Dr.D final review2015

Range of the resting membrane potential in neurons?

-40 - -70 milivolts

Be able to identify a "resting" polarized axon

++++ ----- (+) outside (-) inside

How are mitochondria arranged in a muscle fiber?

-Close to myofibrils -rows

What is the percentage of adult brain of the total body weight?

2%

How much of the total body weight of the average adult is muscle tissue?

40-50%

What are the major functions of muscle tissue?

A. Produces movement(but can only pull) B. Maintain posture C. Stabilizes joints D. Generates heat

Example of a chemical neurotransmitter

Acetylcholine

When connective tissue extends as a broad flat layer, the tendon is referred to as what?

Aponeuron Aponeurosis

What are the fingerlike projections that reabsorb CSF?

Arachnoid villus

What are components of a nerve fiber?

Axon Axoplasm Axolemma Myelin Sheath Neurolemma Sheath Endonium

What is the sequence that muscle action potentials must go through to excite a muscle cell?

Axon of neuron, sarcolemma, T-tubules

This type of neuron has one main dendrite and one main axon

Bipolar neuron

Cerebrospinal fluid carries chemicals from the ____ to neurons.

Blood

What protects the brain by preventing passage of harmful substances and pathogens.

Blood brain barrier

One name for MEDULLA OBLONGATA, PONS, and MIDBRAIN?

Brain stem

Where can you find the medial lemniscus?

Brain stem

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is used for storing what?

Calcium/ Ca2+

Know the major parts of the brain.

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain stem, and (Diencephalon)

What are the networks of capillaries in the walls of the ventricles?

Choroid plexuses

What are the types of proteins contained in myofibrils?

Contractile proteins Regulatory proteins Structural proteins

What is the transparent coat that covers the iris?

Cornea

Which dura mater has two layers?

Cranial dura mater

What is the structure of a neuron that detects an impulse?

Dendrites of axon

What occurs when the nerve membrane becomes highly permeable to sodium?

Depolarization occurs

One name for THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS, and EPITHALAMUS.

Diencephalon

Which of the spinal meninges is the most superficial?

Dura Mater (outermost layer)

When do Schwann cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons?

During fetal development

Which protein is used to reinforce the sarcolemma?

Dystrophin

The brain and spinal cord develop from ____ arranged in a tubular structure called the neural tube.

Ectoderm

What is the property of muscle that gives it the ability to stretch without damage?

Elasticity

Know some nervous system disorders

Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease, Dementia, Stroke, Migraine, Meningitis

Know some nervous system disorders.

Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease, Dementia, Stroke, Migraine, Meningitis

This is a band of connective tissue that surrounds muscles?

Epimysium

Which layer is found surrounding the entire spinal nerve?

Epineurium

What separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Flax cerebri

Where is titin found in a sarcomere?

From M line to Z disc

Higher intellectual

Frontal lobe

After the fusion of myoblasts the muscle fiber loses its ability to do what?

Go through cell division

Which cells provide for the sense of taste?

Gustatory

This chemical facilitates transfer of action potential from one neuron to another or to a muscle?

Neurotransmitters

Where are the thin filaments located?

I and A band

Arrange the following list of randomized events in a REFLEX ARC in correct sequence -Sensory neurons carry impulse to the brain or spinal cord -Association neuron integrates the information -Motor neuron carries impulse to an effector -Sensory receptors detects a stimulus -Response occurs in a muscle or gland

In correct order as follows: -Sensory receptors detects a stimulus -Sensory neurons carry impulse to the brain or spinal cord -Association neuron integrates the information -Motor neuron carries impulse to an effector -Response occurs in a muscle or gland

Which type of neuron integrates information coming into and out of the central nervous system?

Interneuron/ Association neuron

Which type of neuron is located in the brain or spinal cord that connects sensory and motor impulses?

Interneuron/ Association neuron

In an isometric contraction the muscle develops tension but does not do what?

Lengthens

Where is the site of protein synthesis in a neuron?

Nissl Body

What is the structure that results from nervous input from the upper extremities?

Lumber enlargement

In which of the following ways does cerebrospinal fluid contribute to homeostasis?

Mechanical protection, Chemical protection, Circulation

Which branch re-enters the vertebral cavity through the intervertebral foramen and supplies the vertebrae, ligaments and blood vessels of the spinal cord and meninges?

Meningeal branch

What gives rise to the midbrain and aqueduct of the midbrain?

Mesencephalon

How do different types of muscle tissue differ from each other?

Microscopic anatomy, location, and type of control

The neuron originates in the brain or spinal cord and effect response on muscles or glands

Motor neuron

Cells that have the property of electrical excitability

Muscle cells and Neurons

Which type of axons contain endoneurium?

Myelinated/ Unmyelinated

What are the contractile organelles of the muscle fiber?

Myofibrils

Motor protein in all three types of muscle tissue?

Myosin

What do you call a junction between a terminal bud of a neuron and a muscle?

Neuromuscular Junction

What is a nerve cell?

Neuron

Gaps found along the myelin sheath of a neuron are referred to as what?

Nodes of Ranvier

Sight

Occipital Lobe

For every nerve that penetrates a skeletal muscle there are generally how many arteries and veins?

One Artery and One or Two Veins

Where are olfactory receptors found?

Only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity

What is referred to as organ of hearing?

Organ of Corti

What is the space between the upper and lower eyelids?

Palpebral fissure

Sensory association area

Parietal lobe

Some characteristics of spinal nerves:

Part of the PNS, Connect CNS to Body, Named according to region on spinal cord.

Denticulate ligaments are thickenings of what?

Pia Mater (thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges)

What structure is responsible for secondary control of respiration?

Pons

Know the 3 nuclei that are found in pons.

Pontine nuclei, Apneustic area, Pnuemotaxic area

Which root contains only sensory axons that conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and internal organs into the CNS?

Posterior (dorsal) root

What do you call the white matter extensions on the medulla?

Pyramids

What is a condition in which the neuron membrane is more positive on the outside?

Resting Potential "POLARIZED"

Which structure senses dynamic equilibrium?

Semicircular canals

A neuron that brings impulses to the brain or spinal cord is called what?

Sensory neuron

Which space contains the cerebrospinal fluid?

Subarachnoid space Note: subdural space contain interstitial fluid

Which area of the brain contains neurons that release dopamine?

Substantia nigra

What is the function of a neuroglia or glial cell?

Supportors, Protectors, Feeders, Insulators

What is a junction between the terminal buds of a neuron and dendrites of another neuron?

Synapse

Axon terminal clusters at the ends of neuromuscular junctions are referred to as what?

Synaptic end bulbs

Memory and Primary auditory area

Temporal lobe

What part of the skeletal muscle cell releases calcium when stimulated by the T tubules?

Terminal cisterns of Sarcoplasmic Recticulum

The narrow cavity along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus.

Third ventricle

What regulatory proteins can be found on an actin molecule?

Troponin and Troponinmyosin

Which structure acts to convert sound waves to vibrations?

Tympanic membrane

Response to a stimulus first involves which process?

Unconditional response/ Acquisition