Earth Science 1710 Byers Final Review
Aridisols
Desert soils; hot, dry areas. Limited alteration of parent material; low climate activity; light color; low humus content; subsurface illuviation of carbonates
Inceptisols
Limited development, embryonic soils, but few diagnostics features; further weathering possible in altered or changed subsurface horizons
Marble is a familiar example of which type of rock?
Metamorphic
Alfisols
Moderately weathered forest soils; subtropical forests. B horizon high in clays; illuviated clay accumulation, no pronounced color change with depth
Spodosols
Northern conifer forest soils; cool, humid forests. Illuvial B horizon of Fe/Al clays; humus accumulation; without structure; partially cemented; highly leached; strongly acid.
in the above formula the O stands for
Oranic Activity
Histosols
Organic soils; wetlands. Peat or bog; >20% organic matter, much with clay >40 cm thick; surface organic layers; no diagnostic horizon.
Gelisols
Permafrost-affected soils; high latitude in Northern Hemisphere, southern limits near tree line, high elevations. Permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface; evidence of cryo-tubation (frost churning) and/or an active layer; patterned ground
The organisms responsible for 90% of atmospheric oxygen are
Plankton
Entisols
Recent soils; profile undeveloped, all climates.Limited development; inherited properties from parent materials; pale color; low humus; few specific properties; hard and massive when dry.
Harry Hess advanced the theory of
Sea floor spreading
What type of rock is derived from bits and pieces of former rocks?
Sedimentary rocks
Andisols
Soils formed from volcanic activity; areas affected by frequent volcanic activity, especially the Pacific Rim. Volcanic parent materials, particularly ash and volcanic glass; weathering and mineral transformation important; high CEC and organic content; generally fertile.
Thalwag
The line of fastest, deepest flow in a river
Oxisols
Tropical soils; hot humid areas. Maximum weathering of Fe and Al and eluviation; continuous, plinthe layer
Braided Channels are associated with
Weathering
when rock is broken into smaller and smaller pieces the process is called
Weathering
What causes plate tectonics?
convection currents in the mantle
Atacama desert
is the driest desert in the world
A rock transformed from existing rocks through heat and pressure
metamorphic rock
the letter P in the above formula stands for
parent material
What percent of the earth is desert?
1/3
the movement of material out of a layer
Eluviation
Vertisols
Expandable clay soils; subtropics, tropics; sufficient dry periods. Forms large cracks on drying; self mixing action; contains >30% swelling clays; light color; low humus content.
A glacial valley that has been invaded by seawater is a
Fjord
Mollisols
Grassland soils; sub-humid, semiarid lands. Noticeably dark with organic material; humus-rich; high friable surface with well structured horizons
The author of the following equation, Soil = f (CL, O,R, P,T) was
Hans Jenny
Ultisols
Highly weathered forest soils; cool, humid forests. Similar to Alfisols; B horizon high in clays; strong weathering in sub surface horizons, redder than Alfisols
What caused the Hawaiian islands?
Hot spot volcanoes
Rock that forms from solidification of molten material is called
Igneous
the movement of material into a layer
Illuviation
