Dual Credit Psychology Final Review

Personality

An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling & acting

John Watson

Baby Albert Experiment Conditioned an infant to fear a white rat through classical conditioning

Corpus Callosum

Band of fibers that connect the right & left hemispheres (communication link)

Jean Piaget

Believed a child's mind develops through a series of stages from simple reflexes to an adults abstract reasoning & power

Albert Bandura

Bobo Doll--indicated that individuals learn through imitating others

Principle Learning

Breaking down a broad topic

Recticular Activating System

Influence attention by giving priority to certain messages Stimulate= death/coma Memory hook: Beyonce, Formation

Cerebellum

Involuntary movement (balance) Coordinated voluntary movement Damage= loss of coordination Memory hook: Bar Bell (Lil Brain)

Psychoanalysis

Key words: Freud, repressed, unconscious, dream analysis, free association

Secondary Reinforcement

Learned for example praise, money and kind words

Observational Learning

Learning by watching & experiencing

Permissive

Lienient Set but don't enforce rules No consequences Learn but without interference

Motor Cortex

Located in the frontal lobe & generates neural impulses that control movement

Lens

Transparent disk-shaped structure behind the pupil that adjusts its shape to allow focusing of objects at various distances

Hypothesis

A testable prediction about what you expect the outcome of your experiment to be

Erikson's 8 Stages

Trust vs. Mistrust, autonomy vs. shame & doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, indentity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, ego integrity vs. despair

Mnemonic Devices

Unusual associations; memory tricks

Occipital Lobe

Visual cortex, center of vision Damage= loss of vision, visual hallucinations

Reversibility

Ability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed & returns to their original condition Example: Water-Ice-Water

Positive Reinforcement

A reward to increase the probability that the behavior will be repeated

Trichromatic Theory

3 Types of Cones Red, Green, Blue Cones make millions of colors

Neo-Freudian Beliefs

Controversial but did get followers More emphasis on conscious mind Less emphasis on sex & aggressive motivations

Visual Cliff Experiment

Demonstrates that humans develop a sense of depth perception at a young age

Sensation

Detecting a stimulus from the environment & converting it into neural signals

Humanistic

Emphasizes that people have free will & strive to reach their full potential

Information Processing

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Authoritative

Establish clear rules Positive relationships Explain reasons Take feelings into consideration

Freud

Explored the unconscious & dream analysis

Independent Variable

Factor that is manipulated by the experimenter

Wilhelm Wundt

Father of experimental psychology (1879)

Amygdala

Fear & the memory of fearful experiences Stimulate= extreme fear & emotional memory Memory hook: Amotionally Damaged

Authoritarian

Follow rules without exception Seen not heard "My way or the highway"

Operant Conditioning

Forms an association between behaviors & the resulting events

Negative Reinforcement

Getting rid of a negative consequence by trying to avoid a bad outcome

Chunking

Grouping large amount of info into smaller pieces

Cilia

Hair-like structures that help move things in the body

Recognition

Identify the possible target Example: Multiple Choice

Muller-Lyer Illusion

Illusion with the arrows

Sensory Memory

Immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. Stored for an instant.

Hypothalamus

Master control center for emotion and basic motor skills like eating/drinking. Body temperature, sex drive Memory hook: hungry hungry hypo

Ego

Mediates the demands of the id & superego

Color Blindness

Mostly genetic Red & Green are most common Mostly males

Neuron

Nerve cell that carries messages to & from the brain. Electrical & chemical communication

Interference Theory

New information competes for space in the memory with information already stored

Negative Transfer

Old knowledge interferes with new knowledge

Positive Transfer

Old knowledge is helpful in acquiring new knowledge

Classical Conditioning

One learns to link two or more stimuli & anticipate events

ID

Pleasure principle, demands immediate gratification

Piaget's 4 Stages

Preoperational, concrete, sensorimotor, formal operational

Superego

Provides standards for judgement (the conscience) & for future aspirations

Behaviorism

Psychology should study observable behaviors not consciousness-- environment Key words: behavior, learning, reinforcements, punishments, rewards

Somatosensory Cortex

Receives all sensory input from the body

Extinction

Reinforcers are withheld; frustration or anger; the subject usually gives up

Elaboration

Relating new information to something you already know

Recall

Retrieving information from memory Example: Short answer

Ivan Pavlov

Salivating dog experiment through classical conditioning

Psychology

Scientific study of behaviors & mental processes

BF Skinner

Skinner Box fed food to animals His ideas & theories have influenced education, parenting & business

Frontal Lobe

Speaking, problem solving, personal memory, judgement, impulse control, social behavior, personality contains motor cortex

Thalamus

The final switching station for sensory messages on the way to the cortex. All the senses BUT smell. Memory hook: THE senses (train station)

Central Nervous System

The system of the brain & spinal cord

Split Brain Procedure

The two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the corpus callusom

Acoustic Memory

Things you hear over & over

Perception

When we select, organize, and interpret our sensations