able to repair if moderately damaged because its receptors are replaced often by stem cells that don't divide all the time. True False

True

True or False: Muscle contractions may result in tension we can't see with the naked eye. True False

True

True or False: One ATP is needed for each crossbridge recycled between actin and myosin. True False

True

True or False: Really loud noises or head trauma can tear the tympanic membrane. True False

True

True or False: Single unit smooth muscles can contain pacemaker cells that are capable of self-depolarization; these control contraction for the entire sheet of cells with gap junctions. True False

True

True or False: initiating contraction of a single muscle fiber is, in some ways, very similar to the production of an action potential in a neuron--both are all-or-none events that require a threshold of stimulus to be met. True False

True

Warming up prior to intense physical activity helps prime skeletal muscles for sustained work by pre-supplying them with calcium and oxygen. True False

True

When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length. True False

True

When we move from darkness to bright light, retinal sensitivity is lost, but visual acuity is gained. True False

True

You can get hypertrophy of skeletal muscle fibers by using exogenous androgenic steroids, but the hypertrophy may also occur in your heart (cardiomegaly). True False

True

rue or False: a muscle's physiological function is to contract and produce tension. True False

True

True or False: Vestibular and Auditory stimuli are different sensory modalities, but they share the same nerve tract back to the brain.

True?

The time between onset of contraction and loss of tension is called what

Twitch

What is the R-R interval used to measure

Used to measure one cardiac cycle. it is one way to measure heart rate.

Which one of these rhythms will probably have a wide complex QRS associated? A-Fib 2nd degree heart block sinus bradycardia V-Tach

V-Tach

What is the maneuver likely killed "The King" (Elvis Presley)

Valsalva Maneuver

What is the classic demonstration of the Stroop effect

When one tries to name the color of the ink in which a word is printed when the word itself is the name of a color other than that of the ink. Typically, one is slower in this situation than if the word is not a color term

Which of the following is true about light and vision? -When we see the color of an object, all light is being absorbed by that object except for the color being experienced. -The greater the incident angle of light striking a refractive surface, the less the amount of light bending required by the lens to focus it on the retina. -Our photoreceptors react most strongly to light in the 800nm range -Human photoreceptors respond to light in the 100-300 nm range.

When we see the color of an object, all light is being absorbed by that object except for the color being experienced.

Describe Retinitis pigmentosa

Where the RPE layers dies leaving a person blind by 25

Describe the effects of aging on the special sense organs. Be specific with examples.

With age, the lens enlarges, loses its crystal clarity and becomes discolored, and the dilator muscles of the iris become less efficient. Atrophy of the organ of Corti reduces hearing acuity, especially for high-pitched sounds. The sense of smell and taste diminish due to a gradual loss of receptors, thus appetite is diminished.

Short duration exercise: Does the following happen within the first 6 seconds of a run, within the first 10 seconds, 30-40 seconds in/at the end of run: ATP is formed from creatine Phosphate and ADP.

Within the first 10 seconds

Which of the following types of electromagnetic waves are high energy and are used in medical facilities? UV X-Rays Gamma rays Visible Rays Infra Red Radio Waves

X- Rays

Because summation results in stronger and longer contractions compared to individual twitches, can we assume that new APs can arrive before the muscle relaxes

Yes, new APs can arrive before the muscle relaxes. This can result in tetany (a sustained maximal contraction)

Which of the following composition of proteins is an attachment point for actin fibers? A Band H Zone I Band Z Disc M Line

Z Disc

A sarcomere is the distance between two ________. I band Myosin A band Z discs

Z discs

Role of Calcium Ions in smooth muscle: -Ca2+ binds to and activates ?a? -Activated ?a? activates ?b? -Activated ?b? phosphorylates and activates ?c? -Cross bridges interact with ?d?

a = calmodulin b = myosin (light chain) kinase (MLCK) c = myosin d = actin

bisphosphonate

a drug therapy used to prevent bone loss in osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoblasts from doing their jobs (and some evidence proves that it helps build up osteoblasts)

After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction? -acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh -the action potential stops going down the overloaded T tubules -calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae -the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved

acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh

The sliding filament model of contraction involves ________. -actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping -the Z discs sliding over the myofilaments -actin and myosin shortening but not sliding past each other -the shortening of thick filaments so that thin filaments slide past

actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping

inotropic agent

any chemical that affects contractility

In cardiac auscultation (listening via stethoscope), normal heart sounds are characterized by the "lupp-dupp" audible rhythm of closing valves during the cardiac cycle. The second heart sound, "dupp", would normally be heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle? a. just after the start of ventricular systole b. just after the end of ventricular systole c. just after the end of atrial systole d. just after the start of atrial diastole

b. just after the end of ventricular systole EX: Because the sounds associated with the heart beat are due to the closing of valves, not due to heart contractions, the second heart sound would take place after ventricular contraction (systole), when the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves close

The tricuspid valve is normally closed: a. while the ventricles are in diastole b. while the ventricles are in systole c. while the atria are in systole d. during the movement of blood from the atria into the ventricles

b. while the ventricles are in systole EX: This is the right AV valve b/n the right atrium and ventricle. When the vents are contracting, we want this closed to prevent back-flush of blood into the R. atrium.

Why can we slightly dilute painful stimulus via good touch

because we are slightly inhibiting the painful stimulus

Receptor potential

graded potential in a special senses receptor

Phototransduction In the Dark: _______ is high inside the cell; __________________ channels are open. Inward or outward sodium current (_______Current) keeps cell depolarized (-40mV). Depolarized state opens Ca+2 channels, causes constant _________ neurotransmitter release onto bipolar cells

cGMP; cGMP-gated Na+; inward; dark; inhibitory

Receptors for hearing are located in the ________. tympanic membrane semicircular canals vestibule cochlea

cochlea

What kind of vestibular sensory cell causes you to puke and stumble when you get off the centripetal force-inducing Barrel Ride at Worlds of Fun? otolith cristae ampularis auditory hair cell Vestibular hair cell

cristae ampularis

Myosin heads contain: •2 small chains—form _______ _______during contraction •Binding sites for ______ of thin filaments •Binding sites for _____ •________ enzymes

cross bridges; actin; ATP; ATPase

Which of the following accurately describes an example of circulatory transport from cell to cell? -carbon dioxide diffusion into the capillaries at the tissue level -secretion of drug metabolites from the blood into the urine -oxygen loading onto hemoglobin at the lungs -cytokines released by adaptive immune cells to attract other immune cells

cytokines released by adaptive immune cells to attract other immune cells

In multi-unit smooth muscle cells, how is AP propagated

each cell stimulated individually

Which of these is the artery's ability to push back against the blood pressure produced by the heart? hydrostatic pressure elastic recoil compliance peripheral resistance

elastic recoil

Which of these is the artery's ability to push back against the blood pressure produced by the heart? peripheral resistance hydrostatic pressure compliance elastic recoil

elastic recoil

How do Continuous capillaries complete endothelial transport? How do Continuous capillaries complete paracellular transport?

endothelial transport - patent endothelial cells paracellular transport - leaky junctions

In normal Skeletal muscle, ACh channels are restricted to the region under the _______. After __________ they're inserted all over muscle. After 5-15 days, __________ begin bc they are looking for the ACh; ___________ after few months

endplate; denervation; fibrillations (random twitches); disappears

What is the functional role of the T tubules? -enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction -stabilize the G and F actin -synthesize ATP to provide energy for muscle contraction -hold cross bridges in place in a resting muscle

enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction

T/F Smooth muscle has a fast twitch sleep

f. slow

The narrower a vessel, the faster or slower the velocity of flow

faster

What type of capillary makes up the kidney glomerulus? continuous fenestrated

fenestrated

Smooth muscle: Actin and myosin form _______ _______ that wrap around cell and cross at dense bodies

filament bundles

What is the least severe of the heat blocks

first degree

coronary ischemia is due to?

having a heart attach and killing off a bunch of autorhythmic cells

Which of the following is the primary way to produce summation of muscle contractions and therefore achieve greater total tension? -none of these methods will cause a muscle to summate -increase the frequency of muscle stimulation -add additional nerve axon inputs to communicate with the muscle -increase the intensity of the stimulus the muscle experiences in mV

increase the frequency of muscle stimulation

SA node problems: Describe what Sinus bradycardia is caused by

increased vagal tone; sleep, drugs, brain damage

Which type of contraction do you want to dominate your exercise plan if you want to break/form lots of Xbridges and therefore burn up lots of calories? isotonic isometric gyrotonic pyrotechnic

isotonic

Does Isotonic contraction or isometric contraction get used in aerobic training? what is the result>

isotonic contractions. It results in more mitochondrias, vascularization, aerobic enzymes

Why is resistance important in the body

it maintains blood pressure

Do t-types or l-types produce the calcium influx that opens Cardiac SR

l-types

Presbypoia

loss of accommodation due to stiffening of the lens with age

What is the advantage of assessing a cardiac patient with a full 12-lead EKG instead of just a 4-lead rhythm strip? -more than one of these is why we do 12-leads -12 lead EKGs can help safely eliminate cardiac issues as a cause for nondescript symptoms -Each lead gives a different view through the heart, allowing better localization of the abnormally functioning tissue -multi-lead EKGs can help vascular surgeons find which coronary vessels are blocked

more than one of these is why we do 12-leads

What part of the sarcolemma contains acetylcholine receptors? end of the muscle fiber motor end plate any part of the sarcolemma part adjacent to another muscle cell

motor end plate

T-tubule system carries APs inside what

myofibrils

What are some examples of chemicals that increase heart contractility

norepinephrine, epinephrine, digitalis

Rubbing or other touch in the same receptor field as strong pain can sometimes dilute the effect of the C fiber through what

post synaptic inhibition

A patient is transported to the hospital with the following symptoms: ~numbness and tingling in his left arm and leg ~facial drooping of the left side of his face ~deviation of gaze in his left eye ~difficulty speaking and responding to questions This patient's symptom set is indicative that which of the following processes is active in his brain? internal respiration perfusion active hyperemia reactive hyperemia

reactive hyperemia

The receptors of each primary sensory neuro pick up info from a specific area of the brain, known as the

receptive field

Special terminology is often used to describe specific parts of the muscle. Which of the following terms correctly identifies the muscle cellular membrane? myofibril sarcolemma sarcomere sarcoplasmic reticulum

sarcolemma

What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage? sarcoplasmic reticulum mitochondria myofibrillar network intermediate filament network

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Describe the startle reflex

scaring someone

The eyeball is made of _______ connective tissue

sclera

What is the duration of AP in skeletal muscle? contractile myocardium? and autorhythmic myocardium?

skeletal muscle - Short; 1-2 ms contractile myocardium - Extended: 200+ msec autorhythmic myocardium - Variable; generally 150+ msec

Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________. -forming a chemical compound with actin -storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP -inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments -forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin

storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP

catecholamines increases the Ca2+ entry and storage. What is this net result?

stronger contraction, faster HR, shorter recovery

What produces the striations of a skeletal muscle cell? -the arrangement of myofilaments -a difference in the thickness of the sarcolemma -the T tubules -the sarcoplasmic reticulum

the arrangement of myofilaments

Atrial ventricular valves separates what?

the atria and ventricles

What is the first step of the visual pathway of the eye, where light from the environment enters

the cornea

What is the Q wave representative of?

the depolarization of the septum

Sphygmomanometer: The last thump you can identify when releasing pressure is what

the diastolic pressure value which is typically the 80 # in the 120/80 number

Comparing the preload and afterload will get reveal what percentage the heart is ejecting called what

the ejecting fraction.

cytochrome C oxidase is part of what

the electron transport chain

What do clinical providers call the interstitial compartment of fluid in the human body? fluid space third space transitional space interstitial space

third space

Does cardiac muscle have striations

yes

T/F The optic disc has photoreceptors

F. Optic disc doesn't have any photoreceptors so it is a blind spot

t/f The periphery of the eye has a high resolution

F. Periphery has low resolution and fovea has high resolution.

The mitochondria is so abundant in cardiac muscle that it looks like pink fibers

F. Red fibers

Electron Transport Chain - What does it convert? What is the net energy yield?

Converts: 4 O2 > 8 H2O Net energy yield: 24 ATP

Is actin or myosin the the scaffolding and anchoring protein

Actin

What is another term for thin filaments

Actin

Anaerobic Glycolysis - What does it convert? What is the net energy yield?

Converts: Glucose (6C) to 2 lactate (3C) Net energy yield: 2 ATP

Aerobic glycolysis - What does it convert? What is the net energy yield?

Converts: Glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C) Net energy yield: 2 ATP + 2 NADH

T/F You get more muscle cells as you age

F. You don't get any more muscle cells when you age. Your muscle cells get bigger

What does the H in H zone mean?

"Heller" or brighter

What does the A in A band stand for?

"Anisotropic" or polarized (dArk)

What does the I in I band mean

"Isotropic" or diffuse (lIght)

What does the M in M line mean?

"Mittelscheibe" or middle cut

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

"Within physiological limits, the heart pumps all blood returned to it" -"Stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (the end diastolic volume)"

Put the following structures in the order in which a sound wave would encounter them: (a) Pinna (b) Cochlear duct (c) Stapes (d) Ion channels (e) Oval window (f) Hair cells/stereocilia (g) Tympanic membrane (h) Incus (i) Vestibular duct (j) Malleus

(a) Pinna (g) Tympanic membrane (j) Malleus (h) Incus (c) Stapes (e) Oval window (i) Vestibular duct (b) Cochlear duct (f) Hair cells/stereocilia (d) Ion channels

Describe Third Degree Heartblock

- Atrial and ventricular coordination blocked - P and QRS waves are divorced Complete block; no signal to ventricles... ...AV node will activate independently of SA, hence two rhythms are sometimes seen ...Usually cased by coronary ischemia; pacemaker needed

Describe 2nd Degree Heartblocks (Mobitz I)

- Atrial and ventricular coordination occasional - PR interval lengthens until a QRS wave is skipped

Describe First Degree Heartblocks

- Atrial and ventricular coordination slowed (With this, the PR interval is beginning to get long. This indicated that the depolarization is not getting from the top of the heart to the bottom on the right schedule. If this gets too long, the ventricles won't depolarize like they are supposed to. This is a problem because you would be doubly stretching the ventricle) - PRI > 0.20 s (constant) -Can be caused by vasovagal nerve issues, MI, or Any drugs that slow AV node refractory: like beta-blockers or Ca-chann blockers

SA node problems: Describe Sinus tachycardia

- Fast pacemaker - RR < 0.6 (>100 BPM) -Can be caused by... ...your ANS under situations of increased cardiac demand ...abnormal ANS control; usually goes away

Describe 2nd Degree Heartblocks (Mobitz II)

- His-Purkinje system disorder - More serious; no prolonged PR interval; can lead to spontaneous cardiac arrest

Asystole (flatline)

- No electrical activity - Only isoelectric line

What are some examples of tonic receptors monitoring

-Baroreceptors monitoring arterial BP -Pitch and volume in the ear -Color and contrast reception in the eye

SA node problems: Describe Sinus arrhythmia

- Pacemaker irregular - RRMax - RRMin > 0.16 s You can induce this by taking too many... ...Anti-histamines ...over-the-counter cold meds

Ventricular Problems: Describe Ventricular Fibrulation

- Quivering or unpredictable ventricle contraction - No clear waves -Multiple pacemaker potentials from ischemic myocardium -Can sometimes cause this during Myocardial infarction

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

- R. atrioventricular (tricuspid) - L. atrioventricular (bicuspid) - Pulmonary semilunar - Aortic semilunar

Ventricular Problems: Describe Ventricular Tachycardia

- Rapid rhythmic contraction of ventricles - No P waves, QRS waves adjacent, RR < 0.6 s - May or may not have a pulse - Adjacent QRS waves are what is shown in pic -Most of the time, is a problem with Myocardial infarction scarring

SA node problems: Describe Sinus bradycardia

- Slow pacemaker - RR > 1.0 s (< 60 BPM) Caused by: increased vagal tone; sleep, drugs, brain damage

Ventricular Problems: describe Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)

- Ventricular wall takes over as pacemeker - No P wave, tachycardia (RR > 1.0 s) -Usually happens when a serious breakdown in Communication b/n upper and lower heart occurs -No input from SA and/or AV node to guide beat

Ventricular Problems: Describe how most of the time Ventricular Tachycardia is a problem with Myocardial infarction scarring

- electrical impulses must detour around scar - result is rapid, monomorphic V contraction - combo-ing anti biotics and some anti- - histamines can also cause V tach!

What are the 3 muscle functions

-Contraction/shortening -Balance Generation of heat

Arterial Blood Pressure reflects what 2 factors of the arteries close to the heart

-Elasticity (compliance or distensibility) -Volume of blood forced into vessels at any time

SA node problems: Describe what Sinus tachycardiacan be caused by

- your ANS under situations of increased cardiac demand - abnormal ANS control; usually goes away

Myocardial autorhythmic cells Allows slow leak of Na+ (and K+) until potential of ___ mV triggers Ca+ channels

-40 mV

Muscle contraction type: Isometric contraction

-A contraction that created a force without movement. -load placed on muscle is greater than than maximum tension therefore muscle is NOT allowed to shorten -Muscle has not shortened. Sarcomeres shorten generating forces but basic elements stretch, allowing muscle length to remain the same

Muscle contraction type: Isotonic contraction

-A contraction that creates a force and moves a load -The load placed on muscle is less than maximum tension therefore the muscle is allowed to shorten -Allows you to actually move stuff because the weight you are lifting is less than your max (-Sarcomeres shorten generating forces but because basic elements are already stretched, the entire muscle must shorten)

Junctional Problems: Describe Junctional Escape

-AV node takes over as pacemaker - No P wave evident because the SA node isn't doing its job -Usually happens when SA node stim rate falls below The rate of AV stim; can occur due to MI damage -May require pacemaker implant

What are the jobs of the RPE (Retinal Pigment Epithelium)

-Absorbing light that's not interacting with photoreceptors to clarify visual signal -Recycle used pigment discs in rods/cones (w/o the rpe we would run out of useable photopigments. We would become functionally blind very quicky) -Vital for maintained retinal sensitivity

T/F Cones are tightly packed in the periphery of the eye

F. they are tightly packed in the fovea and widely spaced in the periphery

What does endomysium hold? What does perimysium hold? What does epimysium hold?

