1920's History

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Chicago

This city had a reputaion for corruption and criminality due largely to Al Capone's organized crime syndicate.

Palmer and assistant Edgar Hoover targeted against suspicious groups

True

The First Red Scare began with the Bolshevik Russian Revolution

True

The Palmer Raids were a series of raids conducted by the US Department of Justice to capture and deport suspected radical leftists.

True

The Second Red Scare occurred after World War 1 (1939-1945).

True

The first Red Scare focused all about the workers (socialists) revolution and political radicalism

True

Sacco-Vanzetti Case

Two Italian immigrants were convicted of murdering a massachusetts paymaster. There conviction ws attained with litte real evidence and is often seen as an aexample of nativism, racial prejudice and increased racial tensions in the USA>

Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)

Universal Negro Improvement Association Black leader who advocated "black nationalism and financial independence for blacks. He started the "Back to Africa" movement. He believed blacks would not get justice in mostly white nations.

William Jennings Bryan

Voice of old-agrarian population -3 time democratic presidential nominee -Sec. of State for Woodrow Wilson

Violating the people's rights to freedom of speech

What did the opponents of A. Mitchell Palmer accuse his raids of doing?

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

What event sparked the offset of WWI?

Women's Groups

What group is most credited with pushing for the implementation of prohibition laws in the USA?

Allied Powers

What side was the United States on during WWI?

Anarchists, Socialists, Communists

What were the Palmer Raids meant to find and root out?

Jazz and Blues

What were the most popular styles of music in the 1920s?

Forbes Library

Where Coolidge studied for the bar exam

Harlem, New York

Where did many African-Americans move in the 1920s?

Canada

Where did most smuggled alcochol enter the USA from during Prohibition?

Women

Who voted for the first time in the 1920s election?

Grace Goodhue Coolidge

Wife of President Calvin Coolidge

The Forgotten Man

William Graham Sumner -Characterizes Person C who is charged with paying for the reforms of A & B -Forgotten man because we always forget the one who pays

19th Amendment

Women's Suffrage (The Right To Vote)

Admiral Cary Grayson

Woodrow Wilson's physician

1914-1918

Years of WWI

paranoia

an irrational suspiciousness or distrust of others

Palmer Raids

developed as a result of an unexplained bomb explosion on Wall Street

The Emergency Tariff of 1921

increased rates on agricultural products imported to the US, which provided protection for American farmers

Sacco and Vanzetti

infamous court case highlighting the extreme anti-foreign feelings in post World War I America --- case dragged on for 6 years - men were convicted and electrocuted

Scientific Taxation

lowering taxes

anarchist

person who seeks to overturn the established government; advocate of abolishing authority

Fordney - McCumber Tariff of 1922

pushed rates on imports to an all time high - this led to a decline in trade

deport

send out of the country

agitaor

someone who tries to stir up trouble

laissez-faire

supported the idea of a free economy without governmental intervention

alien

those who do not fit in or belong; different; make unfriendly or hostile

John F. Kennedy

"Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country."

CC Quote 1

"Don't expect to build up the weak by pulling down the strong."

Governor James Middleton Cox

"Harding's democratic twin" -Harding's opponent in the 1920 Presidential election

TR

"In any moment of decision, the best thing you can do is the right thing, the next best thing is the wrong thing, and the worst thing you can do is nothing."

CC Quote 2

"Inflation is repudiation. Deflation is assumption"

CC Quote 3

"It is better to kill a bad law than to pass a good one."

FDR Quote #3

"It is common sense to take a method and try it. If it fails, admit it frankly and try another. But above all, try something."

Bruce Barton

"It sometimes seems as if this great silent majority had no spokesman. But Coolidge belong with that crowd, he lives like them, works with them, and understands."

Economic Quote

"Less government in business and more business in government"

CC Quote 5

"Men do not make laws. They do but discover them."

Warren G. Harding Inaugural Quote

"No altered system will work a miracle. Any wild experiment will only add to the confusion. Our best assurance lies in efficient administration of our proven system."

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928

"Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.

Florence Kling DeWolfe Harding

"The Duchess" -Harding's strong willed, older wife

Herbert Hoover

"The Great Engineer" Key member of the Wilson administration

FDR

"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself"

FDR Quote

"The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much it is whether we provide enough for those who have little."

