Earth Science 1710 Byers Final Review

Aridisols

Desert soils; hot, dry areas. Limited alteration of parent material; low climate activity; light color; low humus content; subsurface illuviation of carbonates

Inceptisols

Limited development, embryonic soils, but few diagnostics features; further weathering possible in altered or changed subsurface horizons

Marble is a familiar example of which type of rock?

Metamorphic

Alfisols

Moderately weathered forest soils; subtropical forests. B horizon high in clays; illuviated clay accumulation, no pronounced color change with depth

Spodosols

Northern conifer forest soils; cool, humid forests. Illuvial B horizon of Fe/Al clays; humus accumulation; without structure; partially cemented; highly leached; strongly acid.

in the above formula the O stands for

Oranic Activity

Histosols

Organic soils; wetlands. Peat or bog; >20% organic matter, much with clay >40 cm thick; surface organic layers; no diagnostic horizon.

Gelisols

Permafrost-affected soils; high latitude in Northern Hemisphere, southern limits near tree line, high elevations. Permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface; evidence of cryo-tubation (frost churning) and/or an active layer; patterned ground

The organisms responsible for 90% of atmospheric oxygen are

Plankton

Entisols

Recent soils; profile undeveloped, all climates.Limited development; inherited properties from parent materials; pale color; low humus; few specific properties; hard and massive when dry.

Harry Hess advanced the theory of

Sea floor spreading

What type of rock is derived from bits and pieces of former rocks?

Sedimentary rocks

Andisols

Soils formed from volcanic activity; areas affected by frequent volcanic activity, especially the Pacific Rim. Volcanic parent materials, particularly ash and volcanic glass; weathering and mineral transformation important; high CEC and organic content; generally fertile.

Thalwag

The line of fastest, deepest flow in a river

Oxisols

Tropical soils; hot humid areas. Maximum weathering of Fe and Al and eluviation; continuous, plinthe layer

Braided Channels are associated with

Weathering

when rock is broken into smaller and smaller pieces the process is called

Weathering

What causes plate tectonics?

convection currents in the mantle

Atacama desert

is the driest desert in the world

A rock transformed from existing rocks through heat and pressure

metamorphic rock

the letter P in the above formula stands for

parent material

What percent of the earth is desert?

1/3

the movement of material out of a layer

Eluviation

Vertisols

Expandable clay soils; subtropics, tropics; sufficient dry periods. Forms large cracks on drying; self mixing action; contains >30% swelling clays; light color; low humus content.

A glacial valley that has been invaded by seawater is a

Fjord

Mollisols

Grassland soils; sub-humid, semiarid lands. Noticeably dark with organic material; humus-rich; high friable surface with well structured horizons

The author of the following equation, Soil = f (CL, O,R, P,T) was

Hans Jenny

Ultisols

Highly weathered forest soils; cool, humid forests. Similar to Alfisols; B horizon high in clays; strong weathering in sub surface horizons, redder than Alfisols

What caused the Hawaiian islands?

Hot spot volcanoes

Rock that forms from solidification of molten material is called

Igneous

the movement of material into a layer

Illuviation