-Endomysium holds all of the cells together in fascicle shape -Perimysium holds all of the fascicles together -Epimysium holds all of the fascicles together in a group

What does the overload principle state?

-Forcing a muscle to work hard promotes increased muscle strength and endurance -Muscles adapt to increased demands so if you want to continue to make gains than you have to increase what you're asking the muscle to do -Muscles must be overloaded to produce further gains

Select all of the following that are expected adaptations for a muscle undergoing resistance training: -Increased myofibrils -Increased glycogen stores -Decreased mitochondria -Significantly reinforced connective tissue -Increased vascularization -Increased myoglobin synthesis -Resistance to hypoxia

-Increased myofibrils -Increased glycogen stores -Significantly reinforced connective tissue

Describe the flow of blood entering the heart, exiting the heart, and everything in between

-Inferior/superior vena cava -R. atrium -R. atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve -R. ventricle -Pulmonary (R. semilunar) valve -Pulmonary trunk -L/R. pulmonary artery -Lung -L/R. pulmonary vein -L. atrium -L. atrioventricular (mitral/bicuspid) valve -L. ventricle -Aortic (L. semilunar) valve -Aorta

When does muscle fatigue occur

-Ionic imbalances (K+, Ca2+, Pi) interfere with E-C coupling -Prolonged exercise damages the SR and interferes with Ca2+ regulation and release

What is the muscle equivalent to the following general terms: Muscle cell Cell membrane Cytoplasm Modified endoplasmic reticulum

-Muscle cell - Muscle fiber -Cell membrane - Sarcolemma -Cytoplasm - Sarcoplasm -Modified endoplasmic reticulum - Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Describe when the PR interval happens and what the normal time range is

-Onset of P wave to onset of QRS wave -Normal range: 0.12-0.20 s

The big difference b/n tonic and phasic receptors is: (Pick all that apply) -Phasic receptors fire rapidly at first, and then shut off entirely when the stimulus remains stable -olfactory receptors are tonic -tonic receptors are only on part of the time and are not good for continuously monitoring -tonic receptors never shut off completely; they just change firing rate when stimulus changes

-Phasic receptors fire rapidly at first, and then shut off entirely when the stimulus remains stable -tonic receptors never shut off completely; they just change firing rate when stimulus changes

Select all of the following that are expected adaptations for a muscle undergoing aerobic training: -Resistance to hypoxia -Significantly reinforced connective tissue -Increased vascularization -Increased glycogen stores -Increased myofibrils -Decreased mitochondria -Increased myoglobin synthesis

-Resistance to hypoxia -Increased vascularization -Increased myoglobin synthesis

What are the 2 ways to arrange a smooth muscle cell

-Single unit smooth muscle cell -Multi-unit smooth muscle cells

Describe the following in regards to Oxidative slow-twitch fibers (type I) --"Slow Oxidative" -(SO): -Speed: -Twitch length: -Calcium movement: -Mitochondria: -Myoglobin: -Size and color: -Vascularization: -Other features:

-Speed: Slow -Twitch length: ~75 ms -Calcium movement: Slow -Mitochondria: Dense -Myoglobin: High -Size and color: Small diameter, red -Vascularization: High -Other features: Rely on aerobic ATP production, primarily used for posture, balance, sustained activity

Describe the following in regards to Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers (type IIb) "Fast Glycolytic" -- (FG): -Speed: -Twitch length: -Calcium movement: -Mitochondria: -Myoglobin: -Size and color: -Vascularization: -Other features:

-Speed: Very fast (2-3 x speed of type IIb) -Twitch length: ~7.5 ms -Calcium movement: Fast -Mitochondria: Sparse -Myoglobin: Low -Size and color: Large diameter, white -Vascularization: Low -Other features: Rely on anaerobic glycolysis, resulting in H+ ion build-up (acidosis)

Describe the following in regards to Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers (type IIa) - "Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic" - (FO or FOG): -Speed: -Twitch length: -Calcium movement: -Mitochondria: -Myoglobin: -Size and color: -Vascularization: -Other features:

-Speed: fast (2-3 x speed of type Iib, 1-2x slower than T-I) Twitch length: ~7.5 ms Calcium movement: Fast -Mitochondria: Moderate -Myoglobin: Medium -Size and color: Medium diameter, pink -Vascularization: Medium -Other features: Rely on aerobic ATP production

List the possible ventricular heart problems

-Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) - Ventricular wall takes over as pacemeker -Ventricular Fibrulation - Quivering or unpredictable ventricle contraction -Ventricular Tachycardia - Rapid rhythmic contraction of ventricles

Describe the R-R interval and include the normal time range

-Time between successive R spikes -Normal range: 0.6-1.0 s (=60-100 BPM)

Latent Period

-Time when E-C coupling events occur -Time between AP initiation and the beginning of contraction

VEINS: -Toward or away from heart? -Thick, muscular walls or thin, elastic walls? -High or low pressure flow? -Are valves common or are there few or no valves? -Deeply placed or more superficial? -Usually large or small caliber

-Toward heart -Thin, inelastic walls -Low pressure flow -Valves common -More superficial -Usually larger caliber

What are the circulatory functions

-Transportation of materials: -Immune response (in part) -Physical protection (in part) -Heat (in part)

What are some features and characteristicsof skeletal muscle

-elongated cell -multinucleated -visible striations -somatic (voluntary) -not branching -intercalated with capillaries -cholinergic -fast, all-or-none contraction

Adaptation: describe tonic receptors

-fire rapidly upon initial stimulus, -fire slowly with continued stimulus -Generally associated with monitoring a system

The two things that primarily influence the force that will be produced in a graded muscle contraction are: -frequency of stimulation of the muscle -task being asked of the muscle -number and size of motor units recruited -size of the muscle organ

-frequency of stimulation of the muscle -number and size of motor units recruited

Select all of the effects that a major hemmorhage would have on a patient's cardiac and circulatory status: -increased sodium permeability in myocardial autorhythmic cells -initially increased blood pressure that falls over time -blood pressures in the range of 120/80 -perfusion that stabilizes over time -initially increased heart rate -initially falling heart rate

-increased sodium permeability in myocardial autorhythmic cells -initially increased blood pressure that falls over time -initially increased heart rate

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the size of receptive fields/density of primary sensory neurons and the resolution of the sensation they provide? Please select all choices that are correct. -the larger the receptive field for each neuron the higher the resolution of the sense -the lower the density of primary neurons, the better the resolution of the sense -lateral inhibition of primary sensory neurons contributes to the clarity of sensory resolution -the higher the density of primary sensory neurons, the higher the resolution of the sensory input -the smaller the receptive field the higher the resolution of the sense

-lateral inhibition of primary sensory neurons contributes to the clarity of sensory resolution -the higher the density of primary sensory neurons, the higher the resolution of the sensory input -the smaller the receptive field the higher the resolution of the sense

The two things that primarily influence the force that will be produced in a graded muscle contraction are: -task being asked of the muscle -size of the muscle organ -number and size of motor units recruited -frequency of stimulation of the muscle

-number and size of motor units recruited -frequency of stimulation of the muscle

Pick all of the following that are expected modifications that someone participating in intense aerobic training might expect to see in their muscle fibers' primary energy profile? -more prevalent reliance on glycolysis -significantly increased numbers of mitochondria intracellularly -hypertrophy of muscle fibers -new capillary formation -an increase in the # of muscle fibers

-significantly increased numbers of mitochondria intracellularly -new capillary formation

Motor units are not all the same. Pick all of the following ways in which motor units can be different from each other--think about the different tasks you use your muscles to perform and the different amounts of tension and motor control that might be required. -the amount of tension that can be produced by a motor unit -fiber type or metabolic characteristics of cells within a single motor unit -number of fibers included -fiber type or metabolic characteristics of different motor units in the same muscle -fiber size

-the amount of tension that can be produced by a motor unit -number of fibers included -fiber type or metabolic characteristics of different motor units in the same muscle -fiber size

Study this image: Slide 29 https://www.dropbox.com/s/9wok8d92g8hzzp1/L13.Bio438.F17.Circulatory.I.pptx?dl=0

...

Each square on a ECG (or EKG) is how many seconds

0.04s on the x axis

How long, in seconds, does the QRS Complex take

0.05-0.10

How long, in seconds, does the p wave take

0.07-0.12

How long, in seconds, does the PR interval take

0.12-0.20

How long, in seconds, does the p wave take QT interval take

0.26-0.45

How many cells thick are capillaries? 1 capillaries are not cellular 2 More than 2

How many ATP are required for 1 twitch

1 ATP

What is the body size limit for organisms that have no circulatory system? 10 um 1 um 1 mm 10 mm

1 mm

EDV is controlled by what 3 factors affecting venous return

1) Action of skeletal muscle pump 2) Action of respiratory pump 3) Autonomic control of vein dilation and constriction

What are the three physiological stages of muscle energetics

1) Aerobic contraction - stage of contraction where ATP use does not exceed production by aerobic means 2) Anaerobic contraction -stage of contraction where ATP use exceeds production by aerobic means and ATP must be obtained via anaerobic metabolism 3) Fatigue -stage of contraction where ATP is completely expended

How long are people supposed to be on bisphosphonate

3-5 years

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is variable depending on what 4 factors

1) Cardiac output (CO) - HR and SV 2) Blood volume (fluid intake and loss) - excretory 3) Resistance - arterial diameter 4) Pooling - venous diameter

Muscles are divisible into 3 categories depending on their ability to deal with delaying anaerobic contraction. What are they?

1) Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers (type IIb; white) 2) Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers (type IIa; pink) 3) Oxidative slow-twitch fibers (type I; red) -

What are the 2 subsets of heart cells

1) Myocardial autorhythmic cells 2) Myocardiac contractile cells

Describe the process of myogenic contraction (describe depolarization of the heart)

1) Myogenic contraction starts at the S-A node (a.k.a. pacemaker) in R. atrium 2) Depolarization spreads from R. atrium out and throughout both atria - R. and L. atria contract in unison (Pressure from this contraction = diastole) 3) Connective tissue at atrial-ventricular interface prevents spread of polarization to ventricles, but not to A-V node 4) A-V node sends impulse down R. and L. bundle branches and into the myocardium of heart apex/ventricles via Purkinje fibers 5) Depolarization spreads through ventricular myocardium from the apex toward atria - ventricles contract (Pressure from this contraction = systole). Concomitantly, atria are repolarizing - atria relax 6) Once ventricular contraction is over, ventricles repolarize and relax

How is cardiac muscle different from and similar to skeletal and smooth muscle?

1) Smaller diameter than skeletal muscle 2) Mitochondria very abundant (1/3 cell volume) 3) Intercalated disks - with desmosomes and gap junctions 4) Depolarization propagated cell-to-cell via gap junctions (which is something that cardiac and smooth muscles have in common) 5) Ca2+ used for contraction from SR and ECF 6) RyR (ryanodine receptor) of SR functions by binding with Ca2+ (positive feedback loop) 7) Ca2+ removed by Ca2+ ATPase at SR and facilitated diffusion to ECF by NCX antiporter 8) autorhythmic

What is the process of using the sphygmomanometer

1) increase cuff pressure until greater than systolic pressure 2) Slowly release cuff pressure until blood flow resumes and "pulse" (Korotkoff sounds) can be heard: SYSTOLIC 3) Slowly release cuff pressure until blood flow unrestricted and no Korotkoff sounds can be heard: DIASTOLIC

How do digitalis and other cardiac glycosides inhibit Ca2+ removal from heart

1) inhibit Na+/K+ pump 2) decrease Na+ gradient 3) Na+/Ca2+ transporter retarded

catecholamines increases the Ca2+ entry and storage. How does it do this

1) ß1 adrogenic receptors trigger cAMP 2) cAMP opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels 3) cAMP phosphorylates Ca2+ ATPase, Ca2+ sequestered to SR

Blood flows from atria to ventricles through what

1-way valves

Describe the contraction cycle in regards to myosin heads

1. ATP binds to myosin and myosin releases actin. 2. Myosin hydrolyses ATP. Energy from ATP rotates the myosin head to the crocked position. Myosin binds weakly to actin 3. Power stroke begins 4. Myosin releases ADP

What is the process of relaxation in smooth muscle

1. Ca2+ sequestered to SR via Ca2+ (active transport) pump and to extracellular environment via Ca2+/Na+ secondary active transport antiport 2. ATP removed from myosin by myosin phosphatase

Describe step one and two of the initiation of a muscle action potential

Smooth muscle 1. Describe the connective tissue components 2. Is there a presence of myofibrils composed of sarcomeres 3. Is there a presence of t-tubules and site of invagination

1. Endomysium 2. No, but actin and myosin filaments are present throughout; dense bodies anchor actin filaments 3. No; only caveolae

Cardiac muscle: 1. Describe the connective tissue components 2. Is there a presence of myofibrils composed of sarcomeres 3. Is there a presence of t-tubules and site of invagination

1. Endomysium attached to fibrous skeleton of heart 2. yes, but myofibrils are of irregular thickness 3. Yes; one in each sarcomere at z disc; larger diameter than those of skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle: 1. Describe the connective tissue components 2. Is there a presence of myofibrils composed of sarcomeres 3. Is there a presence of t-tubules and site of invagination

1. Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium 2. yes 3. yes; 2 in each sarcomere at A-I junctions

Once ligands activate taste cells, describe the process for which they proceed in order to communicate with the brain

1. Ligands activate the taste cell 2. Various intracellular pathways are activated 3. Sodium signal in the cytoplasm triggers exocytosis or ATP formation 4. Neurotransmitter or ATP is released 5. Primary sensory neuron fires and action potentials are sent to the brain

Transport in the Cardiovascular System: List some examples of transportation from the cells to the environment

1. Metabolic wastes from ;all cells to the kidneys 2. Heat from all cells to the skin 3. Carbon Dioxide from all cells to the lungs

What are the 4 steps to AP in myocardiac contractile cells

1. Na+ channels close (Na+ movement stops); Fast K+ channels open (K+ rushes out) 2. Plateau - Fast K+ channels close (K+ movement stops); Ca2+ channels open (Ca2+ enters slowly) 3. Na+ channels open (Na+ rushes in) 4. Resting potential (-90 mV)

Describe the 8 steps involved in the initiation of muscle AP, the excitation-contraction coupling, and the relaxation phase

1. Sarcolemma with -70 mV resting potential. Myosin heads bound to ATP and ready to bind to actin. Action potential arrives at neuromuscular junction, ACh released. 2.ACh triggers cholinergic ligand-gated channels, Na+ enters cell to trigger muscle action potential that spreads out and down T-tubules toward dihydro-pyridine L-type calcium channels (DHP). 3. DHP changes conformation with depolarization and twists ryanodine receptor channel (RyR) attached to SR. 4. RyR opens to Ca2+ ions, which spill into sarcoplasm from SR. 5. Ca2+ binds to troponin, which twists and pushes tropomyosin aside, Allowing myosin heads to attach to actin myosin binding sites. 6. Myosin heads execute power stroke 7. Actin filaments slide toward center of the sarcomere. 8. Sarcolemma returned to -70 mV resting potential by Na/K ATPase. DHP and RyR return to normal configuration. Ca2+ returned to SR by Ca2+ ATPase pumps.

Describe sound transmission through the ear

1. Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane. 2. Auditory ossicles vibrate pressure is amplified. 3. Pressure waves created by the stapes pushing on the oval window move through fluid in the scala vestibuli. 4a. Sounds with frequencies below hearing travel through the helicotrema and do not excite hair cells. 4b. Sounds in the hearing range go through the cochlear duct, vibrating the basilar membrane and deflecting hairs on inner hair cells.

The circulatory functions to transport materials. What are the three subtypes of this

1. Transportation from environment to cells 2. Transportation from cells to cells 3. Transportation from cells to environment

Transport in the Cardiovascular System: List some examples of transportation from the cells to the cells

1. Wastes from the cells to liver cells for processing 2. Immune cells/antibodies/clotting proteins moved from blood to any cell that needs them 3. Hormones moved from endocrine cells to target cells 4. Stored nutrients moved from liver and adipose tissue to all the cells

Transport in the Cardiovascular System: List some examples of transportation from the environment to the cells

1. oxygen moved from the lungs to the cells 2. Nutrients and water moved from the intestinal tract to the cells

Place the following in order to for skeletal muscle relaxation: ?passive sliding of actin and myosin fibers facilitated by titin to resting state ?Ca returned to SR by Ca ATPase ?skeletal muscle achieves full contraction ?DHP and RYR return to closed conformation ?sarcolemma membrane potential returned to resting ?Actin binding sites recovered by tropomyosin

1. skeletal muscle achieves full contraction 2. sarcolemma membrane potential returned to resting 3. DHP and RYR return to closed conformation 4. Ca returned to SR by Ca ATPase 5. Actin binding sites recovered by tropomyosin 6. passive sliding of actin and myosin fibers facilitated by titin to resting state

What are the 6 steps required for skeletal muscle relaxation?