Woodrow Wilson Quote

"The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty."

Herbert Hoover Quote

"We have not yet reached the goal but...we shall soon, with the help of God, be in sight of the day when poverty shall be banished from this nation."

Warren Harding Quote

"We must have a citizenship less concerned about what the government can do for it and more anxious about what it can do for the nation"

CC Quote 4

"When you see 10 troubles rolling down the road, if you don't do anything, 9 of them will roll into a ditch before they get to you."

Federal Reserve Act

(1913) Established Federal Reserve Banking System

Volstead Act

(1919)Carry out requirements of 18th amendment -Prohibited sale, production, transport of alcohol

Budget and Accounting Act

(1921) Established a systematic process for Federal Budgeting -Gave more power to executive branch -Created executive budget office

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

(1923) -Minimum wage for women found unconstitutional for infringement of liberty of contract

Johnson-Reed Act

(1924) -Immigration act that increased quotas for certain nationalities -Included Asian exclusion Act

subversive

(adj.) intended to undermine or overthrow; (n.) one who advocates or attempts to undermine a political system

Who were the key players in this scandal?

- Albert Fall - Warren Harding - Edward Doheny - Harry Sinclair - Harding Administration

What was the resolution or outcome?

- Fall became the first cabinet member to go to jail - Harding became the sixth president to die in office

What were some key episodes or events?

- senate investigation disclose that Doheny and Sinclair bribed fall - Albert Fall leased the government oil reserve at Elk Hill, California to a private company owned by Edward Doheney

Veto of McNary-Haugen Bill

-Coolidge's veto of farm subsidies (1928)

Woodrow Wilson-Thomas Marshall

-Democratic Ticket in 1912 election

Woodrow Wilson-Thomas Marshall

-Democratic Ticket in 1916 election

James Cox-Franklin Roosevelt

-Democratic Ticket in 1920 election

John Davis-Charles Bryan

-Democratic Ticket in 1924 election

Al Smith-Joseph Robinson

-Democratic Ticket in 1928 election

Carrie Fulton Phillips

-German sympathizer -Harding's most dangerous mistress

Eugene Deb

-Imprisoned anti-war Socialist Party ideologue

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

-Italian immigrant anarchists accused of murder and robbery

Marcus Garvey

-Jamaican-born founder of the mass-movement Universal Negro Improvement Association -Self-proclaimed president of Africa

Theodore Roosevelt-Hiram Johnson

-Progressive Ticket in 1912 election

William Howard Taft-Nicholas Butler

-Republican Ticket in 1912 election

Charles Hughes-Charles Fairbanks

-Republican Ticket in 1916 election

Warren Harding-Calvin Coolidge

-Republican Ticket in 1920 election

Calvin Coolidge-Charles Dawes

-Republican Ticket in 1924 election

Herbert Hoover-Charles Curtis

-Republican Ticket in 1928 election

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge

-Republican from MA -Despised Woodrow Wilson -Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee

Josephus Daniels

-Segregationist -Prohibitionist -Woodrow Wilson's Sec of Nav

Senator Hiram W. Johnson

-TR's 1912 running mate

William Gibbs McAdoo

-Wall Street Lawyer and Financier -Woodrow Wilson's son-in-law -Hopes to succeed Wilson

Flappers

1. Smoking 2. Short dresses 3. Bobbed hair 4. Free Spiroted women 5. Lipstick and excessive make up

5 Great Depression Causes

1. There was an over expansion of credit 2. Money was used for speculation/gambling 3. There was a great Mal distribution of wealth 4. Durable goods 5. International Economy

Marcus Garvey

1887-1940, Jamaican Black nationalist leader, active in the US. He founded (1914) the Universal Negro Improvement Association and led the Back-to-Africa movement. Jailed for fraud

Sedition Act

1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government

Roaring Twenties

1920s during which Coolidge served

Immigration Acts, 1921, 1924, Quota System

1921 - Immigration from a specific country was limited to only 3% of that nation's population living in the United States as reported in the 1910 Federal Census. 1924 - The quota of immigrants entering the U.S. was set at 2% of any given nation's residents in the U.S. as reported in the 1890 Federal Census. Immigrants from eastern and southern Europe were most impacted.

When did the Teapot Scandal take place?

