Early US History

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

(1676 to 1677) An uprising of largely poor settlers in Virginia led by wealthy British colonist Nathaniel Bacon against Virginian governor William Berkeley. The uprising occurred after the governor refused to forcibly remove Native Americans from Virginia in an attempt to avoid a war against Native tribes. This is often considered to be an early sign that a struggle for independence from Britain was looming.

Florida Purchase Treaty / Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Reconstruction Era

(1865-1877) Period after the Civil War during which Northern political leaders created plans for the governance of the South and a procedure for former Southern states to rejoin the Union; Southern resentment of this era lasted well into the twentieth century.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK) (1920's)

Hate group that blamed national problems on immigrants, played on fears of political radicals, and unite the white population against African-Americans

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

Jim Crow laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Radical Reconstruction began, 1867

Radical Republicans won a victory in the 1866 congressional midterm elections giving them a huge veto-proof (over 2/3rds). Congress decided that they, not President Johnson (who was a pro-Southern racist that opposed helping freedmen), would handle reconstruction and refused to admit states under Johnson's plan. In March 1867 Congress passed, over President Johnson's veto, several Reconstruction acts. Placed the South under martial law (military rule) and soon passed the 14th (citizenship for freedmen) and 15th amendments (suffrage for freedmen)

Lakota tribe

People are part of a confederation of seven related Sioux tribes, who speak Lakota. They are also known as Teton, or Titunwan, meaning "prairie dwellers"

Protestant Separatists

Pilgrims who wanted to get away from the Church of England; established Plymouth Colony

Stamp Act of 1765

Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies colonists: This affected the most influential colonists: lawyers, publishers, landowners, shipbuilders, and merchants. Representatives from each colony came together in the Stamp Act Congress to formally protest the tax

John Locke (1632-1704)

Political theorist who defended the Glorious Revolution with the argument that all people are born with certain natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

President Polk provoked this war by ordering U.S. troops into disputed territory between Texas and Mexico. The U.S. won the war and vastly increased its territory.

The Sons of Liberty played a major role in protesting which of the following?

Stamp Act of 1765

Federalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.

Dred Scott Case (1857)

Supreme Court ruling that declared slaves were not citizens of the United States.

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820)

Temporary truce over slavery issue, 3 parts: MO added as a slave state, ME added as a free state, above 36°30' line = free, below = slave

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

The sweeping social, economic, and political reforms passed by Republicans in Congress

Which of the following best explains the importance of the Battle of Saratoga?

The victory in Saratoga convinced the French to support the Americans.

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

In 1767, colonists organized boycotts and established the first non-importation agreement to reduce British tax revenue in response to which of the following?

Townshend Acts

Treaty of 1818

Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.

The Articles of Confederation lacked which of the following major provisions, which led to their eventual replacement?

a central government that held supremacy over the states

Which of the following was NOT a challenge faced by leaders of the early American Republic?

a new population of freed slaves *Slavery continued to be practiced in the new United States as it had in the colonies. A sudden increase in the population of freed slaves would not become a national issue until after the Civil War

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted US citizenship. The act was an attempt to destroy Indian culture and the unity of the tribe and make each Native American head of household more like the White citizen/farmers.

Fifteenth Amendments

an U.S constitution 1870 prohibits the denial of voting rights to people their race or color because have previously been slave

The Homestead Act of 1862 refers to which of the following?

an act offering inexpensive or free land to settlers in the West

Town Hall Government

started in northern colonies chruch members made descions restriction of chruch membership laws changed as colonies changed

nullification doctrine

states have the right to declare national laws or actions null and void. John C. Calhoun (1860s) If Congress makes decision to ban slavery; the states have the right to declare that unconstitutional, null and void.

Townshend Act (1767-1770)

taxes on paper, paint, glass, lead, tea Colonial There were widespread protests Parliament repealed all of the taxes except the one on tea.

The California Gold Rush resulted in all of the following EXCEPT:

the American economy experiencing rapid inflation due to the influx of gold.

San Francisco grew from a backwater settlement to a major city of the American West due to which of the following?

Gold Rush

Quartering Act of 1765

Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties. colonists: Led first by New York, the colonies refused to comply with the act. Almost all the colonies found a way to circumvent the act by providing funds for the housing and feeding of soldiers via their legislatures.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Gave federal government authority in cases involving runaway slaves; aroused considerable opposition in the North.