Describe the electrical events of the cardiac cycle

1/2) The SA node begins to depolarize the atria which shows as a P wave. The p wave isn't very substantial because the atria don't have as many cells compared to other parts of the heart. When the p wave completes, we may have to wait a few milliseconds for the contraction of the p wave. 3/4) While the atria are contracting, the AV node is taking the depolarization and jumping, using the bundle branches down the center of the septum, across the connective tissue bridge that holds the valves. 5/6) then we start to move up the walls of the ventricles 7/8)Ventricles contractt

During fight or flight, almost ____% of blood flow goes to digestive and excretory systems, ___% to skeletal muscle

10%; 75%

A patient you are treating at the ER has just been found after being lost in the woods for a week with no supplies. After taking his blood pressure, you immediately put him on IV fluids. What blood pressure would you expect to see in this patient that might indicate the need for this normal saline treatment? 165/90 120/80 132/82 100/60

100/60

Arterial blood pressure: is expressed as the fraction (no alteration) of systolic/diastolic. "Normal" value: BP = what

120 mm Hg / 80 mm Hg

Blood pressure is normally 120/80. Explain what the 120 represents

120 would be the systolic pressure or how much pressure you experience when your heart is contracting

Sympathetic system increases rate during fight or flight response. What is the hear rate in BPM

125 BPM and higher

You should be able to get at least a __% drop in HR with a legitimate Diving Response

15%

When increasing pressure via the sphygmomanometer Don't go above _____mm of mercury because it might do arterial damage

180

What are the 4 chambers of the heart

2 atria and 2 ventricles

What do myosin tails contain

2 interwoven, heavy polypeptide chains

An average person expends ~2000 Cal/day = _____ lbs of solid ATP

240 lbs

Fluid tends to accumulate in what 3 general compartments

27-30 L is locked inside cellular cytoplasm 3-3.5L is in blood (plasma) 11-13L in interstitial fluid volume

After step one and two of the initiation of a muscle action potential, describe steps 3-7 of the excitation-contraction coupling

3. DHP changes conformation with depolarization and twists ryanodine receptor channel (RyR) attached to SR. 4. RyR opens to Ca2+ ions, which spill into sarcoplasm from SR. 5. Ca2+ binds to troponin, which twists and pushes tropomyosin aside, Allowing myosin heads to attach to actin myosin binding sites. 6. Myosin heads execute power stroke 7. Actin filaments slide toward center of the sarcomere

What is the total net energy yield of aerobic glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain

30-32 ATP

Short duration exercise: Does the following happen within the first 6 seconds of a run, within the first 10 seconds, 30-40 seconds in/at the end of run: Glycogen stored in muscles is broken down to glucose, which is oxidized to generate ATP.

30-40 seconds in/at the end of run

Smooth muscle cells contract in ___D, and ______ ______ connected to actin help pull the sides of the cell inward--twitch speed is very _______ compared to other types, 5-6 secs total, and ATP use is therefore very _________

3D; dense bodies; slow; efficient

Available stores of ATP are depleted in how many seconds in anaerobic glycolysis

4-6 seconds

What is considered normal pulse pressure?

40 mm Hg

During rest and digest, almost ____% of blood flow goes to digestive and excretory systems, ___% to skeletal muscle

50%; 21%

What is normal ejection fraction

52%

What is the average volume of blood

Parasympathetic system slows the heart rate at rest to an average of what

72 BPM

What is normal cardiac output (CO)

72 BPM x 70 mL/beat = 5 L/min. (note: average volume of blood is 5L!)

Your circulatory system, given normal cardiac output of ____ beats per minute, means that you going to push your entire blood volume of roughly _____ L/min in about a minute for your entire blood volume through the heart and tissues and back to the heart in about a minute.

72; 5.5

After step one and two of the initiation of a muscle action potential and steps 3-7 of the excitation-contraction coupling, describe step 8 of the relaxation phase

8. Sarcolemma returned to -70 mV resting potential by Na/K ATPase. DHP and RyR return to normal configuration. Ca2+ returned to SR by Ca2+ ATPase pumps.

No cell in the body is more than _____ microns from a capillary

Blood pressure is normally 120/80. Explain what the 80 represents

80 would be diastolic pressure or how low arterial pressure is when you are relaxing. Relaxation of the heart

A sarcomere between ______% and _____% of normal will operate optimally

80% and 120%

If I have a patient with an EKG R-R value of .72, what is this patient's heart rate? 83 BPM 73 BPM 93 BPM 63 BMP

83 BPM

Parasympathetic system shut off to increase the heart rate during mild stress. what is this in BPM

90-100 BPM

When not modified, what does the SA node firing rate

90-100 BPM

What is normal Arterial blood pressure?

93 mm Hg

What is the correct calculation for Ejection Fraction? = 100 x EDV/EF = 100 x EDV/CO = 100 x EDV/ESV = 100 x EDV/SV = 100 x SV/EDV

= 100 x SV/EDV

During contraction, the __________ band remains a constant length. This band is composed primarily of __________ molecules. Which components of the sarcomere approach each other during contraction?

A band; myosin, Z discs approach each other

Optic disc

A blink spot. It is the region where the optic nerve and blood vessels leave the eye

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

Control Group

A group in the experiment that serves as a standard for comparison. This the only group that does NOT have the independent variable

Which of the following types of electromagnetic waves has the highest energy UV X-Rays Gamma rays Visible Rays Infra Red Radio Waves

Gamma Rays

In single unit smooth muscle cell how is AP propagated

Gap junctions

In single-unit smooth muscle cells, the muscle cells are put together in one sheet and electrically coupled with what junction

Gap junctions

Destroys ACh. Acetylcholinesterase Sodium-potassium ions Acetylcholine Calcium ions Creatine phosphate

Acetylcholinesterase

smooth muscle is all ANS regulated (not voluntary) so that means it has muscarinic receptors for ______, and adrenergic receptors for ________

Ach; Epi

Would the following be defined as a preload volume or afterload volume: is how much is left inside the ventricle. It represents the ventricular wall stress and the resistance that the heart has to push against. So if you fill the heart up with a lot if blood but you have to push against a lot of pressure to get it out of the body, then the after load might be more significant and we might start to see ejection fractions decrease

Afterload volume

Pulmonary circuit

All blood vessels traveling between the heart and lungs. Usually with "reversed" oxygenation

In Aerobic (endurance) exercise Why are All fibers in motor unit the same type?

All fibers in motor unit, bc they are going to be stimulated by the same motor neuron, should be the same type, b/c type is determined by what you are asking the muscle to do (via innervation pattern)

Which ANS fibers release ACh? Do all fibers use this NT?

All preganglionic fibers and postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division secrete acetylcholine. Some postganglionic sympathetic fibers secrete acetylcholine. Only postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division release norepinephrine.

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called ______. Blood vessels that return blood to the heart are called ______

Arteries; veins

Helps maintain the intraocular pressure; located in the anterior part of the eye: Lens Aqueous humor Retina Fovea centralis

Aqueous humor

Helps maintain the intraocular pressure; located in the anterior part of the eye: Retina Fovea centralis Lens Aqueous humor

Aqueous humor

Results from having an abnormal pacemaker. Fibrillation Ischemia Infarction Arrhythmia

Arrhythmia

Results from having an abnormal pacemaker. Infarction Ischemia Arrhythmia Fibrillation

Arrhythmia

what is the pressure that propels the blood to the tissues

Arterial blood pressure

Do arteries or veins have a thicker smooth muscle layer?

Arteries

Describe the blood vessel chain from arteries (high pressure) to veins

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, then veins

How are motor units arranged in smooth muscle

As varicosities

Define spatial coding

Association of wave frequencies with different areas of the membrane

What is a kind of atrial problem

Atrial Fibrulation (A Fib)

Electrocardiogram (ECG): What does the p wave represent

Atrial depolarization

If the primary pace maker of the heart is knocked out by a heart attack, which is the next group of pacemaker cells to take over pacing the heart? Bundle Branches Purkinje Fibers Sinoatrial Node Atrioventricular Node

Atrioventricular Node

Eye: what do zonules do?

Attach the lens to the ciliary muscle

Is smooth muscle associated with the somatic NS or autonomic NS

Autonomic NS

What muscle types have neural control of contraction of autonomic neurons vs somatic motor neurons

Autonomic neurons - smooth and cardiac somatic motor neurons - skeletal

Why is the mitochondria sparse in Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers

Because its glycolic and therefore isn't investing in mitochondria

Why can different motor units of fibers be contracted at any one time

Because of the innervation patterns of muscles

What happens during the ST segment

Beginning of ventricle repolarization (should be flat on ECG)(4)

Systemic Blood Pressure: The pumping action of the heart generates what?

Blood flow

Perfusion

Blood flow to lung tissues

Is Isotonic contraction or isometric contraction used in weight training? What is the result?

Both Isometric and isotonic contractions. It results in hypertrophy occurs via increased fiber thickness

In order to determine the relative strength of a sensory stimulus, the brain cares about two aspects: Intensity of the stimulus and the duration it is transduced. Which of these attributes is a measure of time? Intensity Both can be depending on how you measure Duration

Both can be depending on how you measure

A single muscle twitch consists of: a relaxation phase a contraction phase Both of these in sequence

Both of these in sequence

Select the muscle tissue subtypes that are operated by the autonomic nervous system: Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle

Myocardial autorhythmic cells Allows slow leak of Na+ (and K+) until potential of -40 mV triggers _____ channels

Ca+

T-type ____ channels act as Na+ channels do in other systems (K+ channels similar to nerves)

Ca+

In cardiac muscle, RyR (ryanodine receptor) of SR functions by binding with what

Ca2+

Terminal cisterna are where we are going to find all of the _________ stored

Calcium

in blood, _______ limits sodium's access to the membrane acting as a bouncer of sort

Calcium

Explain the roles of troponin, tropomyosin, and Ca2+ in skeletal muscle contraction.

Calcium binds to troponin, which repositions tropomyosin, uncovering actin's myosin-binding sites

Mediate synaptic vesicle release in axon terminals. Sodium-potassium ions Creatine phosphate Acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholine Calcium ions

Calcium ions

Serves as the actual "trigger" for muscle contraction by removing the inhibition of the troponin molecules. Creatine phosphate Acetylcholinesterase Calcium ions Acetylcholine Sodium-potassium ions

Calcium ions

What ions are important for bones

Calcium, phosphate, and phosphorous

Site where exchanges of food and gases are made. Capillaries Large veins Large arteries Arterioles

Capillaries

Site where exchanges of food and gases are made. Large arteries Capillaries Arterioles Large veins

Capillaries

Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest. Capillaries Arterioles Large arteries Large veins

Capillaries

Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest. Large arteries Large veins Capillaries Arterioles

Capillaries

The interaction between blood and tissue occurs at _________

Capillaries

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? The skin will be cold and clammy. Blood flow to the kidneys increases. Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs.

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood

Which of the following hemodynamic values is calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume? Cardiac Output MAP pulse pressure Total peripheral resistance

Cardiac Output

What muscle types use similar distributions of calcium on the inside of the cell to achieve contraction

Cardiac and skeletal muscle

What muscle types contain sarcomeres as their contractile units

Cardiac and skeletal muscles

What is the process by which 2 pyruvate (3C) is converted to 6 CO2 (1C)

Citric acid cycle

The diving reflex is an adaptation that can be observed in marine mammals for diving in cold or warm water.

Cold

Citric Acid Cycle - What does it convert? What is the net energy yield?

Converts: 2 pyruvate (3C) to 6 CO2 (1C) Net energy yield: 4 ATP + 8 NADH + 2 FADH

Which of the following is true about gustatory receptors? -Complete adaptation occurs in about one to five minutes. -All gustatory receptors have the same threshold for activation. -In order for a chemical to be sensed, it must be hydrophobic. -The receptors generate an action potential in response to chemical stimuli.

Complete adaptation occurs in about one to five minutes.

A condition of deafness that may result from otosclerosis. Sensorineural deafness Night blindness Glaucoma Conduction deafness

Conduction deafness

Can result from the fusion of the auditory ossicles. Conduction deafness Sensorineural deafness Tinnitus

Conduction deafness

Compare and contrast the forms of hearing loss

Conductive loss: sound cannot be transmitted through the external or middle ear. Sensorineural loss: inner ear is damaged. Central hearing loss: auditory pathways are damaged

Eye: ______ are stimulated by certain wavelengths of light ((S) blue - 445 nm; (M) green - 535 nm; (L) red - 575nm). _____ are stimulated by a variety of wavelengths of light (450-575 nm)

Cones; Rods

Arrange the following skeletal muscle components in order from outer most to innermost: sarcolemma, connective tissue sheath, thick and thin filaments, and myofibrils

Connective tissue, sarcolemma, myofibrils, thick and thin filaments

List the capillary types from least to most permeable

Continuous capillaries, Fenestrated capillaries, sinusoidal capillaries (aka discontinuous).

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

Continuous capillaries, Fenestrated capillaries, sinusoidal capillaries (aka discontinuous).

Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

Contraction occurs when thin and thick filaments slide past each others as myosin binds to actin, swivels, and pulls actin toward the center of the sarcomere

The time between onset of contraction and peak tension is called what

Contraction phase

What does contraction to to the cell in smooth muscle

Contraction shortens cell along bundles (and in multiple planes)

Eye: Compare and contrast convergence and nonconvergence

Convergence is one pathway to the brain Nonconvergent has many pathways to the brain

Used to convert ADP to ATP by transfer of a high-energy phosphate group. A reserve high-energy compound. Acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholine Creatine phosphate Calcium ions Sodium-potassium ions

Creatine phosphate

What is the main storage mol for high energy phosphate bonds in Skeletal muscle

Creatine phosphate

what re-phosphorylates ADP as soon as any ATP is used

Creatine phosphate

What happens during QRS Complex

Depolarization of ventricles triggering main pumping contractions (3)

What contributions to the understanding of the cardiovascular system did Otto Frank and Ernest Starling make?

Described the relationship between ventricular muscle stretch and force of contraction

T/F Muscles open/close heart valves

F. Muscles don't open/close heart valves: Opening/closing of valves results from pressure differences

What is the process for which 4 O2 is converted to 7 H20

Electron transport chain

Since venous Volume has little effect on Pressure, it also has little effect on the diastolic filling. Describe preload

End diastolic volume, represents degree of myocardial sarcomere stretch. how much are we filling up the heart when it is relaxing. The degree of myocardial stretch created by venous return

At what point in the cardiac cycle is the End Diastolic Volume measured? can be measured at the same time at -End Systolic Volume -end of atrial diastole -end of ventricular systole -End of ventricular diastole

End of ventricular diastole

Who discovered that filling of the heart with a volume of blood stretched the heart walls

Ernst Starling

What hormone is used to keep bones healthy and keep osteoclasts and blasts in balance

Estrogen

Why is the grid pattern on which ECGs are generated is significant?

Every box gives us an amount of time that we can then apply to each part of the ECG.

What do you call the sequence of events by which transmission of an AP along the sarcolemma leads to sliding of the myofilaments

Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling

Explain what is meant by excitation-contraction coupling.

Excitation-contraction coupling is the sequence of events by which an action potential traveling along the sarcolemma leads to the contraction of a muscle fiber. The latent period is an important feature of E-C coupling, and represents the time between the initiation of the NT signal at the NMJ and the beginning of muscle tension development.

T/F Inotropic agents can only be positively inotropic--meaning they can only increase heart contractility strength.

T/F Lymph always flows away from the heart.

T/F The best way to learn how to read EKGs is to memorize what each type of pathology looks like.

T/F The vasomotor center in the brainstem controls the contractility and rate of the heart.

T/F Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction.

T/F When Beta-1 adrenergic receptors are agonized on cardiac muscle cells, they work through the adenylyl cyclase second messenger cascade to increase heart rate.

Ultrastructure of thin filaments: •Twisted double strand of fibrous protein ?a? •?a? consists of G (_______) actin subunits •_ ______ has active sites for myosin head attachment during contraction •______________ (string like) and ___________ (binds calcium): regulatory proteins bound to actin

F actin; F actin; globular; G actin; Tropomyosin; troponin

T/F Preload can be measured as pressure or volume

F. Afterload can be measured as pressure or volume

T/F Hair cells of the ear have stem cells and therefore regenerate

F. Hair cells do not regenerate as they do not have stem cells

T/F The venous BP stays the same during the cardiac cycle

F. It cahnges a little

T/F Our sense of smell stays consistent over time

F. It dulls over time

What fiber type predominates in power lifters? FO (fast oxidative) FG (fast glycolytic) SO (slow oxidative)

FG (fast glycolytic)

True or False: Color perception is determined by population coding in a convergent pathway of photoreceptor info going back to the brain. True False

False

Which of the following have very fast-acting myosin ATPases and depend upon anaerobic metabolism during contraction. -Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers -Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers

Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers

Zonules

Fibers that attach the lens of the eye and change its shape

A condition of rapid and irregular "fluttering" or out-of-phase contraction of heart muscle cells. Infarction Ischemia Arrhythmia Fibrillation

Fibrillation

If resistance increase, what happens to the flow rate

Flow rate decreases

Ear: What goes through teh endolymph and drives the tectorial membrane to move back and forth

Fluid waves

T/F Intensity and duration can be measured from a single action potential event.

F. Intensity and duration cannot be measured from a single action potential event.

What are some functions of capillaries

Form diffuse beds and penetrate tissues

Typically rods outnumber cones, except in teh _____ where there are only cones

Fovea

Eye: ________ _________ is where we see the most color and the most detail

Fovea centralis

Which is more central in the eye, the fovea or fovea centralis

Fovea centralis

Eye: Cones are tightly packed in the _____ and widely spaced in the _______

Fovea; periphery

"Within physiological limits, the heart pumps all blood returned to it" is a corollary of what physiological principle? Frank-Starling Law of the Heart Einthoven's Triangle Donnan Equilibrium Nernst Equation

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

Which skin receptor matches the modality transduced by the sensation of pain Pacinian corpuscles Ruffini corpuscles Mercel receptors Meissner's corpuscles Free Nerve Endings

Free Nerve Endings

Sensory receptors in the skin: ___________________ of hair root sense movement

Free nerve endings

Sensory receptors in the skin:______________________ of nociceptor respond to noxious stimuli

Free nerve endings

What touch receptor in the skin sends back signals of pain to the brain as it is kind of the jack of all trades

Free nerve endings

Based on what you know about how the brain codes stimuli and communicates with tissues, which of these two factors is the most important characteristic of a stimulus that will determine whether a muscle will achieve fused tetany? Intensity (amplitude) Frequency

Frequency

The primary reason we are using frog muscle tissue to simulate human muscle physiology in lab for this unit is: Dr. Spears is really cheap and frogs are a lot less expensive than actual humans Muscle physiology isn't that well conserved across vertebrate species; frogs are simply the best we can do to model in real time Frog neuromuscular physiology is actually quite similar to humans' Frogs are slimy and no one cares about their pain

Frog neuromuscular physiology is actually quite similar to humans'

Place the following molecular features of the cardiomyocyte excitation-contraction cascade in the order of use: order the features based on the sequence in which they are used to achieve contraction in the heart: u

Funny channel T-Type Calcium channel L-type Calcium channel Fast K+ channel NCX transporter

Frequency of stimulation: when summative stimulations create maximum prolonged tension for a muscle, what is this called

Fused tetanus or complete tetanus

Muscle fibers depend on a continuous supply of APT. How do the fibers in the different types of muscle generate ATP

Generate ATP by energy transfer from phosphocreatine. Oxidative fibers use oxygen to make ATP from glucose and fatty acids; glycolytic fibers get ATP primarily from anaerobic glycolysis

what are some effector tissues

Glands?