1923

Scopes trial, Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan

1925 - Prosecution of Dayton, Tennessee school teacher, John Scopes, for violation of the Butler Act, a Tennessee law forbidding public schools from teaching about evolution. Former Democratic presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan, prosecuted the case, and the famous criminal attorney, Clarence Darrow, defended Scopes. Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but the trial started a shift of public opinion away from Fundamentalism, which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

2Billion dollar loans to provide relief. he helped businesses and insurance companies to create new jobs so that the economy will have money. He gave loans to state governments, but unfortunately it stretched the power of government too much :(.

Kellogg-Brand Pact

62 nations outlaw war

Alfred Thayer Mahan

A United States Navy admiral, geo-strategist, and historian, who has been called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century."

Prohibition

A complete ban on the production of and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Langston Hughes (1902-1967)

A gifted African-American poet, novelist, and playwright, who became one of the foremost interpreters of racial relationships in the United States and the name most often associated with the Harlem Renaissance. Influenced by the Bible, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Walt Whitman, Hughes depicted realistically the ordinary lives of black people.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921; became symbolic of the scandals of the Harding administration

communism

A political system in which the government owns all property and dominates all aspects of life in a country.

The Traditional Role of Women

A). --WW1, women-new jobs while men were fighting, but many gave them up as soon as the soldiers returned. -Women voted after the 19th Amendment -Women did not make politics more moral as they had promised to do in their campaign for suffrage, voting most often as their husbands did. -Women still worked in traditional roles, as teachers, nurses, telephone operators, and secretaries. They also continued to be employed as domestic servants, factory workers, and sweatshop laborers. -Working women made less money than their male counterparts (approximately 1/2). B). FLAPPERS WERE THE OPPOSITE: AROUSED OPPOSITION BECAUSE THEY CHALLENGED THE TRADITIONAL ROLES.

Prohibition

A). -As a result of anti-German sentiment and grain shortages during the war years -18th AMENDMENT prohibited the sale AND distribution of alcohol, but not its consumption. -Illegal sources were filling the demand and speakeasies proliferated in cities and ethnic communities. -Neither the federal nor local governments had the manpower to stop this illegal trade or the organized crime that grew as a result of the bootlegging business. -led to the national expansion of the MAFIA especially around the smuggling of beer to urban centers. -Major debate in the 1920's between "WETS" who supported getting rid of the 18th Amendment and "DRYS" who supported the 18th Amendment B). -The twenty-first amendment passed in 1933 repealed the eighteenth amendment and ended prohibition.

The National Origins Acts :

A). -As anti-immigrant sentiment turned to xenophobia, it also resulted in the passage of Congressional legislation that authorized immigration quotas (quotas are fixed numbers/amounts) at 175,000 total immigrants. -Immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe was severely limited and Asians were barred entirely. B). This was a continuation of limitations on immigration from Asia of the nineteenth century established in Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. The National Origins Acts (which fixed these quotas) marked a major turning point toward comprehensively limiting immigration.

Scopes Trial

A). -Conflict between traditional religious beliefs and science also caused anxiety in the 1920s. -Charles Darwin's theory of evolution challenged that belief. The Scopes Trial , also known as the Monkey Trial, was the result of a FUNDAMENTAL Tennessee state law that forbade the teaching of evolution in public schools. -A young biology teacher purposefully defied the law in order to bring a test case, was arrested and defended by the American Civil Liberties Union. B). The clash of two famous lawyers resolved nothing. Although the teacher was fined, both sides believed that they had won the argument

Rise of the "new" Klu Klux Klan :

A). Anti-immigrant sentiment became part of the rationale for a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s. -In 1915, the movie The Birth of a Nation intensified racism against African Americans. The Red Scare added radicals, immigrants, and Catholics to the list of groups targeted by the new Klan. -The business climate of the 1920s also contributed to the Klan's resurgence as they used advertising and business organization to promote membership. -The Klan was now a national organization with a strong following in the small towns and cities of the Midwest as well as in the South. Seeing themselves as a moral regulators, Klansmen targeted bootleggers and gamblers with cross burnings, public beatings and lynching. B). However, Klan leaders involved in sex scandals and corruption undermined these claims to moral leadership and the Klan soon faded from public view.

