1920's History
Chicago
This city had a reputaion for corruption and criminality due largely to Al Capone's organized crime syndicate.
Palmer and assistant Edgar Hoover targeted against suspicious groups
True
The First Red Scare began with the Bolshevik Russian Revolution
True
The Palmer Raids were a series of raids conducted by the US Department of Justice to capture and deport suspected radical leftists.
True
The Second Red Scare occurred after World War 1 (1939-1945).
True
The first Red Scare focused all about the workers (socialists) revolution and political radicalism
True
Sacco-Vanzetti Case
Two Italian immigrants were convicted of murdering a massachusetts paymaster. There conviction ws attained with litte real evidence and is often seen as an aexample of nativism, racial prejudice and increased racial tensions in the USA>
Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)
Universal Negro Improvement Association Black leader who advocated "black nationalism and financial independence for blacks. He started the "Back to Africa" movement. He believed blacks would not get justice in mostly white nations.
William Jennings Bryan
Voice of old-agrarian population -3 time democratic presidential nominee -Sec. of State for Woodrow Wilson
Violating the people's rights to freedom of speech
What did the opponents of A. Mitchell Palmer accuse his raids of doing?
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
What event sparked the offset of WWI?
Women's Groups
What group is most credited with pushing for the implementation of prohibition laws in the USA?
Allied Powers
What side was the United States on during WWI?
Anarchists, Socialists, Communists
What were the Palmer Raids meant to find and root out?
Jazz and Blues
What were the most popular styles of music in the 1920s?
Forbes Library
Where Coolidge studied for the bar exam
Harlem, New York
Where did many African-Americans move in the 1920s?
Canada
Where did most smuggled alcochol enter the USA from during Prohibition?
Women
Who voted for the first time in the 1920s election?
Grace Goodhue Coolidge
Wife of President Calvin Coolidge
The Forgotten Man
William Graham Sumner -Characterizes Person C who is charged with paying for the reforms of A & B -Forgotten man because we always forget the one who pays
19th Amendment
Women's Suffrage (The Right To Vote)
Admiral Cary Grayson
Woodrow Wilson's physician
1914-1918
Years of WWI
paranoia
an irrational suspiciousness or distrust of others
Palmer Raids
developed as a result of an unexplained bomb explosion on Wall Street
The Emergency Tariff of 1921
increased rates on agricultural products imported to the US, which provided protection for American farmers
Sacco and Vanzetti
infamous court case highlighting the extreme anti-foreign feelings in post World War I America --- case dragged on for 6 years - men were convicted and electrocuted
Scientific Taxation
lowering taxes
anarchist
person who seeks to overturn the established government; advocate of abolishing authority
Fordney - McCumber Tariff of 1922
pushed rates on imports to an all time high - this led to a decline in trade
deport
send out of the country
agitaor
someone who tries to stir up trouble
laissez-faire
supported the idea of a free economy without governmental intervention
alien
those who do not fit in or belong; different; make unfriendly or hostile
John F. Kennedy
"Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country."
CC Quote 1
"Don't expect to build up the weak by pulling down the strong."
Governor James Middleton Cox
"Harding's democratic twin" -Harding's opponent in the 1920 Presidential election
TR
"In any moment of decision, the best thing you can do is the right thing, the next best thing is the wrong thing, and the worst thing you can do is nothing."
CC Quote 2
"Inflation is repudiation. Deflation is assumption"
CC Quote 3
"It is better to kill a bad law than to pass a good one."
FDR Quote #3
"It is common sense to take a method and try it. If it fails, admit it frankly and try another. But above all, try something."
Bruce Barton
"It sometimes seems as if this great silent majority had no spokesman. But Coolidge belong with that crowd, he lives like them, works with them, and understands."
Economic Quote
"Less government in business and more business in government"
CC Quote 5
"Men do not make laws. They do but discover them."
Warren G. Harding Inaugural Quote
"No altered system will work a miracle. Any wild experiment will only add to the confusion. Our best assurance lies in efficient administration of our proven system."
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928
"Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.
Florence Kling DeWolfe Harding
"The Duchess" -Harding's strong willed, older wife
Herbert Hoover
"The Great Engineer" Key member of the Wilson administration
FDR
"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself"
FDR Quote
"The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much it is whether we provide enough for those who have little."
Woodrow Wilson Quote
"The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty."