Homestead Act of 1862

Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects

Which of the following best describes the situation of African Americans in the South in the years immediately following the Civil War?

African Americans continued to face discrimination and segregation despite the end of slavery.

Missouri Compromise Line

A line located at 36 degrees 30'; according to the Missouri Compromise, states south of this line inducted into the union would be slave states; states above the parallel would be free states.

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)

16th President

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

During the era of Reconstruction in the South after the Civil War, carpetbagger was a term usually associated with which of the following?

A northerner migrating to the South in the hopes of investing and capitalizing on economic opportunities after the Civil War

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Confederate States of America

A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Which of the following was not an effect of the Homestead Act?

18,000 Cherokee people died during an illegal and forced relocation to make room for settlement by white Americans

Seminole Indian Wars

A series of wars in Florida between the US and the Seminole Native Americans. Resulted in Seminole being pushed out of their homelands into the Everglades or West of the Mississippi.

sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Indentured Servitude

A contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specified period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is voluntary entered into.

Bureau of Indian Affairs (1836)

A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans

Sons of Liberty

A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

After the Union victory at Antietam, Sep. 23, 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which declared slaves free in territories still in rebellion. Did not apply to border slave states because Lincoln feared it would push them into CSA, also felt he could only free slaves as a war measure under his power as commander-in-chief. However, hearing of this many slaves fled to Union armies, and this turned federal forces into armies of liberation (also made European intervention for South much less likely since Europe was anti-slavery)

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

Which of the following best describes the reaction from colonists to the Quartering Act of 1765?

Almost all of the colonies evaded the requirements of the act.

The American Revolution of 1776

Also know as the The War for Independence Political revolution that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which rebels in Thirteen American Colonies rejected monarchy and aristocracy in a revolutionary move, overthrew the authority of Britain, and founded the United States of America

Common Sense by Thomas Paine helped inspire which of the following?

American Revolution

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Henry Clay

American lawyer and statesman. Masterminded the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. Sometimes called the Great Pacificator or the Great Compromiser.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Sugar Act of 1764

An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies. The colonists were generally outrages Some small protests and boycotts were organized, and the Act received a great deal of negative press.

Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska

Boston Massacre of 1770

An incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them; five colonists were killed. *Historical Significance:* Boston's radicals used to incident to wage an Anti-British propaganda war.

Which US President oversaw Reconstruction?

Andrew Johnson

Which of the following battles resulted in the surrender of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and the subsequent end of the Civil War?

Appomattox Courthouse

Which of the following best describes the concept of Manifest Destiny?

God's will for America was the stretch from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean

A social studies teacher wants to introduce a unit on the historical context of the writing of the United States Constitution. Which of the following would be the most appropriate introductory topic?

Articles of Confederation

Battle of Appomattox Court House

Assoc.w/ the end of the Civil War Robert E. Lee (C) surrendered his Army to Ulysses Grant at The Battle of Appomattox Court House

What of the following was considered the turning point of the American Revolution?

Battle of Saratoga

Manifest Destiny (1840s and 1850s)

Belief that the United States was destined by God to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America. Served as a justification for mid-nineteenth-century expansionism.

Which of the following caused the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774?

Boston Tea Party

Which of the following correctly describes a way in which British colonies differed from Spanish colonies?

British colonies operated with more independence from the crown than Spanish colonies.

Between 1849 and 1852, nearly 250,000 people migrated to California. Which was the primary cause of this large migration?

California Gold Rush

Which two of the following were included among the results of the Compromise of 1850? Select all answers that apply.

California was admitted into the Union as a free state the slave trade was abolished in the capital

First Continental Congress

Colonists began to unify by sending representatives to voice opposition to the Intolerable Acts and the violation of the right of self-governance

Second Continental Congress (May 1775)

Convention of delegates from all 13 colonies and they issued both the Declaration of the Necessity of Taking Up Arms and the Olive Branch Petition, both written by John Dickinson, concluded with a formation of a plan to form an army and navy with George Washington as commander-in-chief as well as attempting to raise funds

First Continental Congress (1774)

Convention of delegates from the colonies called in to discuss their response to the passage of the Intolerable Acts

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

three-fifths compromise (1787)

Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states.