Fundamentalism

A). Belief in the literal translation of the bible. Many fundamentalists rose up in the 1920's to reduce the impact of 'modern' concepts like Darwin, Freud and other scientists. B). The conflict between social conservatives who advocate conformity to a traditional moral code and liberals who advocate individual rights took place in the 1920s and continues today.

Palmer Raids

A). Named for Woodrow Wilson's Attorney General (Chief Legal Officer), A. Mitcherll Palmer - (chief legal officer of the US)A. Mitchell Palmer led a series of raids on Communist meeting places - As a result, the government arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond. Later hundreds were deported. -The Attorney General predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing fear against dangerous foreigners. B). Resulted in the creation of the FBI to fight subversion at home.

"Traditional"

A). Term that means the way things were and denotes little to no change. B). though "flappers" represented a revolution in manners and dress, most women still were "traditional"

Sacco and Vanzetti

A). Very famous murder trial of two Italian Immigrants who were anarchists. -evidence given at the trial was loosely circumstantial, but prevailing nativism of the 1920's found them convicted in 1927 and led to worldwide protest B). Height of nativism in the 1920's. SHOWS THE EXTENT OF THE RED SCARE!

FIRST Red Scare (Reds =Communists)

A). WW1 Propaganda made NATIVISM worse (intense fear against foreigners). -Workers went on strike, afraid to lose the gains of WW1. -Strikes frightened many Americans-bc of COMMUNISM IN THE SOVIET UNION. -Anarchist bombs exploded in eight American cities in 1919. LED TO FIRST RED SCARE/PALMER RAIDS. B). RESULTED in the loss of civil rights for thousands during the Palmer Raids (THROWN IN STOCKADES).

William Randolph Hearst

America's most controversial press baron -Radical Democrat who opposes the league of nations

Langston Hughes

American Jazz poet and member of the Harlem Renaissance Movement.

Red Scare, Palmer raids

Americans feared Communism associating labor violence with the Russian revolution. 1920 Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer commenced a series of raids in 33 cities, four thousand "Communists" were jailed; some were deported. Communist Party membership declined by 80%.

Secretary of the Treasury Mellon, tax cuts

An American financier, he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Harding in 1921 and served under Coolidge and Hoover. While he was in office, the government reduced the WW I debt by $9 billion and Congress cut income tax rates substantially for the wealthy while ignoring middle-income Americans. He is often called the greatest Secretary of the Treasury after Hamilton.

Ernest Hemingway

An American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris. Also considered part of the "Lost Generation." He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea.

League of Nations

An international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General of the United States during WWI

Ku Klux Klan in the 1920's

Based on the post-Civil War terrorist organization, the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan was founded in Georgia in 1915 by William Simmons to oppose the forces changing America and to fight the growing "influence" of blacks, Jews and Catholics in US society. It experienced phenomenal growth in the 1920's, especially in the Midwest and Ohio Valley States. Its peak membership came in 1924 at three million members, but its reputation for violence led to rapid decline by 1929.

Fundamentalism

Beliefs based on literal interpretations of the Bible.

Lusitania

British Ocean Liner sunk by German U-Boat attacks, triggered the outbreak of WWI.

Plymouth Notch, VT

Calvin Coolidge's birthplace

Black River Academy in Ludlow, VT

Calvin's boarding school

Colonel John and Victoria Coolidge

Calvin's parents

Schenck v. United States

Case decided in 1919 by the U.S. Supreme Court. During World War I, Charles T. Schenck produced a pamphlet maintaining that the military draft was illegal, and was convicted under the Espionage Act of attempting to cause insubordination in the military and to obstruct recruiting.

Where did the Teapot Scandal take place?

Central Wyoming

Northampton, MA

Clavin's home after Amherst where he began his law career

Amherst College

Coolidge attended Amherst College

League of Nations

Coolidge did not advocate this idea

KKK

Coolidge opposed it and did not appoint any known members to office.

Dawes Plan

Coolidge plan to collect war debts

Telegram to Gompers

Coolidge to President of American Federation of Labor Samuel Gompers re: refusal to remove police commissioner of Boston during strike (1919)

30th President

Coolidge was the 30th President

Andrew Mellon

Coolidge's Treasury Secretary

Sarah Coolidge

Coolidge's grandmother

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge's primary initiative in 1928, said that war should not be used to solve disputes. ( US,UK, France, Italy, Germany, Japan)

Henry Ford

Credited with mastering the assembly line and developing affordable well made automobiles.