Herbert Hoover Quote
"We have not yet reached the goal but...we shall soon, with the help of God, be in sight of the day when poverty shall be banished from this nation."
Warren Harding Quote
"We must have a citizenship less concerned about what the government can do for it and more anxious about what it can do for the nation"
CC Quote 4
"When you see 10 troubles rolling down the road, if you don't do anything, 9 of them will roll into a ditch before they get to you."
Federal Reserve Act
(1913) Established Federal Reserve Banking System
Volstead Act
(1919)Carry out requirements of 18th amendment -Prohibited sale, production, transport of alcohol
Budget and Accounting Act
(1921) Established a systematic process for Federal Budgeting -Gave more power to executive branch -Created executive budget office
Adkins v. Children's Hospital
(1923) -Minimum wage for women found unconstitutional for infringement of liberty of contract
Johnson-Reed Act
(1924) -Immigration act that increased quotas for certain nationalities -Included Asian exclusion Act
subversive
(adj.) intended to undermine or overthrow; (n.) one who advocates or attempts to undermine a political system
Who were the key players in this scandal?
- Albert Fall - Warren Harding - Edward Doheny - Harry Sinclair - Harding Administration
What was the resolution or outcome?
- Fall became the first cabinet member to go to jail - Harding became the sixth president to die in office
What were some key episodes or events?
- senate investigation disclose that Doheny and Sinclair bribed fall - Albert Fall leased the government oil reserve at Elk Hill, California to a private company owned by Edward Doheney
Veto of McNary-Haugen Bill
-Coolidge's veto of farm subsidies (1928)
Woodrow Wilson-Thomas Marshall
-Democratic Ticket in 1912 election
Woodrow Wilson-Thomas Marshall
-Democratic Ticket in 1916 election
James Cox-Franklin Roosevelt
-Democratic Ticket in 1920 election
John Davis-Charles Bryan
-Democratic Ticket in 1924 election
Al Smith-Joseph Robinson
-Democratic Ticket in 1928 election
Carrie Fulton Phillips
-German sympathizer -Harding's most dangerous mistress
Eugene Deb
-Imprisoned anti-war Socialist Party ideologue
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
-Italian immigrant anarchists accused of murder and robbery
Marcus Garvey
-Jamaican-born founder of the mass-movement Universal Negro Improvement Association -Self-proclaimed president of Africa
Theodore Roosevelt-Hiram Johnson
-Progressive Ticket in 1912 election
William Howard Taft-Nicholas Butler
-Republican Ticket in 1912 election
Charles Hughes-Charles Fairbanks
-Republican Ticket in 1916 election
Warren Harding-Calvin Coolidge
-Republican Ticket in 1920 election
Calvin Coolidge-Charles Dawes
-Republican Ticket in 1924 election
Herbert Hoover-Charles Curtis
-Republican Ticket in 1928 election
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
-Republican from MA -Despised Woodrow Wilson -Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Josephus Daniels
-Segregationist -Prohibitionist -Woodrow Wilson's Sec of Nav
Senator Hiram W. Johnson
-TR's 1912 running mate
William Gibbs McAdoo
-Wall Street Lawyer and Financier -Woodrow Wilson's son-in-law -Hopes to succeed Wilson
Flappers
1. Smoking 2. Short dresses 3. Bobbed hair 4. Free Spiroted women 5. Lipstick and excessive make up
5 Great Depression Causes
1. There was an over expansion of credit 2. Money was used for speculation/gambling 3. There was a great Mal distribution of wealth 4. Durable goods 5. International Economy
Marcus Garvey
1887-1940, Jamaican Black nationalist leader, active in the US. He founded (1914) the Universal Negro Improvement Association and led the Back-to-Africa movement. Jailed for fraud
Sedition Act
1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government
Roaring Twenties
1920s during which Coolidge served
Immigration Acts, 1921, 1924, Quota System
1921 - Immigration from a specific country was limited to only 3% of that nation's population living in the United States as reported in the 1910 Federal Census. 1924 - The quota of immigrants entering the U.S. was set at 2% of any given nation's residents in the U.S. as reported in the 1890 Federal Census. Immigrants from eastern and southern Europe were most impacted.
When did the Teapot Scandal take place?