A condition often leading to blindness due to increased intraocular pressure. Otitis media Conduction deafness Night blindness Glaucoma

Glaucoma

when the interocular pressure in the anterior chamber gets too high, what does this cause?

Glaucoma

High frequency = short or long wave length = high or low pitch

High frequency = short wave length = high pitch

Blue light is _____________ energy than Red light. higher the same lower

Higher

Is this a short or long duration exercise: ATP is generated by breakdown of several nutrient energy fuels by aerobic pathway. This pathway uses oxygen released from myoglobin or delivered in the blood by hemoglobin. When it ends, the oxygen deficit is paid back.

Hours into a long duration exercise

Sarcomeres that are excessively stretched can lead to what

Hypertension

Which of the following composition of proteins is composed of only actin A Band H Zone I Band Z Disc M Line

I Band

The ________ contains only the actin filaments. Myosin A band Z discs I band

I band

What are the I band and H zone composed of>

I band is composed of actin only. H zone is composed of myosin only

During contraction, the following bands change: ___ _______ and ___ _______ therefore the __ _______ (and thus the _____________ shortens)

I bands and h zone; z line; sarcomeres

Frequency of stimulation: What's the difference between individual twitches and summation

Individual twitches - usually short and weak Summation - result in a stronger, longer contraction

Describe how you do the the Valsalva Maneuver

Inhale, hold their breath, and bear down while tightening the chest and abdominal muscles as if they were straining while having a bowel movement. Then, suddenly release and breathe out. To put it simply - it is the 'maneuver' you make while trying to defecate.

Depolarization in the heart depends on what 2 things

Intact autorhythmic cell network and Appropriate timing

Explain how the intensity and duration of a stimulus ae code so that the stimulus can be interpreted by the brain. (remember, APs are all-or-none.)

Intensity - action potential frequency Duration - duration of a train of action potential

Heart muscle is deprived of oxygen. Ischemia Fibrillation Infraction Arrhythmia

Ischemia

Does Isotonic contraction or isometric contraction use the least ATP

Isometric contraction uses least ATP because crossbridges don't cycle as fast but you can still force ALL muscle fibers to contract maximally

Does Isotonic contraction or isometric contraction burn more calories

Isotonic contractions because it has fast crossbridging and thus uses the most ATP

Does Isotonic contraction or isometric contraction have fast crossbridging and thus uses the most ATP

Isotonic contractions therefore it is best for burning calories

What determines how much preload your going to put in the heart? How much are you going to fill your heart every time you ask it to pump?

It depends on what kind of cardiovascular demands you are asking of it

Because smooth muscle doesn't have striations, does this mean that it doesn't have actin or myosin

It does have actin and myosin but it is arranged different

What is the advantage of isometric contraction compared to isotonic contraction

It gives out the all call to every motor unit you have to try and move the load. Because Isotonic contractions can move their load, they don't use every single motor unit.

Why have a plateau in myocardial cells?

It helps prevent tetanus by making the refractory period longer and making cardiac muscle cells unable to summate

Describe light adaption

It occurs when moving from darkness into bright light. Large amounts of pigments are broken down instantaneously, producing glare. Pupils constrict. There are dramatic changes in retinal sensitivity as rod function ceases. Cones and neurons rapidly adapt. Visual acuity improves over 5-10 minutes

what parts of your body are regulated by the ANS

It regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Why is there a latent period between depolarization of the muscle cell and the development of observable tension? -Excitation is completely separate from an not at all related to the contraction events in muscle cells--because they aren't connected, there's no significance to the delay -It takes several milliseconds to depolarize muscle cells because nicotinic receptors are metabotropic -It takes time to get skeletal muscles to contract after depolarization because they must get the Ca ions they need for this from outside the cell -It takes time to initiate cell-wide depolarization and subsequent Ca release in order to get actin/myosin binding and contraction

It takes time to initiate cell-wide depolarization and subsequent Ca release in order to get actin/myosin binding and contraction

Smooth muscle responds the same way as skeletal or cardiac to being stretched inside its overlap limits. What does it do?

It will induce the muscle to contract more frequently at first when stressed

What tissues are found with Fenestrated capillaries

Kidney Endocrine Intestine

Sphygmomanometer: At a certain point, when the pressure becomes great enough to overcome the occlusion, you begin hearing pulses called __________ sounds. The very first one that you hear is the __________ pressure.

Korotkoff; systolic

In comparison to t-type, are L-types open sooner or later? open longer or shorter

L-types open later and stay open longer

the 1:1 association between receptor and modality perceived is termed what?

Labelled line coding

Site where the blood pressure is greatest. Large arteries Large veins Capillaries

Large arteries

Site where the blood volume is greatest. Large arteries Capillaries Large veins Arterioles

Large veins

size and density of primary sensory neurons determines how ______ a receptive field is and the ________ of the receptive field

Large; resolution

The delay between the arrival of action potential and onset of contraction is called what

Latency period

What is the term for the time between excitation and contraction of the muscles. It lasts a couple milliseconds

Latent period

The structure most responsible for focusing light rays that enter the eye is the: Lens Aqueous humor Retina Fovea centralis

Lens

The lymphatic system has a pressure of ~1mmHg. Is this more or less than what other tissues use to facilitate fluid recovery

Less

The somatosensory cortex is divided into different areas for processing incoming sensory info from different surface and muscle tissues of the body. According to the diagram in L9 slide 27, which area of the body listed below probably has the highest density of touch receptors? tongue fingers lips trunk

Lips

Otoliths that weight the otolythic membrane in the utricle and sacule are actually: -Little proteins that we don't miss if they don't form properly -Little bones made mostly of calcium carbonate -Not super important to the transduction of vestibular information, but vital for auditory -attached to the sterocilia of vestibular hair cells

Little bones made mostly of calcium carbonate

Red-Green color blindness in humans is caused by the lack of development of one of the three cone photoreceptor cell types. Which one is missing for these folks? Long cones (red light) Short cones (blue light) Rod cells are actually affected Medium cones (green light) Some of each are missing

Long cones (red light)

What activities are Oxidative slow-twitch fibers good for

Long distance runs like marathon runs, posture, balance, and other sustained activities

Match smooth muscle with the relative length of its twitch in seconds: Medium; up to 1 sec short; <1sec Longest; up to 5 sec

Longest; up to 5 sec

Amplitude intensity is precieved as __________

Loudness

What system recovers fluid from interstitial fluid volume and take it back to the venous return through a series of progressively larger vessels (lymph vessels)

Lymph system

Which of the following composition of proteins is an attachment point for myosin fibers? A Band H Zone I Band Z Disc M Line

M Line

What are the two types of ganglion cells

M-type = movement P-type = texture, visual detail

Hair cells receptive to changes in static equilibrium are found in this structure. Crista ampullaris Macula Taste buds Olfactory epithelium

Macula

Due to innervation patterns of muscles, different motor units of fibers can be contracted at any one time therefore 1 motor plate per fiber should hold one or many fibers per motor unit

Many

The stimulus above which no stronger contraction can be elicited, because all motor units are firing in the muscle. Tetanus Wave summation Multiple motor unit summation Maximal stimulus

Maximal stimulus

Match cardiac muscle with the relative length of its twitch in seconds: Medium; up to 1 sec short; <1sec Longest; up to 5 sec

Medium; up to 1 sec

Which skin receptor matches the modality transduced by the sensation of flutter/stroking Pacinian corpuscles Ruffini corpuscles Mercel receptors Meissner's corpuscles Free Nerve Endings

Meissner's corpuscles

Your cat wants you to keep petting it always not because it likes you (remember, cats are jerks), but because the stroking sensation is detected by a certain type of skin receptor, _____________ that adapts ________________. -free nerve endings/ variably -Merkel receptors/slowly -Meissner's corpuscles/ rapidly -ruffini corpuscles/slowly

Meissner's corpuscles/ rapidly

Your cat wants you to keep petting it always not because it likes you (remember, cats are jerks), but because the stroking sensation is detected by a certain type of skin receptor, _____________ that adapts ________________. Merkel receptors/slowly ruffini corpuscles/slowly Meissner's corpuscles/ rapidly

Meissner's corpuscles/ rapidly

Which skin receptor matches the modality transduced by the sensation of Pressure and texture Pacinian corpuscles Ruffini corpuscles Mercel receptors Meissner's corpuscles Free Nerve Endings

Mercel receptors

Sensory receptors in the skin: ________ _______ sense steady pressure and texture

Merkel receptors

Atrio-Ventricular valve with two flaps. Pulmonary valves Aortic valve Mitral valve Tricuspid valve

Mitral valve

Prevents backflow into the left atrium. Tricuspid valve Mitral valve Pulmonary valves Aortic valve

Mitral valve

Tonic receptors are generally associated with __________ a system

Monitoring

Which of the following receptor modailty types is correctly matched with the proper special sense? mechanoreceptor: olfaction More than one of these is correctly paired thermoreceptor : taste photoreceptor : sight chemoreceptor : taste

More than one of these is correctly paired

Which type of capillary is the most common? which is the least common

Most common: Continuous capillary Least common: Sinusoidal capillary

WHat controls the skeletal muscle

Motor neurons of the efferent NS

Muscles that are better adapted for oxidative respiration also express the most: Myoglobin Connective tissue Hypertrophy Myofibrils

Myoglobin

What is another term for thick filaments

Myosin

Which protein made up in the myofibrils creates the Powerstroke for contraction

Myosin produces the powerstroke

Tinnitis, vertigo, and gradual hearing loss typify the disorder called ________. strabismus conjunctivitis Ménière's syndrome motion sickness

Ménière's syndrome

In cardiac muscle, Ca2+ is removed by Ca2+ ATPase at SR and facilitated diffusion goes to ECF by what

NCX antiporter

CNS processing of sensory information: define the following Nature (modality) Location Intensity Duration

Nature (modality) - type of stimulus Location - where is it coming from Intensity - amount (how intense is it) Duration - length (how long is it persisting)

Do our brains help regulate HR

Does the ANS help regulate HR

Do tonic receptors ever completely stop monitoring?

No. The rate of a stimulus may change but tonic receptors never completely stop monitoring

___________ respond to various strong noxious stimuli (e.g., acids, bases, heat) and are passed through pain c fibers and inhibited by Ab fibers

Nocireceptors

What is the normal range for HR? what is the average?

Normal: 60-100 BPM Average: 72 BPM

The receptors of olfaction are found in this structure. Taste buds Macula Crista ampullaris Olfactory epithelium

Olfactory epithelium

Small, round calcified structures in the ear attached to the tectorial membrane: -Tympanic membrane -Otoliths -Pharyngotympanic or eustacian tube -Vestibule

Otoliths

Small, round calcified structures in the ear attached to the tectorial membrane: Vestibule Pharyngotympanic or eustacian tube Tympanic membrane Otoliths

Otoliths

Which famous cardiac physiologist we discussed in class coined the term "preload"? Walter Herman Nernst Michio Kaku Otto Frank Ernst Starling

Otto Frank

Who Discovered that stretching cardiac muscle increased contractile force - preload

Otto Frank

Which , of the 3 categories that muscles are divisible of depending on their ability to deal with delaying anaerobic contraction, is the best at aerobic respiration

Oxidative slow-twitch fibers (type I; red)

Sensory receptors in the skin: ___________ __________ senses vibration

Pacinian corpuscle

Which skin receptor matches the modality transduced by the sensation of vibration Pacinian corpuscles Ruffini corpuscles Mercel receptors Meissner's corpuscles Free Nerve Endings

Pacinian corpuscles

Is Acetylcholine (Ach) included in sympathetic or parasympathetic input

Parasympathetic input

Tension produced by non-contractile components of a muscle is called what

Passive tension

What is the difference between phasic and tonic receptors

Phasic receptors rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turns off. Tonic receptors are slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of a stimulus

Phototransduction—In the Light: ____________ breaks down cGMP (remember, this was high before which was keeping Na+ channels _______). When cGMP decreases, Na+ channels ______ (Dark Current _______). Cells become __________ as K+ continues to leak out. Stops the release of ___________ ___________ by the photoreceptor

Phospodiesterase; open; close; ceases; hyperpolarized; inhibitory neurotransmitters

What are the retinal cells

Photoreceptors—rods/cones; do the actual light detection bc they have all the photopigments. Synapse with bipolar cells Bipolar cells—synapse directly w/ photocells to synapse directly with ganglion cells Horizontal cells—modulates info flow between photoreceptors and bipolar cells Amacrine cells—modulate bipolar-ganglion cell communication Ganglion cells—send visual signals from the retina after they are processed to brain via the optic nerve (2 types, m type and p type. M-type = movement; P-type = texture, visual detail)

Muscle Fatigue

Physiological inability to contract

____________sphincters restricts certain things during fight or flight to cut it off if it is unnecessary

Precapillary

Would the following be defined as a preload volume or afterload volume: If you put more preload into the heart - meaning that if you stretch it out more with more volume, that muscle is going to react with increased contractile force to push out that extra volume

Preload volume

Velocity: the speed of a fluid is a factor of both _______ and __________

Pressure and resistance

Opening and closing of the heart results from what

Pressure differences

When is pressure increased in regards to volume?

Pressure is increased when you constrict an existing volume to make it smaller because you are pushing on something noncompressible

Fluid flow depends on the change in __________not absolute ________

Pressure; pressure

Lateral inhibition

Process in which sensory neurons close to a stimulus are inhibited to intensify the perception of a stimulus

Prevents backflow into the right ventricle. Mitral valve Pulmonary valves Tricuspid valve Aortic valve

Pulmonary valves

Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. Femoral artery Pulmonary vein Brachial artery Great saphenous vein Superior mesenteric artery

Pulmonary vein

What are the parts of a well-constructed experiment

Purpose/Question, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analysis, and Conclusion

Electrocardiogram (ECG): In which of the following is atrial repolarization incorporated P wave T wave QRS complex

QRS complex

Jim decided that his physique left much to be desired, so he joined a local gym and began to weight train three times a week. After three months of training, he noticed that his arm and chest muscles were substantially larger. Explain the structural and functional basis of these changes.

Regular resistance exercise leads to increased muscle strength by causing muscle cells to hypertrophy, or increase in size. The number of myofibrils increases in these muscle cells, which accounts for most of the change in size. Many of these fibers will be fast glycolytic (Ib) characterized by very fast ATPase, comparatively low vascularization, and low levels of myoglobin. The primary method of energy derivation with be anaerobic glycolysis.

What is extra oxygen needed for after an exercise

Replenishment of: -Oxygen reserves -Glycogen stores -ATP and CP reserves

What happens between the QRS complex and the T wave (also called the QT interval)

Repolarization of the ventricles

Do we make more, less or equal amount of PCr while resting or during fatigue

Resting

What occurs when no more ATP is available to release crossbridging

Rigor mortis

Are rods or cones used in night vision

Rods

Which of the following is true about photoreceptors? -In dim light, images are focused directly on the rods in the fovea centralis. -If all cones are stimulated equally, all colors are absorbed by the cones and the color perceived is black. -Three types of color-sensitive photoreceptors exist: red, green, and yellow. -Rods absorb light throughout the visual spectrum but confer only gray tone vision.

Rods absorb light throughout the visual spectrum but confer only gray tone vision.

Do we make more, less or equal amount of ATP while resting or during fatigue

Roughly equal

Which type of mechanoreceptor do you need to fool to re-set its threshold for stretch and help you gain flexibility? Meissner's Ruffini Merkel Pacinian

Ruffini

Which type of mechanoreceptor do you need to fool to re-set its threshold for stretch and help you gain flexibility? Ruffini Pacinian Merkel Meissner's

Ruffini

Sensory receptors in the skin: _________ _________ responds to skin stretch

Ruffini corpuscle

Which skin receptor matches the modality transduced by the sensation of stretch Pacinian corpuscles Ruffini corpuscles Mercel receptors Meissner's corpuscles Free Nerve Endings

Ruffini corpuscles

Compare and contract the source and role of calcium in skeletal muscle and smooth muscle contraction

Skeletal muscle - sarcoplasmic reticulum Smooth muscle - extracellular fluid and sarcoplasmic reticulum

Order the skeletal muscle from the belly to its smallest part

Skeletal muscle > Muscle fascicle > Muscle fiber > Myofibril

T/F Each thick filament consists of many myosin molecules whose heads protrude at opposite ends of the filament.

1) Myogenic contraction starts at the ______ node (a.k.a. pacemaker) in _____ atrium 2) Depolarization spreads from R. atrium out and throughout both atria - R. and L. atria contract in _________ (Pressure from this contraction = __________) 3) Connective tissue at atrial-ventricular interface prevents spread of _____________ to ventricles, but not to AV node 4) A-V node sends impulse down R. and L. _______ ______and into myocardium of heart apex/ventricles via _________ fibers 5) Depolarization spreads through ventricular myocardium from the _____ toward _____ - ventricles contract (Pressure from this contraction = ________). Concomitantly, atria are repolarizing - atria relax 6) Once ventricular contraction is over, ventricles __________ and relax

SA; right; unison; diastole; polarization; bundle branches; Purkinje; apex; atria; systole; repolarize

What fiber type predominates in marathon runners? FO (fast oxidative) FG (fast glycolytic) SO (slow oxidative)

SO (slow oxidative)

In a cytochrome C oxidase stain, what do the dark, medium, and light stains represent?

SO is darkest FO is the medium stained FG is the lightest

EDV - ESV = ?

SV (stroke volume)

Venous blood pressure has a small or large pressure gradient

Sall, about 15 mm Hg

What is the physical source for smooth muscle's extracellular calcium for contraction? The bones The plasma Sarcolemma caveolae Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Sarcolemma caveolae

What is the smallest organelle that can contract?