Bootlegger

Criminals who trafficked in illegal alcohol.

Seventeenth Amendment

Direct election of Senators (1913)

Forbes Scandal

Director of the Veterans Bureau had pocketed millions of dollars

National Orgins Act

Discriminates against Southern and Eastern Europe

Harding vs. Cox

Election of 1920

21st Amendment

Ended prohobition

Boston Police Strike

Event during his times as Governor of Massachusetts

The Great Gatsby

F. Scott Fitzgerald's most famous book.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

FDR had expanded the government far beyond, he said that Hoover has done too much that he is spending future generations money, but FDR spent MORE MONEY.

Election of 1932

FDR vs Hoover Roosevelt easily won the election because he said "less money", but he spent MORE MONEY than Hoover!

Industrial workers of the world (IWW) did not make several labor strikes

False

People who were not on the IWW side of things thought the press "misrepresented legitimate labor strikes"

False

radical

Favoring drastic political, economic, or social reforms. Favoring drastic political, economic, or social reforms.

Red Scare

Fear of communists that led to increased immigration control.

Espionage Act of 1917

Federal legislation that made it illegal to speak out against the government during World War I

Sinclair Lewis

He gained international fame for his novels attacking the weakness in American society. The first American to win the Nobel Prize for literature, Main Street (1920) was a satire on the dullness and lack of culture in a typical American town. Babbit (1922) focuses on a typical small business person's futile attempts to break loose from the confinements in the life of an American citizen.

Warren G. Harding failures

He surrounded himself with corrupt advisers. There were suicides with some of his closest friends. He died "suddenly" on the way back from Alaska.

Calvin Coolidge

He was elected vice president to Harding, he was a very silent man, and was preciously the governor for Mass. He was awakened in the middle of the night at his fathers house whom he was visiting. His father swore his son in by lamp light. He had a 2nd swearing by the justice of the SC. His son died and so did his joy as a president, so he did not run for re-election.

Herbert Hoover

He was the "Great Humanitarian" He had been responsible for the Belgium relief. He used his money to help others. He said we entered a new hero where everything was based on volunteerism looking to the communities first. If businesses regulate themselves its better.

Warren G. Harding good

His great appeal is that he looked like a president. He promised to return America to "normalcy". He wanted to go back to what was before the war.

Montreal, Canada

Honeymoon destination of the new Mr. and Mrs. Coolidge

Speakeasy

Illegal places where people drank illegal alcohol

18th Amendment

Implemented Prohibition.

Henry L. Mencken

In 1924, founded The American Mercury, which featured works by new writers and much of Mencken's criticism on American taste, culture, and language. He attacked the shallowness and conceit of the American middle class. The Baltimore Sun sent him to cover the Scopes Trial.

sedition

Inciting rebellion against a government, esp. speech or writing that does this

Sixteenth Amendment

Income Tax (1913)

Propaganda

Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Louis Armstrong

Jazz musician famous as part of the Harlem renaissance.

Scopes Monkey Trial

John T. Scopes was accused of violating the states laws that restricted the teaching of evolution in schools. Clarence Darrow defended the young teacher and William Jennings Bryan prosecuted him.

Selective Service Act

Law that drafted soldiers to fight in World War I

Margaret Sanger

Leading eugenicist who helped develop the Birth control pill.

Winthrop Murray Crane

MA paper company mogul (printed dollar, ruble, and mark)

Charles Lindbergh

Made the first non-stop flight from the US to Paris.

Radio

Major entertainment and information tool found in most homes in the 1920s.

Veto of farm legislation

McNary-Haugen Bill

Nan Britton

Mistress of President Harding; has one of his children

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Most critics regard The Great Gatsby as his finest work. It was written in 1925, and tells of an idealist who is gradually destroyed by the influence of the wealthy, pleasure-seeking people around him.

Babe Ruth

Most famous baseball player of the 1920s.

Heywood Broun

New York Tribune's "in-house radical"

Lindberg Flight

New York to Paris, non stop

Stock Market Crash

Oct. 1929, was greed that lead to a crash. People began to gamble and make lots of money. People began to "buy on the margin" or use credit. Many had to pay what they owe and would have to sell the stock still owing MORE. There became more stalks than buyers waiting to be bought. Over 74BILLION dollars disappeared that was 16THOUSAND PER a PERSON.