1923
Scopes trial, Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan
1925 - Prosecution of Dayton, Tennessee school teacher, John Scopes, for violation of the Butler Act, a Tennessee law forbidding public schools from teaching about evolution. Former Democratic presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan, prosecuted the case, and the famous criminal attorney, Clarence Darrow, defended Scopes. Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but the trial started a shift of public opinion away from Fundamentalism, which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
2Billion dollar loans to provide relief. he helped businesses and insurance companies to create new jobs so that the economy will have money. He gave loans to state governments, but unfortunately it stretched the power of government too much :(.
Kellogg-Brand Pact
62 nations outlaw war
Alfred Thayer Mahan
A United States Navy admiral, geo-strategist, and historian, who has been called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century."
Prohibition
A complete ban on the production of and sale of alcoholic beverages.
Langston Hughes (1902-1967)
A gifted African-American poet, novelist, and playwright, who became one of the foremost interpreters of racial relationships in the United States and the name most often associated with the Harlem Renaissance. Influenced by the Bible, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Walt Whitman, Hughes depicted realistically the ordinary lives of black people.
Teapot Dome Scandal
A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921; became symbolic of the scandals of the Harding administration
communism
A political system in which the government owns all property and dominates all aspects of life in a country.
The Traditional Role of Women
A). --WW1, women-new jobs while men were fighting, but many gave them up as soon as the soldiers returned. -Women voted after the 19th Amendment -Women did not make politics more moral as they had promised to do in their campaign for suffrage, voting most often as their husbands did. -Women still worked in traditional roles, as teachers, nurses, telephone operators, and secretaries. They also continued to be employed as domestic servants, factory workers, and sweatshop laborers. -Working women made less money than their male counterparts (approximately 1/2). B). FLAPPERS WERE THE OPPOSITE: AROUSED OPPOSITION BECAUSE THEY CHALLENGED THE TRADITIONAL ROLES.
Prohibition
A). -As a result of anti-German sentiment and grain shortages during the war years -18th AMENDMENT prohibited the sale AND distribution of alcohol, but not its consumption. -Illegal sources were filling the demand and speakeasies proliferated in cities and ethnic communities. -Neither the federal nor local governments had the manpower to stop this illegal trade or the organized crime that grew as a result of the bootlegging business. -led to the national expansion of the MAFIA especially around the smuggling of beer to urban centers. -Major debate in the 1920's between "WETS" who supported getting rid of the 18th Amendment and "DRYS" who supported the 18th Amendment B). -The twenty-first amendment passed in 1933 repealed the eighteenth amendment and ended prohibition.
The National Origins Acts :
A). -As anti-immigrant sentiment turned to xenophobia, it also resulted in the passage of Congressional legislation that authorized immigration quotas (quotas are fixed numbers/amounts) at 175,000 total immigrants. -Immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe was severely limited and Asians were barred entirely. B). This was a continuation of limitations on immigration from Asia of the nineteenth century established in Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. The National Origins Acts (which fixed these quotas) marked a major turning point toward comprehensively limiting immigration.
Scopes Trial
A). -Conflict between traditional religious beliefs and science also caused anxiety in the 1920s. -Charles Darwin's theory of evolution challenged that belief. The Scopes Trial , also known as the Monkey Trial, was the result of a FUNDAMENTAL Tennessee state law that forbade the teaching of evolution in public schools. -A young biology teacher purposefully defied the law in order to bring a test case, was arrested and defended by the American Civil Liberties Union. B). The clash of two famous lawyers resolved nothing. Although the teacher was fined, both sides believed that they had won the argument
Rise of the "new" Klu Klux Klan :
A). Anti-immigrant sentiment became part of the rationale for a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s. -In 1915, the movie The Birth of a Nation intensified racism against African Americans. The Red Scare added radicals, immigrants, and Catholics to the list of groups targeted by the new Klan. -The business climate of the 1920s also contributed to the Klan's resurgence as they used advertising and business organization to promote membership. -The Klan was now a national organization with a strong following in the small towns and cities of the Midwest as well as in the South. Seeing themselves as a moral regulators, Klansmen targeted bootleggers and gamblers with cross burnings, public beatings and lynching. B). However, Klan leaders involved in sex scandals and corruption undermined these claims to moral leadership and the Klan soon faded from public view.