Wilmot Proviso (1846 and 1847)

During the Mexican War, this Northern proposal suggested bringing any land gained from Mexico into the Union as free states. It was defeated in the Senate, but the debate over it showed the fragmentation of the Democratic and Whig parties, and broke the tradition of Congress ignoring the issue of slavery.

Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)

Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

Which best describes the Emancipation Proclamation?

Freed slaves in those states that were fighting against the U.S. Government

Which of the following most correctly explains a key conflict between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists regarding the ratification of the U.S. Constitution?

Federalists wanted a strong central government while Anti-Federalists sought to preserve power in the individual states.

Articles of Confederation (1781)

First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789.

What was the colonists' response to the Intolerable Acts?

First Continental Congress

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey.

Secession

Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation

In April of 1861, Confederate soldiers officially began the Civil War by attacking:

Fort Sumter

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Four statutes known as Reconstruction Acts following the Civil War. They created five military districts in the seceded states; each district was headed by a military official empowered to appoint state officials; voters (whites and freed blacks) were to be registered; states were to draft new constitutions providing for black male suffrage; states were required to ratify the 14th Amendment.

Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from:

France

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

He became a well-known printer in Philadelphia and an active leader in the city. He published Poor Richard's Almanack between 1732 and 1758 and his Autobiography in 1818. He was a member of the committee which wrote the Declaration of Independence but spent most of the period of the American Revolution in France. He negotiated the alliance with France and then the Treaty of Paris which ended the war. He also participated in the U.S. Constitutional Convention in 1787, and earned distinction as the oldest delegate in attendance. His many talents earned him a reputation as "the first civilized American." In addition to his political activities, he supported education and was considered a gifted scientist without peer in the colonies. He proved that lightning was a form of electricity, a discovery that earned him international fame.

Robert E. Lee (1807-1870)

He gained recognition for his military leadership during the Civil War. A soldier who graduated second in his class at West Point, he served in the Mexican War and worked as an engineer with the Army Corps of Engineers. When the South seceded, Lincoln offered him the command of Union forces but he refused, resigned from the U.S. Army, and returned to Virginia to serve with the Confederate forces. In 1862 he was appointed to command the Army of Northern Virginia. His battle strategies are admired to this day, but he was criticized for having a narrow strategy centered on his native Virginia. He surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865. Following the war he urged southerners to pledge allegiance to the north and rebuild the nation.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Held that Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty; ignored by the Jackson administration.

universal white male suffrage

Idea that as US democracy progressed voting restrictions on white males were eased allowing Jackson's popularity in the election of 1824 and finally his victory in the Election of 1828

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

In 1793, President George Washington issued a proclamation the U.S. would remain neutral in the war between Britain and France

How did the Louisiana Purchase positively affect the growth and development of the United States?

It allowed Americans to explore and settle the lands between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.

In what way did the Wilmot Proviso worsen sectionalism?

It favored the desires of northern states over those of southern states.

Which of the following statements is a fact about the Freedmen's Bureau?

It helped newly-freed Black Americans gain access to education and work opportunities

Tea Act of 1773

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Which of the following limited the success of Reconstruction efforts? Select all answers that apply.

Jim Crow laws and Plessy v. Ferguson

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution Did not allow the colonies in the Proclamation of 1763; from migrating to the land west of the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio River Valley

First Continental Congress (1774)

Met to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts; adopted the *Declaration and Resolves* in which they: Declared the Intolerable Acts null and void. Recommended that colonists arm themselves and that militias be formed. Recommended a boycott of British imports.

Which of the following was an effect of the Homestead Act of 1862?

Millions of new farms were created.

In an attempt to strike a compromise between pro- and anti-slavery states and avoid a civil war, the federal government passed five separate bills, each with a different purpose. This package was called the Compromise of 1850. Which of the following was not part of the Compromise?

Missouri was added to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

Bank of the United States (1791)

National bank responsible for holding and transferring federal government funds, making business loans, and issuing a national currency.

Jacksonian Era

One of the most colorful periods in the history of American politics, this era was a time during which sectional differences (states' rights, protective tariffs, and national bank) disrupted America's spirit of unity.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

The American Revolution was fomented by colonists' desire for which of the following?