Senator Warren Harding

Ohio small town newspaper editor -Future Pres

Palmer Raids

Part of the Red Scare, these were measures to hunt out political radicals and immigrants who were potential threats to American security; led to the arrest of nearly 5,500 people and the deportation of nearly 400.

Nativists

People who are against immigration and immigrants

Dwight Morrow

Personal friend of Coolidge, Amherst man, and advisor of sorts to Coolidge

Militarism

Policy of building up a nations military to prepare for war.

Dawes Plan

Post-WW I depression in Germany left it unable to pay reparation and Germany defaulted on its payments in 1923. In 1924, U.S. Vice President Charles Dawes formulated a plan to allow Germany to make its reparation payments in annual installments.

Warren G. Harding

Preceded Coolidge (29th)

Treaty of Versailles

President Woodrow Wilson's plan to end WWI and create a lasting peace.

Prohibition, Volstead Act, Al Capone

Prohibition - 1919: the 18th Amendment outlawed the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors. Volstead Act, passed in 1919, defined what drinks constituted "intoxicating liquors" under the 18th Amendment, and set penalties for violations of prohibition. Strongly opposed in eastern cities. Al Capone: In Chicago, he was one of the most famous leaders of organized crime of the era.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Prohibitionist -President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association

Zimmerman Telegram

Proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event of the United States' entering World War I against Germany.

Hoover's response to the Depression

Public persuasion and public advertising for others to contribute to people, and for everyone to help their neighbor. 1931 there was a problem with livestock. He was against gibing money to people themselves rather than the livestock because cows do NOT have spirits...

Ronald Reagan

Reagan called Coolidge his favorite 20th century president

Warren Harding

Republican president following WWI. He was elected by promising a return to "Normalcy." His administration was popular but after the president's death it was learned that many scandals plagued the administration.

Washington Disarmament Conference, 1921-1922

Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes met with nine other countries in the nation's capital to discuss limits on naval armaments. They felt that a naval arms race had contributed to the start of WW I. They created quotas for different classes of ships that could be built by each country based on its economic power and size of existing navies. The Conference established a 5-5-3-tonnage ratio on the construction of large ships. It meant that Japan could only have 3 tons of ship for every 5 tons in Britain and the U.S. Britain, the U.S. and Japan agreed to dismantle existing vessels to meet the ratio.

Frank Stearns

Son of American businessman R.H. Stearns and close friend of Coolidge during his road to the Vice Presidency

Westfield Speech

Speech give about respect for the rule of law during the Boston Police Strike (1919)

Herbert Hoover

Succeeded Coolidge (31st)

Anson Morse

Teacher at Amherst who exposed Coolidge to political context and history

Charles Garman

Teacher at Amherst who inspired Coolidge. Taught a mix of politics, philosophy, ethics, and psychology. Younger, with a Dead Poets Society vibe

Harlem Renaissance

The Harlem Renaissance was a flowering of African-American social thought and culture based in the African-American community forming in Harlem in New York City. This period, beginning with 1920 and extending roughly to 1940, was expressed through every cultural medium—visual art, dance, music, theatre, literature, poetry, history and politics. Instead of using direct political means, African-American artists, writers, and musicians employed culture to work for goals of civil rights and equality. For the first time, African-American paintings, writings, and jazz became absorbed into mainstream culture and crossed racial lines, creating a lasting legacy.

Harding scandals: Teapot Dome

The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "Teapot Dome" was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which illegally leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation, Daugherty, Denby, and Interior Secretary Albert Fall were forced to resign.

McNary-Haugen Bill, vetoes

The bill was a plan to raise the prices of farm products. The government could buy and sell the commodities at world price and tariff. Surplus sold abroad. Twice Coolidge vetoed it. It was the forerunner of the 1930's agricultural programs.

Reparations

The compensation for war damage paid by a defeated state.

17th Amendment

The direct election of United States Senators

Harlem Renaissance

The great achievement in art, music, literature and learning by African-Americans in the 1920s.

Great Migration

The movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970.

What was the problem associated with this scandal?

The oil reserve was leased to a private oil company

What was the theme/lesson?

The president scandal would repeat itself and every president got caught

Eugenics

The science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.


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