Fundamentalism
A). Belief in the literal translation of the bible. Many fundamentalists rose up in the 1920's to reduce the impact of 'modern' concepts like Darwin, Freud and other scientists. B). The conflict between social conservatives who advocate conformity to a traditional moral code and liberals who advocate individual rights took place in the 1920s and continues today.
Palmer Raids
A). Named for Woodrow Wilson's Attorney General (Chief Legal Officer), A. Mitcherll Palmer - (chief legal officer of the US)A. Mitchell Palmer led a series of raids on Communist meeting places - As a result, the government arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond. Later hundreds were deported. -The Attorney General predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing fear against dangerous foreigners. B). Resulted in the creation of the FBI to fight subversion at home.
"Traditional"
A). Term that means the way things were and denotes little to no change. B). though "flappers" represented a revolution in manners and dress, most women still were "traditional"
Sacco and Vanzetti
A). Very famous murder trial of two Italian Immigrants who were anarchists. -evidence given at the trial was loosely circumstantial, but prevailing nativism of the 1920's found them convicted in 1927 and led to worldwide protest B). Height of nativism in the 1920's. SHOWS THE EXTENT OF THE RED SCARE!
FIRST Red Scare (Reds =Communists)
A). WW1 Propaganda made NATIVISM worse (intense fear against foreigners). -Workers went on strike, afraid to lose the gains of WW1. -Strikes frightened many Americans-bc of COMMUNISM IN THE SOVIET UNION. -Anarchist bombs exploded in eight American cities in 1919. LED TO FIRST RED SCARE/PALMER RAIDS. B). RESULTED in the loss of civil rights for thousands during the Palmer Raids (THROWN IN STOCKADES).
William Randolph Hearst
America's most controversial press baron -Radical Democrat who opposes the league of nations
Langston Hughes
American Jazz poet and member of the Harlem Renaissance Movement.
Red Scare, Palmer raids
Americans feared Communism associating labor violence with the Russian revolution. 1920 Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer commenced a series of raids in 33 cities, four thousand "Communists" were jailed; some were deported. Communist Party membership declined by 80%.
Secretary of the Treasury Mellon, tax cuts
An American financier, he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Harding in 1921 and served under Coolidge and Hoover. While he was in office, the government reduced the WW I debt by $9 billion and Congress cut income tax rates substantially for the wealthy while ignoring middle-income Americans. He is often called the greatest Secretary of the Treasury after Hamilton.
Ernest Hemingway
An American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris. Also considered part of the "Lost Generation." He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea.
League of Nations
An international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.
A. Mitchell Palmer
Attorney General of the United States during WWI
Ku Klux Klan in the 1920's
Based on the post-Civil War terrorist organization, the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan was founded in Georgia in 1915 by William Simmons to oppose the forces changing America and to fight the growing "influence" of blacks, Jews and Catholics in US society. It experienced phenomenal growth in the 1920's, especially in the Midwest and Ohio Valley States. Its peak membership came in 1924 at three million members, but its reputation for violence led to rapid decline by 1929.
Fundamentalism
Beliefs based on literal interpretations of the Bible.
Lusitania
British Ocean Liner sunk by German U-Boat attacks, triggered the outbreak of WWI.
Plymouth Notch, VT
Calvin Coolidge's birthplace
Black River Academy in Ludlow, VT
Calvin's boarding school
Colonel John and Victoria Coolidge
Calvin's parents
Schenck v. United States
Case decided in 1919 by the U.S. Supreme Court. During World War I, Charles T. Schenck produced a pamphlet maintaining that the military draft was illegal, and was convicted under the Espionage Act of attempting to cause insubordination in the military and to obstruct recruiting.
Where did the Teapot Scandal take place?
Central Wyoming
Northampton, MA
Clavin's home after Amherst where he began his law career
Amherst College
Coolidge attended Amherst College
League of Nations
Coolidge did not advocate this idea
KKK
Coolidge opposed it and did not appoint any known members to office.
Dawes Plan
Coolidge plan to collect war debts
Telegram to Gompers
Coolidge to President of American Federation of Labor Samuel Gompers re: refusal to remove police commissioner of Boston during strike (1919)
30th President
Coolidge was the 30th President
Andrew Mellon
Coolidge's Treasury Secretary
Sarah Coolidge
Coolidge's grandmother
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Coolidge's primary initiative in 1928, said that war should not be used to solve disputes. ( US,UK, France, Italy, Germany, Japan)
Henry Ford
Credited with mastering the assembly line and developing affordable well made automobiles.