Sarcomere

the modified endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle is called ___________ __________. Its role is to sequester _________________ ions

Sarcoplasmic reticulum; Calcium ions

The parts of the vestibular apparatus that tell our rain about our movements through space are the ______________, which sense rotation, and the _________________ organs, which respond to linear forces

Semicircular canals; otolith organs

Describe the characteristics of capillaries

Single layer think, no valves, often with sphincters

Autorhythmicity is a feature of autorhythmic cardiomyocytes and what other type of muscle? -skeletal muscle in the diaphragm -Cardiac contractile cells of the heart -Multi-unit smooth muscle pacemaker nodes -Single unit smooth muscle pacemaker nodes

Single unit smooth muscle pacemaker nodes

Heart: APs originate where and then spread rapidly from cell to cell in the heart

Sinoatrial node (SA)

What sets the pace of the heart beat

Sinoatrial node (SA)

List some SA node problems

Sinus bradycardia - Slow pacemaker Sinus tachycardia - Fast pacemaker Sinus arrhythmia - Pacemaker irregular

Twitch duration: How fast is twitch in ... skeletal muscle? cardiac muscle? smooth muscle?

Skeletal muscle: fast (~20 ms) Cardiac muscle: medium (~70 ms) Smooth muscle: slow (~4-5 s)

BE ABLE TO LABEL THE ECG WAVES ON THIS SLIDE https://www.dropbox.com/s/lnl2o2id5tp6j9p/L15.Bio438.F17.Circulatory.III.pptx?dl=0 Slide 17

Slide 18

https://www.dropbox.com/s/dk7ra44l3q4hagf/L9.Bio438.Nervous.V.pptx?dl=0 Slide 27

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https://www.dropbox.com/s/dk7ra44l3q4hagf/L9.Bio438.Nervous.V.pptx?dl=0 Slide 37

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https://www.dropbox.com/s/dk7ra44l3q4hagf/L9.Bio438.Nervous.V.pptx?dl=0 Slide 39

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https://www.dropbox.com/s/dk7ra44l3q4hagf/L9.Bio438.Nervous.V.pptx?dl=0 Slide 41

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https://www.dropbox.com/s/dk7ra44l3q4hagf/L9.Bio438.Nervous.V.pptx?dl=0 Slide 46

Slide 47

https://www.dropbox.com/s/dk7ra44l3q4hagf/L9.Bio438.Nervous.V.pptx?dl=0 Slide 60

Slide 61

https://www.dropbox.com/s/dk7ra44l3q4hagf/L9.Bio438.Nervous.V.pptx?dl=0 Slide 62

Slide 63

caveolae

Small invaginations of the sarcolemma that concentrate calcium

In which muscle subtype is actin more prevalent than myosin? Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle

Smooth Muscle

In which muscle subtype is actin more prevalent than myosin? Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Select the muscle tissue subtypes that are known to get some of their calcium for contraction from outside the cell: Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle

In cardiac muscle, Depolarization is propagated cell-to-cell via gap junctions. What other muscle type has this in common with cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

What muscle type does jobs that we need to have ongoing like maintaining muscle tone and moving things through GI tract

Smooth muscle

Smooth muscle cells can be electrically coupled and function together in synchronously contracting sheets. Which of the following is an example of single-unit smooth muscle? Smooth muscle of the GI Smooth muscle of the vasculature Smooth muscles lining the airway Smooth muscle of the ciliary body

Smooth muscle of the GI

Are Myocardial autorhythmic cells more permeable to sodium or potassium

Sodium

What are the 6 major ions in the blood stream

Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Chloride (Cl-) Calcium (Ca2+) phosphate (PO4^3-) Bicarbonate (HCO^3-)

Purkinje fibers

Specialized myocardial cell that rapidly conducts electrical signals to the apex of the heart

The receptor organ for hearing. Cochlear duct Vestibule Spiral organ (of Corti) Tympanic membrane

Spiral organ (of Corti)

sometimes very large fibers will split. These fibers are called what

Split fibers

What are some activities in which Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers are used

Sprints and weightlifting

Retinal Processing: What are On-center fields stimulated and inhibited by?

Stimulated by light hitting the center of the field Inhibited by light hitting the periphery of the field (opposite of off-center fields)

Retinal Processing: What are Off-center fields stimulated and inhibited by?

Stimulated by light hitting the periphery of the field Inhibited by light hitting the center of the field (opposite of on-center fields)

describe the following for the Mesissner's corpusles skin receptors: Stimulus - ? Location - ? Structure - ? Adaptation - ?

Stimulus - Flutter, stroking Location - Superficial layers of skin Structure - Encapsulated in connective tissue Adaptation - Rapid

describe the following for the Merkel receptors skin receptors: Stimulus - ? Location - ? Structure - ? Adaptation - ?

Stimulus - Steady pressure, texture Location - Superficial layers of skin Structure - Enlarged nerve endings Adaptation - Slow

describe the following for the Ruffini corpuscles skin receptors: Stimulus - ? Location - ? Structure - ? Adaptation - ?

Stimulus - Stretch of skin Location - Deep layers of skin Structure - Enlarged nerve endings Adaptation - Slow

describe the following for the Free nerve endings skin receptors: Stimulus - ? Location - ? Structure - ? Adaptation - ?

Stimulus - Various touch and pressure stimuli Location - Around hair roots and under surface of skin Structure - Unmyelinated nerve endings Adaptation - Variable

describe the following for the Pacinian corpuscles skin receptors: Stimulus - ? Location - ? Structure - ? Adaptation - ?

Stimulus - Vibration Location - Deep layers of skin Structure - Encapsulated in connective tissue Adaptation - Rapid

What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscular contraction? How can smooth muscle contract when it has so little sarcoplasmic reticulum

Stores and releases calcium on command. Smooth muscle uses calcium from the extracellular fluid

What muscle types are striated vs smooth

Striated - skeletal and cardiac Smooth - smooth

During incomplete tetany, the brain recruits & rests motor units in shifts to reduce fatigue. __________ keeps these shifts going longer

Summation

What are the 5 basic sensations of taste

Sweet - monosaccharides Umami (savory) - glutamates + nucleotides Bitter -hydroxyl groups Salty - sodium ions Sour - hydrogen ions

What are the 5 basic sensations of taste and what are they composed of

Sweet - monosaccharides Umami (savory) - glutamates + nucleotides Bitter -hydroxyl groups Salty - sodium ions Sour - hydrogen ions

T/F Different parts of the cardiac contraction cycle are captured by the EKG leads

T/F Due to overlap between myosin and actin a muscle may produce more or less tension

T/F Each taste pore consists of one of each type of taste ligand

T/F 80% of what makes food appeal to you is olfactory

T/F A single muscle twitch is usually not enough to do what we want the muscle to do.

T/F About 2 liters of fluid are lost to the tissue spaces every 24 hours and are returned to the bloodstream as lymph.

T/F An ECG provides information on heart rate and rhythm, conduction velocity, and the condition of cardiac tissues

T/F An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance.

T/F Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.

T/F Arterioles ensure that the right amount of pressure that goes into capillaries because capillaries are fragile.

T/F Atrial tachycardia is characterized by fast atrial contractions with little pause between them, causing an increase in the speed of atrial contraction.

T/F Autorhythmic cells are noncontractile myocardium

T/F Blood is always contained within a vessel

T/F Blood pressure is normally 120/80

T/F Calcium is a really big positive ion

T/F Capillaries are the most important vessels for performing gas exchange, but they are also the most vulnerable to hypertensive blood pressures.

T/F Cardiac and smooth get some calcium from the outside to induce contraction

T/F Cardiomyocytes have a metabolic profile most similar to Type I Red fibers in skeletal muscle.

T/F Depolarization in cardiac muscles begins like the other muscle types by having a sodium influx that moves across the sarcoplasm.

T/F Depolarization is propagated from cell to cell via gap junctions

T/F The lymphatic capillaries have such low pressure that without some help they would fall close and be unable to stay open.

T. Because they are connected to the surrounding tissues and elements, they don't collapse. They are held open like tent ropes.

T/F the diving reflex can become more pronounced with training.

T. Cold water swimmers and skin divers often have a larger reflex than others.

T/F Olfactory cells are gene cells from our parents

T. This explains why some people can smell cyanide.

T/F If temperature receptors are stimulated, the brain will perceive temperature modulation, regardless of the means of stimulation

T. This is true for all of the sensory modalities

T/F Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers have some hypertrophy going on, but they aren't going to be as big in diameter as the white fibers

T. because they are kind of the medium thing

Gustatory cells are found in this structure. Crista ampullaris Macula Olfactory epithelium Taste buds

Taste buds

Contraction produces _________, the force exerted on the load or object to be moved

Tension

The force created by by a contracting muscle is called what

Tension

You are prodding your blindfolded lab partner's arm with two needle probes. Sometimes she can tell that you are using two probes. But when you probe less sensitive areas, she jus thinks there is one probe. Which sense are you testing? Which receptors are being simulated? Explain why she sometimes feels only one probe.

Testing touch-pressure, mediated through free nerve endings and Merkel receptors. Feeling only one probe means that both needles are within the same receptive field

How much stronger is tetany compared to a single twitch

Tetany can be 3-4X stronger than a single twitch

Because pacemaker cells exist in single unit sheets of smooth muscle and are electrically coupled, what does this mean for smooth muscle

That smooth muscle can be self-depolarizing, and can contract without the ANS instructing, but the brain can also influence the pace of contraction with NTs

Labelled Line Coding

The 1:1 association of a sensory receptor with a sensation

Select the correct statement about the heart valves. -The mitral valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. -The tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle. -The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur. -Aortic and pulmonary valves control the flow of blood into the heart.

The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur.

The Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction was a major physiological breakthrough that changed scientific understanding of muscle contraction. Which of the following correctly describes the changes observed in a sarcomere when the muscle moves from resting to contracted? -The H zone and I band both shorten, while the A band remains constant -The H zone and A band both shorten, while the I band remains constant -The H zone disappears completely while the I and A bands both shorten -the Z discs get closer together while the I band gets wider

The H zone and I band both shorten, while the A band remains constant

What is the term for the "delay between the muscle AP and the beginning of muscle tension that represents the time required for calcium release and binding to troponin

The Latent period

What reservoir is essentially the arterial feed to your tissues. It is produced by the pumping actions of your heart and the elastic recoil of arteries

The Pressure reservoir

What reservoir is in the lower pressure feed of the system which is in the venous return? This reservoir is essential produced because the veins are low pressure and highly compliant

The Volume reservoir

The only band that does not change with contraction is what?

The a band

The classic demonstration of the Stroop effect is produced when one tries to name the color of the ink in which a word is printed when the word itself is the name of a color other than that of the ink. Typically, one is slower in this situation than if the word is not a color term. This form of Stroop interference is thought to be evidence for what

The automatic nature of reading

What do pace maker cells allow us to communicate with

The autonomic NS

Between the left arium and ventricle of the heart is what

The bicuspid or mitral valve

Cornea

The clear covering of the anterior surface of the eye. It is continuous with the sclera

Describe myofibril

The contractile organelle of the skeletal muscle

In veins, the movement of blood is powered by what

The contraction of skeletal muscle or arteries

venous blood pressure has Low pressure due to what

The cumulative effects of peripheral resistance

Latency period

The delay between arrival of action potential and onset of contraction

Explain how accommodation by the eye occurs. What is the loss of accommodation called?

The lens changes shape due to contraction/relaxation of the ciliary muscles. Loss of this reflex is called presbyopia

Peak tension

The maximum force generated by contraction of a single muscle fiber All-or-none

The more end diastolic fluid you have, the harder or easier the heart is going to contract and the more or less blood it's going to push out per minute which increases or decreases cardiac output

The more end diastolic fluid you have, the harder the heart is going to contract and the more blood it's going to push out per minute which increases cardiac output

The more preload in ventricle, the stronger or weaker your cardiac myocardial contraction, and the better or worse your ejection fraction should get

The more preload in ventricle, the stronger your cardiac myocardial contraction, and the better your ejection fraction should get

Population coding

The number of sensory receptors activated encodes the intensity of a stimulus

What is the only entrance or exit to the eye from the body

The optic disc

Where does the blood supply comes into the eye and where ganglion axons leave to take info to the brain?

The optic disc

the retinal ganglion cell, a retina associated cell type, has axons that exit the eye to produce what

The optic nerve

Thalamus

The portion of the brain that serves as a relay station going to and from higher brain centers

What changes the amount of light entering the eye

The pupil

What is the purpose of the sphygmomanometer

The purpose of the cuff is to provide enough pressure to become greater than the systolic pressure being put out by heart.

Prevents backflow into the right atrium. Tricuspid valve Aortic valve Mitral valve Pulmonary valves

Tricuspid valve

Sphygmomanometer: At a certain point, when the pressure becomes great enough to overcome the occlusion, you begin hearing pulses called Korotkoff sounds. The very first one that you hear is the systolic pressure. Is this the top or bottom number in normal blood pressure (120/80)

The top number

Between the right arium and ventricle of the heart is what

The tricuspid valve

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated. This is the part of your experiment that you will test (vary) to answer your hypothesis

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured. This is what occurs in response to the changing independent variable

what does action potential of heart muscle look like, and why?

There are plateaus during which the cell is prevented from repolarizing for roughly 150 ms so there is no tetanus

Why is Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) one step worse that junctional escape

There is no SA node, nor AV node so the ventricular wall takes over as the pacemaker

If there is no pressure gradient, then what do we know about the fluid flow

There is no fluid flow. ex0 cardiac arrest

Which of the following is not a characteristic of olfactory receptor cells? -They have a short life span of about 60 days. -They are ciliated. -They are chemoreceptors. -They are multipolar motor neurons.

They are multipolar motor neurons.

Adaptation: describe phasic receptors

They fire rapidly upon initial stimulus, but after a short period of time it stops firing even though the stimulus continues

Ear: Are hair cells tonic or phasic?

Tonic

_______ receptors are slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of a stimulus

Tonic

Define tonic receptors and list some examples. Define phasic receptors and give some examples. Which type adapts?

Tonic receptors, such as for heat, adapt slowly and respond to stimuli that need to be monitored. Phasic receptors adapt rapidly and stop responding unless the stimulus changes. An example is smell

Prevents backflow into the right atrium. Pulmonary valves Tricuspid valve Aortic valve Mitral valve

Tricuspid valve

What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles? -Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the actin binding sites on the myosin molecules. -Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules. -Tropomyosin is the receptor for the motor neuron neurotransmitter. -Tropomyosin is the name of a contracting unit.

Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.

A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric. True False

True

Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments. True False

True

Muscle contraction is a potential effector response in a negative feedback regulation mechanism used to maintain homeostasis. True False

True

Muscle fibers innervated in the same motor unit are all of similar type and have similar physical characteristics. True False

True

The thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin that bears active sites for myosin attachment. True False

True

True or False: An example of conduction deafness could be having a wax plug in front of the ear drum.

True

True or False: Children with non-convergent binocular vision due to a lazy eye will eventually lose sight in the non-convergent eye, necessitating the daily patching of the "good" eye to force the brain to continue using it.

True

True or False: The Dark Currents are inward sodium currents that depolarize photoreceptors in the dark.

True

True or False: The term "sensory modality" refers to the type of stimulus transduced by a particular sensor. True False

True

True or False: Tinnitus is a type of sensorinerual damage, because it impacts the activity of the hair cells in the auditory system, which are part of the neural component.

True

A membrane that transmits sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles. Tympanic membrane Spiral organ (of Corti) Vestibule Cochlear duct

Tympanic membrane

Separates the external ear from the middle ear. Tympanic membrane Otoliths Vestibule Pharyngotympanic or eustacian tube

Tympanic membrane

Which skeletal muscle fiber metabolic profile is characterized by the highest expression of myoglobin? Type IIb White Fibers Type IIa Pink Fibers Type I Red Fibers

Type I Red Fibers

What is another name for Oxidative slow-twitch fibers

Type I, red fibers, or SOs

Which skeletal muscle fiber metabolic profile is characterized as the best "middle distance" fibers that have properties of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? Type IIa Pink Fibers Type IIb White Fibers Type I Red Fibers

Type IIa Pink Fibers

What is another name for Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers

Type IIa, pink fibers, or FOs

Which skeletal muscle fiber metabolic profile is affords the fastest twitch speed?Type IIb White Fibers Type IIa Pink Fibers Type I Red Fibers

Type IIb White Fibers

What is another name for Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers

Type IIb, white fibers, or FGs

How do we perceive color? The ______ and ________ of cone stimulus determines the coding of each color-related stimulus

Type; intensity

Which of the following types of electromagnetic waves can bees see? UV X-Rays Gamma rays Visible Rays Infra Red Radio Waves

Visible light fits between ________. UV and infrared gamma rays and infrared X rays and UV microwaves and radio waves

UV and infrared

What is another term for incomplete tetanus

Unfused tetanus

Frequency of stimulation: When summative stimulations create near maximum tension for a muscle, what is this called?

Unfused tetanus or incomplete tetanus

What are pace maker potentials

Unstable membrane potentials cause regular supra-threshold triggers (what essentially cause Pacemaker cells to depolarize on schedule)

________ in the heart and veins ensure unidirectional blood flow

Valves

What happens during the T wave

Ventricle repolarization (5)

The high pressure of _____________ contraction is prevented from everting valves by contraction of papillary muscles which are connected to valves by chorda tendinea

Ventricular

Electrocardiogram (ECG): What does the T wave represent

Ventricular repolarization

Contains utricle and saccule. Pharyngotympanic or eustacian tube Vestibule Otoliths Tympanic membrane

Vestibule

Detects linear acceleration. Vestibule Tympanic membrane Pharyngotympanic or eustacian tube Otoliths

Vestibule

What are the two ways that a muscle can contract?

Via Isometric contractions and Isotonic contractions.

Which of the following types of electromagnetic waves has wavelengths between 400-700 UV X-Rays Gamma rays Visible Rays Infra Red Radio Waves

Visible Light

Stroke Volume (SV)

Volume of blood pumped by a ventricle per beat (mL/beat). [How much blood in mL that your heart is going to beat]

Graves disease

a parathyroid problem that means that the osteoclasts are overactive in their bone reabsorption and calcium and phosphate are dangerously high.