Representation in Parliament

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Required citizens in any state to assist in the capture and return of runaway enslaved people

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

Set up to help freedmen and white refugees after Civil War. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education. First to establish schools for blacks to learn to read as thousands of teachers from the north came south to help. Lasted from 1865-72. Attacked by KKK and other southerners as "carpetbaggers" Encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged freed Blacks to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, etc

forty acres and a mule

Sherman's Special Field Order; slogan promising blacks (freedman) forty acres of land & a mule to plow with ; failed reconstruction attempt

Which of the following developments came about as a result of the Missouri Compromise of 1820?

Slavery was banned north of the 36°30′ parallel.

Which of the following best describes the economic justification given by Southerners for their support of secession?

Southern planters feared the growing power of the industrial Northern economy and feared losing economic profit and influence as the country industrialized.

All of the following led to the Civil War with the exception of:

Southern territorial expansion into Mexico.

Florida Territory (1819)

Spain signed a treaty ceding what remained of its Florida holdings to the United States in return for recognition of a fixed border between American Louisiana and Spanish Texas.

Which of the following did NOT influence American colonists' decision to seek independence from Great Britain?

The French government offered to financially support the colonists' war against the British.

Boston Massacre of 1770

The Massacre was the 1770, pre-Revolutionary incident growing out of the anger against the British troops sent to Boston to maintain order and to enforce the Townshend Acts. The troops, constantly tormented by irresponsible gangs, finally on March 5, 1770, fired into a rioting crowd and killed five men: three on the spot, two of wounds later. The funeral of the victims was the occasion for a great patriot demonstration. The British captain, Thomas Preston, and his men were tried for murder, with Robert Treat Paine as prosecutor, John Adams and Josiah Quincy as lawyers for the defense. Preston and six of his men were acquitted; two others were found guilty of manslaughter, punished, and discharged from the army.

Which of the following best identifies a major outcome of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

The United States gained territory previously held by Mexico.

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 primarily aimed to provide the federal government with which of the following?

The ability to forcibly relocate Native American tribes from their homelands

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

The bloodiest overall battle of the Civil War; many historians claim that the Southern defeat in this battle was the beginning of the end for the Confederacy.

Colonial Period (1607-1763)

The colonial history of America covers the time of European colonization in the early 16th century until the American Revolution in 1776

Louisiana Purchase / Louisiana Territory

The contract between President Thomas Jefferson and Napoleon that acquired the land from the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains for $15,000,000.

Bank of the United States (1791

The debate over its creation (1791) led to the emergence of the first US political parties.

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) of 1774

The four Massachusetts acts by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party which closed Boston port, revoked right of trial by a jury of peers, imposed martial law, and forced colonists to quarter troops. Became key event leading towards the revolution.

Which of the following is an accurate description of a major turning point in American history?

The land deal in 1803 between France and the US gave the US 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi for about $15,000,000.

Which of the following aspects of the presidential elections between 1864 and 1876 fluctuated the most?

The number of electoral votes in each election

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Written by Thomas Jefferson; influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers of his day. *Provisions:* *Part 1* - Explains the necessity of independence for the preservation of basic laws and rights. *Part 2* - Lists a series of "abuses and usurpations" by the king and his government; Jefferson claimed that this treatment violated the social contract the British monarch had with the his colonies, thereby justifying the actions his American subjects felt compelled to take. *Part 3* - Ends with what is tantamount to a formal declaration of war.

Once they had been readmitted to the Union, how did former Confederate states respond to the program of Reconstruction?

by electing Democratic politicians opposed to African American enfranchisement

Thomas Paine wrote which of the following Revolution-era texts?

common sense

Ohio River Valley

controversial land that led to the French and Indian War; British win war and claim this land; region where British fur traders went; rich soil for farming

Which of the following disagreements led to the emergence of two political parties in the US?

creation of the Bank of the United State's

Civil War (1861-1865)

deadliest war in American history; conflict between north (union) and south (confederacy); 11 southern slave states wanted to secede from Union NORTH WON

Sherman's March to the Sea (1864)

during the civil war, a devastating total war military campaign, led by union general William Tecumseh Sherman, that involved marching 60,000 union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything along there way.