Bootlegger
Criminals who trafficked in illegal alcohol.
Seventeenth Amendment
Direct election of Senators (1913)
Forbes Scandal
Director of the Veterans Bureau had pocketed millions of dollars
National Orgins Act
Discriminates against Southern and Eastern Europe
Harding vs. Cox
Election of 1920
21st Amendment
Ended prohobition
Boston Police Strike
Event during his times as Governor of Massachusetts
The Great Gatsby
F. Scott Fitzgerald's most famous book.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
FDR had expanded the government far beyond, he said that Hoover has done too much that he is spending future generations money, but FDR spent MORE MONEY.
Election of 1932
FDR vs Hoover Roosevelt easily won the election because he said "less money", but he spent MORE MONEY than Hoover!
Industrial workers of the world (IWW) did not make several labor strikes
False
People who were not on the IWW side of things thought the press "misrepresented legitimate labor strikes"
False
radical
Favoring drastic political, economic, or social reforms. Favoring drastic political, economic, or social reforms.
Red Scare
Fear of communists that led to increased immigration control.
Espionage Act of 1917
Federal legislation that made it illegal to speak out against the government during World War I
Sinclair Lewis
He gained international fame for his novels attacking the weakness in American society. The first American to win the Nobel Prize for literature, Main Street (1920) was a satire on the dullness and lack of culture in a typical American town. Babbit (1922) focuses on a typical small business person's futile attempts to break loose from the confinements in the life of an American citizen.
Warren G. Harding failures
He surrounded himself with corrupt advisers. There were suicides with some of his closest friends. He died "suddenly" on the way back from Alaska.
Calvin Coolidge
He was elected vice president to Harding, he was a very silent man, and was preciously the governor for Mass. He was awakened in the middle of the night at his fathers house whom he was visiting. His father swore his son in by lamp light. He had a 2nd swearing by the justice of the SC. His son died and so did his joy as a president, so he did not run for re-election.
Herbert Hoover
He was the "Great Humanitarian" He had been responsible for the Belgium relief. He used his money to help others. He said we entered a new hero where everything was based on volunteerism looking to the communities first. If businesses regulate themselves its better.
Warren G. Harding good
His great appeal is that he looked like a president. He promised to return America to "normalcy". He wanted to go back to what was before the war.
Montreal, Canada
Honeymoon destination of the new Mr. and Mrs. Coolidge
Speakeasy
Illegal places where people drank illegal alcohol
18th Amendment
Implemented Prohibition.
Henry L. Mencken
In 1924, founded The American Mercury, which featured works by new writers and much of Mencken's criticism on American taste, culture, and language. He attacked the shallowness and conceit of the American middle class. The Baltimore Sun sent him to cover the Scopes Trial.
sedition
Inciting rebellion against a government, esp. speech or writing that does this
Sixteenth Amendment
Income Tax (1913)
Propaganda
Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
Louis Armstrong
Jazz musician famous as part of the Harlem renaissance.
Scopes Monkey Trial
John T. Scopes was accused of violating the states laws that restricted the teaching of evolution in schools. Clarence Darrow defended the young teacher and William Jennings Bryan prosecuted him.
Selective Service Act
Law that drafted soldiers to fight in World War I
Margaret Sanger
Leading eugenicist who helped develop the Birth control pill.
Winthrop Murray Crane
MA paper company mogul (printed dollar, ruble, and mark)
Charles Lindbergh
Made the first non-stop flight from the US to Paris.
Radio
Major entertainment and information tool found in most homes in the 1920s.
Veto of farm legislation
McNary-Haugen Bill
Nan Britton
Mistress of President Harding; has one of his children
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Most critics regard The Great Gatsby as his finest work. It was written in 1925, and tells of an idealist who is gradually destroyed by the influence of the wealthy, pleasure-seeking people around him.
Babe Ruth
Most famous baseball player of the 1920s.
Heywood Broun
New York Tribune's "in-house radical"
Lindberg Flight
New York to Paris, non stop
Stock Market Crash
Oct. 1929, was greed that lead to a crash. People began to gamble and make lots of money. People began to "buy on the margin" or use credit. Many had to pay what they owe and would have to sell the stock still owing MORE. There became more stalks than buyers waiting to be bought. Over 74BILLION dollars disappeared that was 16THOUSAND PER a PERSON.