The use of calcium in myocardial cells is different from other muscle type cells. DOes any calcium come from the outside of cells

Yes

Explain what is meant by adequate stimulus to a receptor

a form of energy to which a receptor is most sensitive

myostatin

a growth factor that suppresses muscle stem cells (A transcription factor that turns on at a certain point during embryonic development. It suppresses The differentiation and of new muscle stem cells. So at a certain point in development this turns on and prevents the ability to stop making new muscle cells)

Flexion

a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. ex. bending a joint

Extension

a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. ex. straightening a joint

What is the smallest contractile unit of a skeletal muscle called? the sarcoplasmic reticulum a sarcomere a myofilament a myofibril

a sarcomere

Twitch

a single contraction and relaxation cycle in a muscle fiber

When you have a light load, do you use all of your muscle cells or just a small number

a small number of muscle cells

Muscle tetanus is: -a sustained maximal contraction -only possible in specific muscle groups at one time -physiologically a very rare event -a partial contraction that achieves maximum tension

a sustained maximal contraction

Loud noises cause APs to: (choose all that apply) a. fire more frequently b. have higher amplitudes c. have longer refractory periods

a. fire more frequently

After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction? -the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved -calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae -the action potential stops going down the overloaded T tubules -acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh

acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh

In the "romantic relationship" of temporary attachment between the contractile proteins in the sarcomere, which choice accurately describes the dynamics between actin and myosin? -actin is "unavailable" until enough calcium is released to make it "sticky" and compatible with binding to myosin -once bound to actin, myosin can never release -actin binding sites are available all the time, but become competitively inhibited by high levels of intracellular calcium, making them hard for myosin to bind -myosin is the primary driver of actin-myosin binding, and depends on calcium ions to assist it with binding ATP for the first power stroke

actin is "unavailable" until enough calcium is released to make it "sticky" and compatible with binding to myosin

In the "romantic relationship" of temporary attachment between the contractile proteins in the sarcomere, which choice accurately describes the dynamics between actin and myosin? -once bound to actin, myosin can never release -actin binding sites are available all the time, but become competitively inhibited by high levels of intracellular calcium, making them hard for myosin to bind -actin is "unavailable" until enough calcium is released to make it "sticky" and compatible with binding to myosin -myosin is the primary driver of actin-myosin binding, and depends on calcium ions to assist it with binding ATP for the first power stroke

actin is "unavailable" until enough calcium is released to make it "sticky" and compatible with binding to myosin

T-tubules allow _____ to move to the interior of the muscle fiber.

action potentials

do t types activate before or after the l type? Does it activate at more positive or negative t-hold potentials

activates before L-Type (Long Opening) at more negative t-hold potentials

Ultrastructure of thin filaments: •Twisted double strand of fibrous protein F actin •F actin consists of G (globular) actin subunits •G actin has ______ ______ _____ _____ _____ _______ during contraction •Tropomyosin (_______ like) and troponin (binds ________): regulatory proteins bound to actin

active sites for myosin head attachment; string; calcium

The relationship between the tectorial membrane and the hair cells in the ear allows what to occur?

allows transduction to occur

Hypocalcemia. what is it and what does it cause?

an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood (causes muscle tissues)

an activity, such as reading, that is so well learned that it is occurs even when one attempts to suppress it. The interference probably arises when different words in the mental lexicon representing the color terms are activated by both the words and the ink color and 'compete' with one another, slowing the overt response.

what is a t tubule

an invagination of the sarcolemma over z discs

How does Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers make most of their ATP

anaerobic glycolysis

A sprinter would experience muscle fatigue sooner than a marathon runner due to ________. -anaerobic metabolism in the muscles of the sprinter -anaerobic metabolism in the muscles of the marathon runner -aerobic metabolism in the muscles of the sprinter -glycolysis in the muscles of the marathon runner

anaerobic metabolism in the muscles of the sprinter

Muscle mass is increased by ____________ steroids

androgenic

Which of the following can act as activation signals that cause muscle satellite stem cell populations to mitose in the adult muscle tissue? Select all that apply: -androgenic hormones like testosterone -inflammation -stem cells require specific ques from the brain to begin cycling -traumatic damage -direct electrical stimulation

androgenic hormones like testosterone inflammation traumatic damage

The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________. angina pericarditis ischemia myocardial infarct

angina

Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers are starting to add some vascularization efforts so there will be some ________________ in the fibers to better distribute blood and do a little bit better supplying oxygen

angiogenesis

Systemic Blood Pressure: Systemic Pressure- -Is highest in the _______ -________ and _______throughout the pathway -Is ___ mm Hg in the right atrium

aorta (where the blood comes right out of the heart); Declines and slows; 0 mm Hg

During ventricular contraction blood is pumped through _______ & ________ ___________ valves

aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves

The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with what?

aqueous humor

Fenestrated capillaries ________. -are not found in the brain -do not occur in the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys -are not more permeable than continuous capillaries -are not common in endocrine organs and in areas where capillary absorption is an important function

are not found in the brain

Fenestrated capillaries ________. -are not more permeable than continuous capillaries -are not common in endocrine organs and in areas where capillary absorption is an important function -are not found in the brain -do not occur in the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys

are not found in the brain

The Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction was a major physiological breakthrough that changed scientific understanding of muscle contraction. Which of the following correctly describes what produces the dark microscopic section of the sarcomere called the A band? -actin filaments attached at the z-disks -myosin filaments attached at the M-line -accessory proteins involved in structuring the boundaries of a single sarcomere -areas of overlapping actin and myosin filaments

areas of overlapping actin and myosin filaments

Arterial blood pressure: • Varies along ____________ system due to resistance • By convention usually measured on brachium

arterial

Blood experiences the biggest increase in resistance when it transitions into which of the following types of vessels? arteriole vein capillary venule artery

arteriole

Blood experiences the biggest increase in resistance when it transitions into which of the following types of vessels? venule capillary vein arteriole artery

arteriole

The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________. arterioles muscular arteries elastic arteries venules

arterioles

How is Arterial blood pressure: expressed

as fraction: systolic/diastolic (120/80)

Long-term denervation results in _________ & loss of ________. The muscle gets replaced by ________ tissue & _______. If _____________ before too long, muscle returns to normal.

atrophy; striations; connective; fat; re-innervated

You are viewing a heart dissected on a mid-frontal plane. All of the vessels leading into and away from the heart have been removed. The easiest way to determine the right and left sides is to: a. find the opening of the coronary sinus b. notice the difference in thickness of the ventricle walls c. locate the pulmonary semilunar valves d. trace the pattern of the serous visceral pericardium

b. notice the difference in thickness of the ventricle walls EX: Left vent will be thicker due to increased force necessary to supply systemic arterial pressure.

Which structure in the inner ear codes for pitch

basilar membrane

Circulatory systems are necessary. Why?

bc w/o them diffusion is not efficient enough to supply fuel to remove wastes for larger organisms (espically those that are multicellular)

Why is digitalis a poison

because it inhibits calcium removal from the heart.

Why does fatigue happen

because our intracellular calcium pumps can't keep up with the need to keep the calcium where it needs to be

Muscle mass is increased by androgenic steroids. Why are male muscle fibers thicker

because testosterone promotes actin & myosin synthesis

Nocireceptors: When there is no pain there is an inhibitory neuron there to block the message to brain, but when there is pain then the inhibition stops (why does inhibition stop) letting the stimulus go to brain

because the inhibitor gets inhibited

Why is Vascularization and myoglobin and mitochondria going to be low in Glycolytic fast-twitch fibers

because they 're not going to use primarily oxidative needs to replace ATP bc they aren't being asked to do endurance activities then they're not going to invest in forementioned modifications

Giving motor units a big job will not only result in more motor units but also _______ motor units

bigger

What do photoreceptors synapse with?

bipolar cells

the amacrine cell, a retina associated cell type, mediates communication between what two things

bipolar cells and ganglion cells

Eye: Some processing occurs in retina via _______ and _________ cells, remainder processed in optic lobe

bipolar; horizontal

What is the function of tropomyosin?

blocks myosin binding sites on actin

What are the three features necessary for a functional circulatory system? Pick all that apply. blood lungs afferent nerves vessels a heart

blood vessels a heart

Ligaments connect what?

bone to bone

The diving reflex is an adaptation that can be observed in marine mammals for diving in cold water. This involves a reduction in heart rate (called ___________ ) while diving.

bradycardia

During incomplete tetany, does the brain use all of the motor units at once or use them in shifts

brain recruits & rests motor units in shifts to reduce fatigue

Light adaptation: -Occurs when moving from darkness into _______ ______ -Large amounts of __________ are broken down instantaneously, producing _____ -Pupils __________ -Dramatic changes in retinal sensitivity: rod function _________ -Cones and neurons rapidly ________ -Visual acuity improves over ________ minutes

bright light; pigments; glare; constrict; ceases; adapt; 5-10 minutes

Osteoblast cells

build bone

How can we modify the rate and intensity of a contraction of smooth muscle through pacemaker cells

by putting a chemical on pacemaker cells

Intercalated discs they are going to make cardiac muscle really hard to tear apart with desmosomes. Within the desmosomes are ____ junctions with allows depolarization to travel from one cell into the next.

gap

Phototransduction—In the Light: Phospodiesterase breaks down ______ (remember, this was ______ before which was keeping Na+ channels open). When cGMP ___________, Na+ channels close (Dark Current ceases). Cells become hyperpolarized as _____ continues to leak out. Stops the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters by the ____________

cGMP; high; decreases; K+; photoreceptor

In smooth muscles, some Ca comes from the outside for contraction (like cardiac), but __________ is needed to regulate myosin crossbridge formation

calmodulin

Aerobic (endurance) exercise: Leads to increased.... ...Muscle ___________ to get _________ to the muscle cells and do better ______ exchange ....Number of __________________ so that you can do more onsite _____ production by aerobic means ...._______________ synthesis because you need to be able to hold the ______ onsite with the respiratory _________

capillaries; blood; gas; mitochondria; ATP; Myoglobin; oxygen; pigment

When precapillary sphincters are relaxed, blood flows through all capillaries in the bed. If precapillary sphincters constrict, blood flow bypasses ________________ completely and flows through __________

capillaries; metarterioles

Lymph system: recovers fluid filtered out of ______ -begins with blind-ending caps that drain __________ fluid -_______occurs when lymph production happens faster than recovery

caps; extracellular; edema

Concerning the three types of muscle in the human body, which two are involuntary? Select all that apply: skeletal cardiac smooth

cardiac smooth

androgenic steroids, while they will give you hypertrophy, can lead to serious problems because increased androgen levels can effect cardiovascular health by causing a condition called what and what does it do

cardiomegaly- when your heart gets really big

Smooth muscle: Ca2+ stored in ________ as well as the _________ ______________

caveolae; sarcoplasmic reticulum

What is the muscle fasciculus

cell bundle (a group of muscle cells)

Where is actin attached to smooth muscles?

cell membranes at attachment plaques

Ultimately, fiber type is determined by the isoform of myosin ATPase expressed—and this is _____________

changeable

In an isotonic contraction, the muscle ________. -does not change in length but increases tension -never converts pyruvate to lactate -rapidly resynthesizes creatine phosphate and ATP -changes in length and moves the "load"

changes in length and moves the "load"

Phasic receptors are generally associated with __________ stimulus

changing

Phototransduction—In the Light: Light strikes photoreceptor, which causes the retinal part of rhodopsin to isomerize from what to what. No longer fits opsin binding site—causes molecular split of rhodopsin into opsin and retinal. Opsin activates Transducin, which in turn activates what?

cis- to trans-; Phosphodiesterase

Cochlea: what do the cochlear duct (aka the scala media), the scala vestibuli, and the scala tympani contain?

cochlear duct (aka scala media) contains endolymph scala vestibuli contains perilymph scala tympani contains perilymph

Which of the following did we discuss to be the ultimate cause of "old man butt"--loss of muscle tone in the elderly? -mobility issues impact the elderly's ability to exercise -nutritional absorption in old people is deficient enough to cause muscle atrophy -circulatory issues that most of the elderly suffer -combined effects of decreasing testosterone levels and a dwindling satellite cell population

combined effects of decreasing testosterone levels and a dwindling satellite cell population

the cone or rod photoreceptor, a retina associated cell type, is highly dense in the fovea and needs bright light to function

cone

Contractures

continuous contractions

contraction phase - The time between onset of _____________ and peak ________ is called what

contraction; tension

Muscle fatigue: Total lack of ATP occurs rarely, during states of continuous contraction, and causes ____________

contractures (continuous contractions)

the rod photoreceptor, a retina associated cell type, is responsible for what

contrast and peripheral vision

What are the functions troponin?

controls position of tropomyosin & Ca2+ binding protein

Activity of sensory receptors: Transduction

conversion of stimulus energy into nervous impulse

Select from the list below the two cellular tissues that are primarily responsible for refracting the light that enters the eyeball to focus directly on the retina: vitreous humor sclera ciliary zonule iris cornea pupil lens

cornea lens

Light passes through the following structures in which order? -vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea -cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor -aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor -cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

What are the three mechanisms for ATP regeneration?

creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic metabolism.

5. The deflection waves of an ECG/EKG include: a. the P-wave, which is only present in a person who had a heart attack b. the Q-T interval, which indicates the time of atrial contraction c. the PQRS complex, which immediately follows ventricular contraction d. the T-wave, which indicates ventricular repolarization

d. the T-wave, which indicates ventricular repolarization EX: Only one of these correctly identifies a feature of the ECG; review the correspondence of ECG features with heart anatomy depolarizing.

the bipolar cells, a retina associated cell type, are actively hyperpolarized by photoreceptors in the light or dark

dark

General phototransduction: Photoreceptors are depolarized in the _____. ____hyperpolarizes photoreceptors, stopping ______of adjacent bipolar cells. Bipolar cells then _______ganglion cells

dark; Light; inhibition; stimulate

dark adaptation: -Occurs when moving from bright light into ________ -The reverse of light adaptation -Cones stop functioning in _________ light -Pupils ________ -__________accumulates in the dark and retinal sensitivity _________ within ________ minutes

darkness; low-intensity; dilate; Rhodopsin; increases; 20-30 minutes

Diving reflex: During each dive, heart rate and cardiac output undergo dramatic decrease or increase, and vital circulation is shunted away from the extremities and directed to what

decrease; the vital organs

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________. -a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production -a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways -decreased delivery of oxygen -an inadequate supply of lactic acid

decreased delivery of oxygen

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except________. -decreased size of the heart muscle -increased work of the left ventricle -increased incidence of coronary artery disease -increased damage to blood vessel endothelium

decreased size of the heart muscle

List some examples of the Valsalva Maneuver and forcing things out of the body.

defecation, urination, and childbirth

When there is motor neuron damage there is ________________ because they can't talk to skeletal muscle and they freak out.

denervation

Smooth Muscle: Actin and myosin form filament bundles that wrap around cell and cross at ________ _______

dense bodies

the cone photoreceptor, a retina associated cell type, is highly ______in the fovea and needs _______ light to function

dense; bright

The resolution of the eye is low in the periphery and high in the fovea due to the _________ of the photoreceptors and the _____ of the receptive field that said receptors are responsible for.

density; size

Does the right side of the heart carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood

deoxygenated blood

General phototransduction: Photoreceptors are depolarized or hyperpolarized in the dark. Light depolarizes or hyperpolarizes photoreceptors, stopping inhibition of adjacent ______ cells. Bipolar cells then stimulate _______cells

depolarized; hyperpolarizes; bipolar; ganglion

During excitation of the skeletal muscle, you are ____________ the muscle cell. _______ signal is arriving, ____ is being released, and the muscle cell is appropriately reacting in an ________ way by allowing _________mto influx into the muscle itself.

depolarizing; neural; ACh; active; sodium

Valsalva Maneuver: The air pressure helps to stabilize the _________, so that the ___________ muscles can squeeze things out of the abdominal cavity more efficiently. The _______ and _______ muscles relax when defecation is intended, but tighten up when it is not intended, so as to prevent accidental evacuation of the bowels.

diaphragm; abdominal; rectal; anal

Since venous Volume has little effect on Pressure, it also has little effect on what

diastolic filling

Arterial Blood Pressure: Pulse pressure

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure)

Lymph nodes are an important meeting spot for ________that is coming out of the tissue. Lymph nodes have a lot of _______ cells waiting to see what kind of antigens in the form of _________ and protein pieces show up from.

drainage; immune; proteins

Off-center fields are Stimulated by light hitting the periphery of the field and Inhibited by light hitting the center of the field whereas on-center fields are Stimulated by light hitting the center of the field and Inhibited by light hitting the periphery of the field. What are these responses due to?

due to different receptor types for glutamate in the "on" and "off" fields

Do we make more, less or equal amount of lactate while resting or during fatigue

during fatigue

As the heart approaches the end of atrial diastole: a. the atrial myocardium contracts thereby opening the semilunar valves b. the ventricular myocardium contracts thereby opening the atrioventricular valves c. the majority of atrial blood has entered the ventricles via gravity and elastic recoil d. all of the heart's valves must remain opened in order for normal blood flow e. none of the above are acceptable answers

e. none of the above are acceptable answers. EX: There's something wrong with each of these statements: A, atrial diastole is the period of repol. and relaxation of the atria, so the myocardium isn't contracting here, and won't open semilunar valves when it does. B, while the vent. myocardium should be contracting while the atria are relaxing, this should open semilunar valves, not Atrio-Ventricular valves--if it did, we would get back-flush of blood into the atria. C, the atria fill by gravity and elastic recoil from venous return, not the vents! Atrial contractions during atrial systole are what fill the vents. D, What would happen if all of the heart's valves were open at once??

ESV

end systolic volume

How do Fenestrated capillaries complete transcytosis transport?

endothelial fenestrations

How do Fenestrated capillaries complete endothelial transport? How do Fenestrated capillaries complete paracellular transport? How do Fenestrated capillaries complete transcytosis transport?

endothelial transport - endothelial cells paracellular transport - leaky junctions Transcytosis transport - endothelial fenestrations

Hyperkalemia. what is it and what does it cause?

excessive potassium in the blood (causes muscle weakness)

Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the ________. ears skin eye nose

eye

T/F Because there are only 5 modalities of gustatory receptor, this means you can only have 5 different taste experiences.