The Virginia House of Burgesses engaged the citizenry in governance through which of the following means?

establishing a system in which legislative representatives were elected on behalf of their constituents

Looking at the image above, it can be reasoned that the Lewis and Clark Expedition was launched in order to:

explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory.

Early colonial settlers in New England faced which of these geographic challenges?

harsh, cold winters

Following the arrival of Europeans, Native American life changed immensely because of: Select all answers that apply.

increased violent conflict between tribes. some tribes' acquisition of horses. diseases brought by the Europeans which killed large populations.

Which of the following was a direct result of the mass westward migration of white American settlers in the mid-1800s

mass production of railroads

California territory 1849

massive deposits of gold were discovered, leading to a gold rush

The Native American Removal Act of 1830, which resulted in the resettlement of several tribes to land west of the Mississippi, was for the purpose of:

opening up Native American land in the South to American farmers.

Which of the following rights did British colonists in the United States advocate for in the 1770s?

political representation in the British parliament

Which of the following was a power granted to the federal government by the constitution that was not provided by the Articles of Confederation?

power to collect taxes

Parliament enacted the Tea Act of 1773 primarily to:

sell tea only at government-approved tea houses.

One reason the American Revolution is significant in world history is because it:

set an example for future revolutions and constitutional governments.

The majority of immigrants to America in the early years of the Republic were composed of whom?

single men seeking economic opportunities

Use the quote below to answer the following question: "Whereas the Delegates of the United States of America in Congress assembled did on the 15th day of November in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy seven, and in the Second Year of the Independence of America agree to certain articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the states of Newhamshire, Massachusetts-bay, Rhodeisland and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia in the Words following, viz." Which foundational document of the United States is quoted above?

the Articles of Confederation

Which of the following events caused the British government to pass the Intolerable Acts (or, as they were known in Great Britain, the Coercive Acts)?

the Boston Tea Party In response to the Tea Act of 1773, colonists protested the new tax by throwing British tea into Boston Harbor. This was known as the Boston Tea Party. In response, the British parliament passed the Coercive Acts to attempt to regain control of the colonists and discourage further protest.

The period of United States history known as the Reconstruction occurred following which major historical event?

the Civil War

Which of the following was not part of the Compromise of 1850?

the Missouri Compromise

Which of the following established that lands in Latin and South America should not be colonized by European powers?

the Monroe Doctrine This policy was developed in 1823 by President James Monroe. It stated that there would be no colonization in the Americas by European powers. If this occurred, The United States would view it as an act of aggression.

The American Revolution was an eight-year conflict in which the newly-formed and largely untrained American army fought against one of the largest military forces in the world at the time. Early in the war, the Americans saw many defeats. Which event of 1777 is commonly thought to be a turning point for the American army in their victory over the British?

the battles at Saratoga

states' rights doctrine

the belief that the power of the states should be greater than the power of the federal government

Slavery

the condition of being owned by another person and being made to work without wages

Which of the following was not one of the motivations for the form of Reconstruction pursued by Radical Republicans after the conclusion of the Civil War?

the desire to impeach President Andrew Johnson

The two-party system in the United States was born out of a disagreement about what issue?

the establishment of a national bank

Manifest Destiny inspired Americans to migrate westward and settle the land between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean. Which of the following is a major long-term economic effect of this westward expansion by the United States?

the expansion of agriculture and mineral operations in the United States

Whiskey Rebellion (1791)

the people of backwoods Pennsylvania revolted and violently protested the whiskey tax because whiskey was the base of their economy.

The Trail of Tears refers to which of the following?

the removal of the Cherokee and other Native Americans from their ancestral lands

Which of the following was a leading cause of the end of slavery in the United States?

the union victory in the civil war

What was representative David Wilmot's goal when he created the Wilmot Proviso in 1846?

to ensure slavery would not be legal in the land acquired during the Mexican-American War

The Quartering Acts were intended to accomplish what among the American colonies?

to station large numbers of British troops in the colonies

Saratoga, New York 1777

two battles were fought often called the turning point of the Revolutionary War in favor of the Americans

Jim Crow laws enforced segregation and discrimination against African Americans in which of the following areas? Select all answers that apply.

voting housing public transportation

Thirteenth, Fourteenth,

were raitifed after the end of the civil war