Senator Warren Harding
Ohio small town newspaper editor -Future Pres
Palmer Raids
Part of the Red Scare, these were measures to hunt out political radicals and immigrants who were potential threats to American security; led to the arrest of nearly 5,500 people and the deportation of nearly 400.
Nativists
People who are against immigration and immigrants
Dwight Morrow
Personal friend of Coolidge, Amherst man, and advisor of sorts to Coolidge
Militarism
Policy of building up a nations military to prepare for war.
Dawes Plan
Post-WW I depression in Germany left it unable to pay reparation and Germany defaulted on its payments in 1923. In 1924, U.S. Vice President Charles Dawes formulated a plan to allow Germany to make its reparation payments in annual installments.
Warren G. Harding
Preceded Coolidge (29th)
Treaty of Versailles
President Woodrow Wilson's plan to end WWI and create a lasting peace.
Prohibition, Volstead Act, Al Capone
Prohibition - 1919: the 18th Amendment outlawed the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors. Volstead Act, passed in 1919, defined what drinks constituted "intoxicating liquors" under the 18th Amendment, and set penalties for violations of prohibition. Strongly opposed in eastern cities. Al Capone: In Chicago, he was one of the most famous leaders of organized crime of the era.
Carrie Chapman Catt
Prohibitionist -President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association
Zimmerman Telegram
Proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event of the United States' entering World War I against Germany.
Hoover's response to the Depression
Public persuasion and public advertising for others to contribute to people, and for everyone to help their neighbor. 1931 there was a problem with livestock. He was against gibing money to people themselves rather than the livestock because cows do NOT have spirits...
Ronald Reagan
Reagan called Coolidge his favorite 20th century president
Warren Harding
Republican president following WWI. He was elected by promising a return to "Normalcy." His administration was popular but after the president's death it was learned that many scandals plagued the administration.
Washington Disarmament Conference, 1921-1922
Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes met with nine other countries in the nation's capital to discuss limits on naval armaments. They felt that a naval arms race had contributed to the start of WW I. They created quotas for different classes of ships that could be built by each country based on its economic power and size of existing navies. The Conference established a 5-5-3-tonnage ratio on the construction of large ships. It meant that Japan could only have 3 tons of ship for every 5 tons in Britain and the U.S. Britain, the U.S. and Japan agreed to dismantle existing vessels to meet the ratio.
Frank Stearns
Son of American businessman R.H. Stearns and close friend of Coolidge during his road to the Vice Presidency
Westfield Speech
Speech give about respect for the rule of law during the Boston Police Strike (1919)
Herbert Hoover
Succeeded Coolidge (31st)
Anson Morse
Teacher at Amherst who exposed Coolidge to political context and history
Charles Garman
Teacher at Amherst who inspired Coolidge. Taught a mix of politics, philosophy, ethics, and psychology. Younger, with a Dead Poets Society vibe
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was a flowering of African-American social thought and culture based in the African-American community forming in Harlem in New York City. This period, beginning with 1920 and extending roughly to 1940, was expressed through every cultural medium—visual art, dance, music, theatre, literature, poetry, history and politics. Instead of using direct political means, African-American artists, writers, and musicians employed culture to work for goals of civil rights and equality. For the first time, African-American paintings, writings, and jazz became absorbed into mainstream culture and crossed racial lines, creating a lasting legacy.
Harding scandals: Teapot Dome
The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "Teapot Dome" was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which illegally leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation, Daugherty, Denby, and Interior Secretary Albert Fall were forced to resign.
McNary-Haugen Bill, vetoes
The bill was a plan to raise the prices of farm products. The government could buy and sell the commodities at world price and tariff. Surplus sold abroad. Twice Coolidge vetoed it. It was the forerunner of the 1930's agricultural programs.
Reparations
The compensation for war damage paid by a defeated state.
17th Amendment
The direct election of United States Senators
Harlem Renaissance
The great achievement in art, music, literature and learning by African-Americans in the 1920s.
Great Migration
The movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970.
What was the problem associated with this scandal?
The oil reserve was leased to a private oil company
What was the theme/lesson?
The president scandal would repeat itself and every president got caught
Eugenics
The science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.