T/F Lymphatic capillaries carry carbon dioxide back to the venous circulation.

T/F Multi-unit smooth muscle cells are electrically coupled

f. They are not electrically coupled

Senses of taste passed to ____________________________ and then to base of brain

facial cranial nerve (VII)

Aerobic (endurance) exercise may convert fast glycolytic fibers into what

fast oxidative fibers

Match the following characteristics to either fast-twitch glycolytic fibers, fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibers, or slow-twitch oxidative fibers: a. Has the largest diameter b. uses anaerobic metabolism, thus fatigues quickly c. has the most blood vessels d. has some myoglobin e. Is used for quick, fine movements f. is also called red muscle g. uses a combination of oxidative and glycolytic metabolism h. Has the most mitochondria

fast-twitch glycolytic fibers: a. Has the largest diameter b. uses anaerobic metabolism, thus fatigues quickly e. Is used for quick, fine movements fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibers: d. has some myoglobin f. is also called red muscle (pink) g. uses a combination of oxidative and glycolytic metabolism slow-twitch oxidative fibers: c. has the most blood vessels d. has some myoglobin f. is also called red muscle h. Has the most mitochondria

I have a 66 y/o patient in the ER who is complaining of dizziness, fatigue, and looks pale with poor balance. She takes beta blockers for hypertension. An EKG shows a consistent measured PR Interval of 0.26 seconds and a heart rate of 55 BPM. With no other information, which of these rhythms most closely matches the above criteria? second degree block type II supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) junctional escape first degree block

first degree block

If resistance decreases, what happens to flow rate

flow rate increases

Lymph system: recovers _______ filtered out of caps -begins with ________________ caps that drain extracellular fluid -edema occurs when _________ production happens faster than recovery

fluid; blind-ending; lymph

What area of the body is low resolution

forearms

the cone photoreceptor, a retina associated cell type, is highly dense in the _______ and needs bright light to function

fovea

Which pairing of terms is incorrectly related? frequency: loudness amplitude: sound intensity frequency: wavelength number

frequency: loudness

Intensity and duration cannot be measured from a single action potential event. They are -Measured from frequency and number of action potentials (____________ coding) or -_________ of neurons stimulated (population coding)

frequency; Number

Intensity and duration cannot be measured from a single action potential event. They are -Measured from ________ and _________ of action potentials (frequency coding) or -Number of neurons stimulated (_________ coding)

frequency; number; population

In _________tetanus, stimuli are arriving so quickly that the muscle has no opportunity to relax between them and remains at max tension. tetany unfused fused

fused

The cells of the retina in which action potentials destined for the brain are generated are the ________. rods and cones ganglion cells bipolar cells amacrine cells

ganglion cells

There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves? cone cells ganglion cells bipolar cells rod cells

ganglion cells

Which of the following correctly describes what constitutes a motor unit? -muscle cells that respond to different neurotransmitters -individual muscle fibers that each have their own motor end plate and are stimulated separately -groups of muscle fibers that listen to one neuron but include a mixture of different fiber sizes within a single motor unit -groups of muscle fasicles -groups of similar muscle fibers that are innervated by axon collaterals of the same motor neuron

groups of similar muscle fibers that are innervated by axon collaterals of the same motor neuron

Ordinarily, it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea ________. does not contain connective tissue is not a living tissue has no nerve supply has no blood supply

has no blood supply

The diving reflex is an adaptation that can be observed in marine mammals for diving in cold water. This involves a reduction in _____ ____ (called bradycardia) while diving.

heart rate

Thermoreceptors are attuned to detect what

heat

In general, within physiological limits, the __________ the task you give your muscles, the __________ the number of motor units of _____________size are recruited until enough tension is produced to accomplish the task. more variable, fewer, decreasing lighter, fewer, larger heavier, greater, increasing lighter, greater, decreasing heavier, fewer, increasing

heavier, greater, increasing

The unit of soundwave measurement is _____________, which is a measure of the frequency of sound waves per second. The loudness, or intensity, of a sound is a function of the _____________ of the sound waves and is measured in _____________.

hertz (Hz); wave amplitude; decibels (dB)

Blood flows down a pressure gradient, from the __________ pressure in the aorta and arteries to the ___________ pressure in the venae cavae and pulmonary veins

highest; lowest

Thick filaments: Confirmation change happens in the _______ region

hinge

The preload and the stretch that it's providing to the heart are the related elements that determine what

how hard the heart is going to contract in response

What is EDV a measure of

how much we are filling the heart

What does junctional escape demonstrate

how the rest of the autorhythmic cells take over when the SA node begins to fail which is why the AV node has taken over here

the bipolar cells, a retina associated cell type, are actively ___________ by photoreceptors in the dark

hyperpolarized

What is the only way to get a new muscle fiber

if you destroy one and a satellite cell happens to replace It

In which of the locations specified below would be the best place to find a scaromere? inside the t-tubule system inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum in a myofibril inside the muscle cytoplasm

in a myofibril

What is an example in which Reversible disuse atrophy occurs

in broken bones after the cast is taken off

Eye: When do rods function well

in low light

Why are our number of because testosterone promotes actin & myosin synthesis

in part by myostatin - a growth factor that suppresses muscle stem cells

Where are Myocardial autorhythmic cells found

in the top of the right atrium in what is called the sinoatrial node

Peripheral resistance ________. -increases as blood vessel diameter increases -decreases with increasing thickness of the walls of the blood vessel -increases as blood viscosity increases -is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals

increases as blood viscosity increases

digitalis and other cardiac glycosides

inhibit Ca2+ removal from heart

Nocireceptors: When there is no pain there is an ___________ neuron there to block the message to ______, but when there is pain then the ____________stops (because the inhibitor gets inhibited) letting the stimulus go to _______

inhibitory; Brain; inhibition; brain

The receptive field depends on the __________ __________ of secondary sensory neurons.

innervation pattern

Any chemical with an affect on heart contractility is an _______ agent (with an _________ effect):

inotropic; inotropic

Phototransduction In the Dark: cGMP is high inside or outside the cell; cGMP-gated Na+ channels are open or closed. Inward sodium current (Dark Current) keeps cell ____________ (-40mV). The Depolarized state opens _____ channels, causes constant inhibitory neurotransmitter release onto _______ cells

inside; open; depolarized; Ca+2; bipolar

Some regions of the heart generate spontaneous APs. These are carried through the heart by electrical synapses called what

intercalated disks

What are All myocardial cells are electrically coupled with?

intercalated disks

The Stroop effect can manifest as either '_________', that is, when one mental operation degrades the performance of another, or as '_________', that is, when one mental operation enhances the performance of another.

interference; facilitation

What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye? iris aqueous humor lens cornea

iris

What is ESV

is how much blood is left over after the left ventricle contracts. There should always be some or the ventricles will stick together like a wet Ziplock bag

When you are really sore after a work out, it is essentially a _______ ______ build up that is chewing up the surface of your cells which does physical damage.

lactic acid

Ultimately, fiber type is determined by the _______ of myosin ATPase expressed—and this is changeable

isoform

Which of these muscle contraction types forces ALL motor units to respond to training, event the lazy, high-threshold ones? pyrotecnic isotonic isometric

isometric

Which of these muscle contraction types allow sarcomere fibers to overlap during contraction? isotonic gyrotonic isometric

isotonic

Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except ________. -it appears to lack troponin -there are noncontractile intermediate filaments that attach to dense bodies within the cell -there are more thick filaments than thin filaments -there are no sarcomeres

it appears to lack troponin

When you depolarize a muscle cell to its threshold, will it contract different in different areas or equally well?

its going to contract equally well

During vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________. lactic acid stearic acid a strong base hydrochloric acid

lactic acid

How do Continuous capillaries complete paracellular transport?

leaky junctions

How do Fenestrated capillaries complete paracellular transport?

leaky junctions

Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________. right ventricle left ventricle right atrium left atrium

left atrium

The ciliary zonule holds the ____ in place

lens

Senses of smell and taste are the result of ______________ channels that are triggered by the presence of certain _________

ligand-gated channels; chemicals

Photoreceptors are adapted to detect the presence of what

light

Contraction/shortening is in association with what?

locomotion, heartbeat, peristalsis, ventilation, feeding, eye movement, and light regulation, etc

As people age, their ability to see at night decreases. What changes in the retina might explain this?

loss of rods explains loss of night vision

low frequency = short or long wave length = high or low pitch

low frequency =long wave length = low pitch

When saying low resolution, would you have a high or low likelihood of feeling where you are being poked

low therefore you will have an idea of where you are being poked but won't know exactly where you were being poked

Arterial Blood Pressure: Diastolic pressure

lowest level of arterial pressure

Lymphatic system -These filaments attach to surrounding tissues to prevent a collapse of what -lymph propelled by ______ muscle pumps -contract in _______

lymph caps; skeletal; sequence

Select all of the following vessels that contain one way valves as part of their structure: arterioles capillaries lymph vessels Veins arteries

lymph vessels Veins

15% of the capillary filtrate that is pushed out into interstitial space is returned by the __________ system (2 liters/day)

lymphatic

Most touch sensations are passed to the _______________ ________ for interpretation via thalamus (for sorting)

somatosensory cortex

The diving reflex is an adaptation that can be observed in ______ _______ for diving in cold water.

marine mammals

When all of the motor units available to a muscle have been recruited and the muscle is producing as much tension as it can possibly make as a result, we say the muscle has reached______________. contracture total contraction threshold maximum maximal contraction

maximal contraction

Activity of sensory receptors: Receptor Potential

may be simple action potential or graded potential (graded by release of neurocrine chemical)

Arterial blood pressure is also expressed as what?

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

What equation expresses mean arterial pressure (MAP)

mean arterial pressure (MAP) = diastolic + 1/3 (systolic - diastolic)

What activities are Oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch fibers good for?

medium distance endurance like a 1500m race

Once sound waves have been transformed into electrical signals in the cochlea, sensory neurons transfer information to the ______, from which collaterals then take the information to the ________ and ________. The main auditory pathway synapses in the ______ and _______ before finally projecting to the _______ in the ________.

medulla; reticular function; cerebellum; midbrain; thalamus; auditory cortex; cerebrum

Activity of sensory receptors: Threshold

minimum stimulus needed to elicit action potential (how much of a stimulus do you need to get AP)

Retinal cells: Describe amacrine cells

modulate bipolar-ganglion cell communication

Retinal cells: Describe horizontal cells

modulates info flow between photoreceptors and bipolar cells

digitalis and other cardiac glycosides inhibit Ca2+ removal from heart. What is the net result

more Ca2+ available for stronger heart contraction

The lymphatic capillaries are ________. less permeable than blood capillaries as permeable as blood capillaries more permeable than blood capillaries completely impermeable

more permeable than blood capillaries

The basic unit of contraction in an intact skeletal muscle is the __________________. The force of contraction within a skeletal muscle is increased by _____________ additional motor units

motor unit; recruitment

Which of the following would be recruited later in muscle stimulation when contractile strength increases? -large motor units with small, highly excitable cells -many small motor units with the ability to stimulate other motor units -motor units with larger, less excitable cells -motor units with the longest muscle fibers

motor units with larger, less excitable cells

What controls the force of muscle contraction? multimotor unit summation wave summation concentric contractions tonic contraction

multimotor unit summation

How do we get the heart to slow down

muscarinic cholinergic channels > increase PK of K+ channels but decrease PCa of If channels

smooth muscle is all ANS regulated (not voluntary) so that means it has _______ receptors for Ach, and ____________ receptors for Epi

muscarinic; adrenergic

Which is larger? A muscle fiber or a muscle fascicle? they are actually about the same size, just made of different stuff muscle fasicle muscle fiber

muscle fasicle

Special terminology is often used to describe specific parts of the muscle. Which of the following terms correctly identifies a single muscle cell? muscle fiber muscle belly muscle fascicle myofibril

muscle fiber

One of the ways to take a diagnostic look at a muscle fibers and what they're doing is a ________ ________ _________. What can it help you learn?.

muscle punch biopsy. This can help you learn a lot about the fiber type distribution, how well the cells are doing both metabolically and structurally

Death of heart muscle cells. Fibrillation Arrhythmia myocardial Ischemia myocardial Infarction

myocardial Infarction

Death of heart muscle cells. myocardial Ischemia Fibrillation myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia

myocardial Infarction

The heart is made up of cardiac muscle tissue called what

myocardium

The contractile organelles of skeletal muscles are ________. myofibrils microtubules T tubules mitochondria

myofibrils

The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________. immunoglobin hemoglobin myoglobin ATP

myoglobin

Ultimately, fiber type is determined by the isoform of ________ __________ expressed—and this is changeable

myosin ATPase

Which of these domains of the myosin monomer is the part that changes conformation during the powerstroke? myosin ATPase hinge region myosin head myosin tail

myosin head

In smooth muscle, what determines when contraction happens

myosin's MLCK

T-type Ca+ channels act as Na+ channels do in other systems (K+ channels similar to ________)

nerves

How do we perceive color? The number of S, M, or L cones engaged and how strongly they're stimulated determines "color". Because of this, color coding is _____________—messages from each _____ are important in coding the signal. _____ primarily transduce dark/light contrast intensity, so _____________within the visual field enhances contrast perception

non-convergent; cone; rods; convergence

When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________. -locating the apex -finding the papillary muscles -tracing out where the auricles connect -noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls

noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls

Which of the following is a factor that affects the velocity and duration of muscle contraction? -load on the fiber -muscle length -size of the muscle fibers stimulated -number of muscle fibers stimulated

number of muscle fibers stimulated

Smell sensors in nose respond to >1000 ligands, with signal passed via _______ nerve () and interpreted by _____ _______

olfactory nerve (I); frontal cortex

Which of the follow types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life? olfactory receptor cells retinal ganglion cells retinal bipolar cells auditory outer and inner hair cells

olfactory receptor cells

Which of the follow types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life? retinal bipolar cells olfactory receptor cells retinal ganglion cells auditory outer and inner hair cells

olfactory receptor cells

Light goes through pupil, through the lens, through vitreous humor, and then through all retina cell types to get to the photoreceptors. Direction of neural activity is in the same or opposite direction as we see the light going in and striking the retina

opposite

RPE is vital for maintained retinal sensitivity. Trans-retinal diffuses to RPE to be recombined w/ _______ after photoreceptor activation. Photoreceptors need help with this to maintain light sensitivity. It takes a minute, and the _____ is responsible for delayed dark/light adaptation in our vision

opsin; lag

Which of the following could not be seen as one looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope? fovea centralis retinal capillaries optic disc optic chiasma

optic chiasma

Does estrogen support osteoblast or osteoclast function

osteoblast cells

Nocireceptors respond to various strong noxious stimuli (e.g., acids, bases, heat) - passed through what

pain c fibers

Nocireceptors respond to various strong noxious stimuli (e.g., acids, bases, heat) and are passed through what and are inhibited by what?

pain c fibers; Abeta fibers

Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the ________. trabeculae carneae papillary muscles venae cavae pectinate muscles

papillary muscles

Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the ________. trabeculae carneae pectinate muscles venae cavae

papillary muscles

The high pressure of Ventricular contraction is prevented from everting valves by contraction of ________________ muscles which are connected to valves by _______ tendinea

papillary; corda

The maximum force generated by contraction of a single muscle fiber, All-or-none, is called what?

peak tension

The Heart is enclosed within a double-membraned sack (called the _________), with ____________ cavity allowing free movement

pericardium; pericardial

How are pace maker potentials impaced/modified?

pharmacologically. (The nervous system and drugs can control the times in pacemaker potentials)

How do we regenerate ATP

phosphocreatine then phosphate + ADP -> ATP

Phototransduction—In the Light: Light strikes __________, which causes the retinal part of _________ to isomerize from cis- to trans-. No longer fits _______ binding site—causes molecular split of _________ into _______ and retinal. Opsin activates _________, which in turn activates _____________

photoreceptor; rhodopsin; opsin; rhodopsin; opsin; Transducin; Phosphodiesterase

the bipolar cells, a retina associated cell type, are actively hyperpolarized by ______________ in the dark

photoreceptors

the horizontal cell, a retina associated cell type, mediates communication between what two things

photoreceptors and bipolar cells

The resolution of the eye is low in the periphery and high in the fovea due to the density of the __________ and the size of the ______ ______that said receptors are responsible for.

photoreceptors; receptive field

the increased lung pressure created by a Valsalva maneuver helps us to exert _________ ______ more efficiently. We also use the Valsalva maneuver to help us to force things in or out of the body.

physical effort

When the number of neurons stimulated in a specific location is important for the brain's interpretation of the sensory stimulus, we call this: frequency coding decoding intensity coding population coding

population coding

Through what principle of neuron communication that we discussed last unit do nerve fiber interactions cause dilution of a pain signal with the addition of "good touch"? pre-synaptic inhibition axon-axonal inhibition post-synaptic inhibition

post-synaptic inhibition

Myosin heads hook onto actin and pulls in what is called a ______________________

powerstroke

The degree of myocardial stretch created by venous return is termed what

preload

The age-related vision condition related to stiffness of the lens, leading to lack of accommodation is called: hyperopia astigmatism presbyopia myopia

presbyopia

Blood flows down a ____________ gradient, from the highest pressure in the aorta and arteries to the lowest pressure in the venae cavae and pulmonary veins

pressure

What = the ratio of change in Volume for a given change in Pressure

pressure

Arterial Blood Pressure: Systolic pressure

pressure exerted during ventricular contraction

size and density of ______ _________ neurons determines how large a receptive field is and the resolution of the receptive field

primary sensory

Animals with mutations that inhibit ______________ or action of ___________ develop much larger muscles

production; myostatin

What artery carries de-oxygenated blood: aorta pulmonary artery superior vena cava pulmonary vein

pulmonary artery

What vein carries oxygenated blood: aorta pulmonary artery superior vena cava pulmonary vein

pulmonary vein

The _________ circulation goes from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. The _________ circulation goes from the left side of the heart to the tissues and back to the heart

pulmonary; systemic

Arterial Blood Pressure: Blood pressure near the heart is __________

pulsatile

Light goes through ______, through the ____, through _______ humor, and then through all ______ cell types to get to the photoreceptors. The rest of the cells in the retina are completely clear, don't reflect light.

pupil; lens; vitreous; retina

fibrillations

random muscle twitches

peripheral resistance

resistance to blood flow created primarily by the arterioles

Osteoclast cells

reabsorb bone

When a sensor receptor membrane depolarizes (or hyperpolarizes, in a few cases), the change in membrane potential is called the ____________ potential. Is this a graded or all-or-none potential?

receptor potentials are graded potentials

How is strength of contraction determined for a whole muscle?

recruitment, frequency of stimulation, muscle length at contraction, and passive tension

What is the most important job of the RPE (Retinal Pigment Epithelium) in relation to maintenance of photosensitivity? -recycle retinol and opsin to re-make rhodopsin -act as a "stage curtain" and absorb extra photons -transmit action potentials back to the brain -it's just there to look pretty, not do stuff

recycle retinol and opsin to re-make rhodopsin

The three primary colors of vision are _____________, ________________, and ______________. White light containing these colors stimulates photoreceptors called __________________. Lack of the ability to distinguish some colors is called _____________

red, blue, and green; cones; color-blindness

Einthoven's Triangle

refers to positions of electrodes used in a 3-lead measurement of electrical activity in the heart

Arterial blood pressure: • Varies along arterial system due to ______________ • By convention usually measured on ___________

resistance; brachium

Blood goes from big pipes to smaller increasing the __________, decreasing the __________, decrease ________ of blood.

resistance; velocity; pressure

The receptive field determines the ____________ ______ __________

resolution of sense.

Systemic Blood Pressure: The pumping action of the heart generates blood flow. Pressure results when the flow is opposed by what

resistance

Chemoreceptors respond who what 3 things

respond to oxygen, organics, ions (incl. pH)

What do mechanoreceptors respond to?

respond to pressure (baroreception), cell expansion (osmoreception), vibration acceleration, sound

What layer of the eye contains photoreceptors?

retina

What does RPE stand for?

retinal pigment epithelium

the cone or rod photoreceptor, a retina associated cell type, is responsible for contrast and peripheral vision

rod

Retinal cells: describe photoreceptors

rods/cones; do the actual light detection bc they have all the photopigments. Synapse with bipolar cells

RyR

ryanodine receptor

The diving reflex is an adaptation that can be observed in marine mammals for diving in cold water. This involves a reduction in heart rate (called bradycardia) while diving. What animal is the preferred research model for de-constructing the diving reflex

seals

Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________. contractility extensibility excitability secretion

secretion

Taste ligands create sodium signals that release ___________ or ______

serotonin; ATP

When the lymphatic structures are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________. -shrinkage of tissues distal to the blockage due to inadequate delivery of lymph -increased pressure in the lymphatics proximal to the blockage -severe localized edema distal to the blockage -abnormally high lymph drainage from the distal region

severe localized edema distal to the blockage

Match skeletal muscle with the relative length of its twitch in seconds: Medium; up to 1 sec short; <1sec Longest; up to 5 sec

short; <1sec

catecholamine

signal molecule formed from tyrosine; includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

The primary sensory neurons of the auditory system look ___________ to the primary sensory neurons found in the vestibular system because they are both ________________. -different; one is a hair cell, the other is a mechanosensor -the same; both can produce tinnitus when damaged -pretty much the same; hair cells, except that the hairs on vestibular cells are longer than hairs on auditory cells -similar; hair cells

similar; hair cells

______ and ______ of primary sensory neurons determines how large a receptive field is and the resolution of the receptive field

size and density

The receptive field depends on ______ and ______ of primary sensory neurons to determine how large a receptive field is and the resolution of said receptive field. The receptive field depends on the ____________ _________ of secondary sensory neurons. The receptive field determines the ___________ ________ ________. Receptive fields are most applicable to ___________ and ________________ and is demonstrated by the ______-_______ _____________ _____

size and density; innervation pattern; resolution of sense; mechanoreceptors and photoreceptors; two-point discrimination test

What muscle type of the only muscle type able to self-contain the calcium needed for a contraction

skeletal muscle

What are the events leading to threshold potential for skeletal muscle? contractile myocardium? and autorhythmic myocardium?

skeletal muscle - Net sodium entry through ACh-operated channels contractile myocardium - Depolarazation enters via gap junctions autorhythmic myocardium - Net sodium entry through funny channels; reinforced by calcium entry

Discuss repolarization in skeletal muscle? contractile myocardium? and autorhythmic myocardium?

skeletal muscle - Due to excessive K+ efflux at high K+ permeability when K+ channels close; leak of K+ and Na+ restores potential to resting state contractile myocardium - None; resting potential is -90 mV, the equilibrium potential for K+ autorhythmic myocardium - Normally none; when repolarization hits -60 mV, the funny channels open again. ACh can hyperpolarize the cell

What is the rising phase of AP in skeletal muscle? contractile myocardium? and autorhythmic myocardium?

skeletal muscle - Sodium entry contractile myocardium - Sodium entry autorhythmic myocardium - Calcium entry

What is the refractory period of skeletal muscle? contractile myocardium? and autorhythmic myocardium?

skeletal muscle - generally brief contractile myocardium - Long because resetting of Na+ channel gates delayed until end of AP autorhythmic myocardium - None

What is the repolarization phase of skeletal muscle? contractile myocardium? and autorhythmic myocardium?

skeletal muscle - rapid; caused by K+ efflux contractile myocardium - Extended plateau caused by calcium entry; rapid phase caused by K+ efflux autorhythmic myocardium - Rapid; caused by K+ efflux

What is the membrane of skeletal muscle? contractile myocardium? and autorhythmic myocardium?

skeletal muscle - stable at 70 mV contractile myocardium - Stable at -90 mV autorhythmic myocardium - Unstable pacemaker potential; usually starts at -60 mV

What are some locations of skeletal muscle?

skeletal tissues, urinary bladder, trachea, diaphragm, and others

What are the muscle types

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

You are treating a patient with end stage congestive heart failure (CHF). To help this patient's failing heart increase its ejection fraction, you decide to put the patient on a low dose of Digoxin (digitalis). How will this drug improve this patient's circulation? -slow down Calcium access from T-type calcium channels on the cell membrane, forcing contraction to slow but become stronger -increase the concentration gradient of sodium b/n inside and outside the cell, making the heart depolarize more easily -slow down Calcium removal inside the cells, increasing availability for contraction -increase the amount of Calcium that can access the cytoplasm from outside the cell, helping to increase contraction strength

slow down Calcium removal inside the cells, increasing availability for contraction

Which of the following is not a method that maintains lymph flow? breathing skeletal muscle contraction valves in lymph vessel walls smooth muscle contraction

smooth muscle contraction

Taste ligands create _______ signals that release serotonin or ATP

sodium

Funny channels are permeable to what ions

sodium and potassium

Knowing that calcium acts as a bouncer in the blood preventing sodium from an all access pass across the membrane. What happens to the cell if calcium is removed as it is in the EDTA drug

sodium has an all access pass and moves across membrane making it more positive.

Trias are how we translate _________ influx (or _______________ stimulus) into actual calcium release

sodium; depolarization

One of the ways to take a diagnostic look at a muscle fibers and what they're doing is a muscle punch biopsy (seen above). This can help you learn a lot about the fiber type distribution, how well the cells are doing both metabolically and structurally. Typically done on patients with what suspected diseases?

suspected polymyositis (which is an auto immune condition that attacks muscle cells) or potentially rhabdomyolysis (which is sometimes an exercise induced breakage of muscle cells that can be dangerous to kidneys), or muscular dystrophy, or Myasthenia gravis (which is an autoimmune condition)

Retinal cells: describe bipolar cells

synapse directly w/ photocells to synapse directly with ganglion cells

Contraction of the smooth muscle: -Slow, ____________ contractions -Cells are electrically coupled by gap junctions -Some cells are self-excitatory (_________________ without external stimuli); act as pacemakers for _______ of muscle -_______ and ___________ of contraction may be modified by neural and chemical stimuli

synchronized; depolarize; sheets; Rate; intensity

For max power, skeletal muscle must contract _______________

synchronously

T/F Light goes through pupil, through the lens, through vitreous humor, and then through all retina cell types to get to the photoreceptors. The rest of the cells in the retina are completely clear, don't reflect light.

T/F Preload can change based on how much circulatory help you need

What are invaginations of sarcolemma over Z disks

t tubules

Conduction deafness is a result of some mechanical malfunction of the physical conduction of sound waves into the nervous parts of the ear. Issues with which of the following parts of the auditory apparatus could be responsible for conduction deafness? Pick all that apply: tectorial membrane tympanic membrane Vestibular-cochlear nerve Organ of Corti auditory ossicles

tectorial membrane tympanic membrane auditory ossicles

Relaxation phase - The time between peak ________ and loss of ________

tension; tension

The long refractory period in cardiac muscle helps prevent what

tetanus

The somatosensory cortex is divided into different areas for processing incoming sensory info from different surface and muscle tissues of the body. Where does all this incoming info get received by the brain first before it's sorted into these areas for processing? amygdala hypothalamus somatosensory cortex thalamus

thalamus

The QRS complex indicates what?

that the entirety of the ventricular walls have been polarized.

What is the R wave representative of?

that the perking fibers and the bundle branches have spread the depolarization to the apex of the heart.

what does the stroop effect refer to?

the Stroop effect refers to the difficulty observers have in eliminating meaningful but conflicting information from a task, even when that information is irrelevant or counterproductive in that task. Ex) naming the color of the ink in which a word is printed when the word itself is the name of a color other than that of the ink

What does oxygen deficit represent? -the amount of oxygen taken into the body immediately after the exertion -amount of energy needed for exertion -the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle activity and the amount actually used -the amount of oxygen taken into the body prior to the exertion

the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle activity and the amount actually used

tesnion

the force exerted on the load or object to be moved

What causes rigor mortis? -the cooler body temperature after death causes muscles to temporarily stiffen -the start of decay that begins to break down muscle proteins -the lack of ATP means myosin can't break the last crossbridges formed with actin -when bodies die, all the calcium is released from the SR at once, causing tetanus

the lack of ATP means myosin can't break the last crossbridges formed with actin

What bends the light to focus it on the retina

the lens

The blind spot of the eye is where ________. -only cones occur -the optic nerve leaves the eye -the macula lutea is located -more rods than cones are found

the optic nerve leaves the eye

Describe macular degeneration

the overgrowth of blood vessels which disrupt the architecture of the retina which disrupts visual transduction (controls this by injecting stuff right into the eyeball)

What is another term for the SA node

the pacemaker

Lens

the portion of the eye that focuses light on the retina

Fluid flow through a tube is proportional to what

the pressure gradient

What is the ultrastructure of Thick Filament composed of?

the protein myosin

The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle in that ________. -ATP energizes the sliding process -the trigger for contraction is a rise in intracellular calcium -the site of calcium regulation differs -actin and myosin interact by the sliding filament mechanism

the site of calcium regulation differs

Blood goes from big pipes to smaller increasing the resistance, decreasing the velocity, decrease pressure of blood. It decreases pressure because of what

the turnback phenomenon and the increase in resistance

Select the true statement: -Lateral inhibition only works in skin receptors -the two-point discrimination test is used for measuring receptive field density -the pattern of secondary sensory neuron innervation doesn't matter for resolution of stimulus -the highest density of photoreceptors in your retina is found in the periphery

the two-point discrimination test is used for measuring receptive field density

Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate? the vessel selected to palpate activity emotions postural changes

the vessel selected to palpate

What causes the stretch on the heart in the first place

the volume that we are putting into it.

If you compare the preload in the ventricle of a patient who is asleep with a patient that is walking on the street, which will be larger? the walking patient the sleeping patient this activity isn't enough to make a difference

the walking patient

Which of these is the reason t-tubules are needed in skeletal muscle cells? -t-tubules store Ca ions in preparation for release into the muscle cell -they are continuous with the sarcolemma, so they can pass Na currents more effectively to the interior of the cell -they work like pneumatic tubes at the bank drive-thru--they transfer Ca ions from the surface of the cell to the interior to facilitate contraction -t-tubules are only one way the muscle maximizes depolarization current transfer

they are continuous with the sarcolemma, so they can pass Na currents more effectively to the interior of the cell

Drugs used in emergency medicine to stabilize a patient's failing circulatory perfusion like norepinephrine, epinephrine, phenylephrine, and dopamine, are called antihypotensives or vasopressors. What does this imply about the type of effect they have on cardiac muscle function? -they don't qualify as inotropic agents because they have differing impacts on cardiac contraction -they are positive inotropic agents -they are negative inotropic agents

they are positive inotropic agents

Crossbridge

this forms when the myosin heads attach to actin during muscle contraction

The pacemaker potential gradually becomes less negative until it reaches ________ triggering AP

threshold

If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, ________. -heart rate would decrease, but blood pressure would rise due to the excess sodium present -potassium channels compensate and no change in heart rate would occur -tetanic contraction would occur due to the short absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle -threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase

threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase

If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, ________. -tetanic contraction would occur due to the short absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle -heart rate would decrease, but blood pressure would rise due to the excess sodium present -threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase -potassium channels compensate and no change in heart rate would occur

threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase

Lymph nodes are an important meeting spot for drainage that is coming out of the ________. Lymph nodes have a lot of immune cells waiting to see what kind of ________ in the form of proteins and protein pieces show up from.

tissue; antigens

What is the purpose of the "plateau" in cardiac contractile cell re-polarization? to give calcium pumps time to remove calcium from the cytoplasm after contraction to shorten the time needed to complete relative refractory these cells are lazy and want a break to prevent tetanus due to summation

to prevent tetanus due to summation

What is the role of the accessory protein titin in the sarcomere? -to return the sarcomere to its resting state of filament overlap via passive recoil -to pull the sides of the sarcomere closer to the M line -to prevent actin from stretching when myosin pulls on it -to help secure actin filaments to the Z disc

to return the sarcomere to its resting state of filament overlap via

The rate of a stimulus may change but _______ receptors never completely stop monitoring

tonic

Most _______ sensations are passed to the somatosensory cortex for interpretation via _________

touch; thalamus

The conversion of stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential is called __________. The form of energy to which a receptor responds is called its _____________ _____________. The minimum stimulus required to activate a receptor is known as the ______________.

transduction; adequate stimulus; threshold

One t-tubule and its two flanking terminal cisternae are called what

triad

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between troponin and tropomyosin? -tropomyosin is a regulatory protein that controls the conformation of troponin -troponin is influenced by tropomyosin's binding to calcium ions -troponin is a regulatory protein that controls the conformation of tropomyosin -both troponin and tropomyosin are important for regulating the availability of myosin head domains for binding to actin

troponin is a regulatory protein that controls the conformation of tropomyosin

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between troponin and tropomyosin? -troponin is influenced by tropomyosin's binding to calcium ions -troponin is a regulatory protein that controls the conformation of tropomyosin -both troponin and tropomyosin are important for regulating the availability of myosin head domains for binding to actin -tropomyosin is a regulatory protein that controls the conformation of troponin

troponin is a regulatory protein that controls the conformation of tropomyosin

Which of the following is the way muscles immediately regenerate some of their ATP if exercise lasts more than 6 seconds without dipping into their oxygen supply? -use aerobic pathways to generate more ATP efficiently -draw on store of intracellular ATP -slip into anaerobic glycolysis -use Creatine Phosphate via CPK

use Creatine Phosphate via CPK

The narrower a vessel, the faster the __________ of flow

velocity

Electrocardiogram (ECG): What does the QRS complex represent

ventricular depolarization

Since venous Volume has little effect on Pressure, it also has little effect on the diastolic filling. Describe afterload

ventricular pressure at end of systole; represents ventricular wall stress or resistance. the pressure or volume measurement after the contraction. How much is left over.

Afterload volume

ventricular wall stress or resistance. ventricular pressure at end of systole

Arterial blood pressure: • Used as a proxy for _______________ pressure • Always __________ • Has two extremes: ______________ and ________________ pressures

ventricular; present; systolic and diastolic pressures

If you notice that a patient's QT segment measures 0.50 sec, how concerned are you likely to be about that patient's heart rhythm? -minor concern; this is not normal for the QT segment, but is probably something caused by an ion imbalance that will go away with time -very concerned; 0.50 is too short for the ventricles to achieve re-polarization -not very; normal QT is up to 0.44 secs and this isn't much longer than that -very concerned; 0.50 is very long for the QT and can lead to cardiac arrest

very concerned; 0.50 is very long for the QT and can lead to cardiac arrest

Ear: Stimulation of _________ nerve (_) occurs via hair cells responding to movement of tectorial membrane floating in endolymph of cochlear duct

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

The diving reflex, in humans, is a _______ reflex (leftover from evolution) that causes a ________ response when the face contacts cold water while the subject is holding their breath.

vestigial; vasovagal

What is the main function of the rods in the eye? color vision vision in dim light depth perception accommodation for near vision

vision in dim light

When does light adaption occur?

when moving from darkness into bright light

The Stroop effect: interference

when one mental operation degrades the performance of another

The Stroop effect: facilitation

when one mental operation enhances the performance of another.

The tricuspid valve is closed ________. while the ventricle is in diastole when the ventricle is in systole while the atrium is contracting by the movement of blood from atrium to ventricle

when the ventricle is in systole

Short duration exercise: Does the following happen within the first 6 seconds of a run, within the first 10 seconds, 30-40 seconds in/at the end of run: ATP stored in muscles is used first.

within the first 6 seconds of a run

Is osteoporosis more common in men or women?

women because of how important estrogen is in bones

Does skeletal muscle have striations

yes

What feature of the EKG represents atrial re-polarization? -you can't really see it because the QRS complex obscures it -the S feature of the QRS complex -the second half of the P-wave -the Q feature of the QRS complex

you can't really see it because the QRS complex obscures it

What area of the body is high resolution

your fingertips

The lymphatic system has a pressure of ___mmHg

~1mm Hg

Most muscles have enough ATP for how many twitches

~8 twitches

How do we get the heart to speed up

ß1 adrogenic receptors > cAMP system > increase PCa via If and Ca2+ channels

How does movement of blood occur?

•rhythmic contractions of heart •elastic recoil of arteries •squeezing during body movements •contraction of smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels

Draft: Human Phys Exam 2

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