AGOR 1
Select all of the correct responses. To be classified as an insect, the adult form must have all of the following features.
-At least one pair of antennae -Three distinct body regions(head, thorax, abdomen)
Select all of the TRUE statements regarding the required conditions for successful grafting.
-Both the scion and rootstock must be at the proper physiological state -The cambial layers of the scion and rootstock must come into intimate contact under favorable conditions -The graft union must be kept moist until the wound has healed -The scion and rootstock must be compatible for cambial cells to establish the new vascular tissue between them
Select all of the TRUE statements regarding "Breaking Dormancy".
-Even when the environment is ideal, dormancy is difficult to break in seeds of some trees and shrubs -Various special treatments may be required for the seed to break dormancy and stimulate germination -One of the functions of dormancy is to prevent a seed from germinating before it is surrounded by a favorable environment -For germination to occur, seeds must be physically and physiologically ready to break dormancy
Shrubs
1-2ft
Trees
2-3ft
EC level that can damage salt-sensitive plants
2.0
How far away should turf be planted from the base of a tree?
3-4'
EC level that most plants can tolerate
4.0
Select the percent of municipal water used for exterior irrigation.
40-70
neutral
7
EC level that may cause easily diagnosed foliar symptoms
8 or greater
turf
8-12 inch
Select the percent of potable water used for agricultural production.
87
Products sold, labeled, or represented as Organic (with USDA Organic Seal) must have what percent certified organic content?
95
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding seed germination and water requirements?
A period without water will have no effect on an embryo once the germination process has begun
Found in shoot tips, root tips, and buds. And are responsible for increase in length of these plant parts.
APICAL MERISTEMS
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding CEC?
All of the above statements are TRUE: -As soil particles become smaller and smaller (from gravel to sand to silt to clay), the soil has more surfaces available for chemical reactions to occur -Montmorillonite clay, commonly found in CA, swells greatly when wetted and shrinks when dry, leaving wide cracks. -An intermediate amount of clay in a soil (loamy texture) improves its capacity to hold water and plant nutrient ions because of the negative charges on clay minerals' surfaces and the large surface area associated with clay particles. -The negative charges on the clay minerals attract the positive charges on the hydrogen(H+) ions in water(H2O). -A clay soil has almost 100,000 times more surface area than a soil of fine sand grains of the same weight
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding sources of weed problems?
All of the options are true -Weed seed contaminants can occur in packages and containers of crop seed -Weed seeds are already present in moist soil before any gardening or crop production activities occur. -There may be up to 140 weeds seeds per pound of cropland surface soil.
Pathogens may disturb normal plant function by which of the following?
All of the responses are correct Attacking roots and interfering with water absorption before any above ground symptoms appear Inhabiting/feeding off of leaf surfaces, causing a disturbance in photosynthesis Alter permeability of cell membrane Alter metabolism of genetic material (DNA/RNA) in infected plants.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding diagnosing plant problems?
All of the responses are correct Several factors may work collectively to cause poor plant performance A single pest may cause more than one symptom. Diagnosis is aided by knowledge of what pests attack the plant species of concern in a given area Knowing the kinds of symptoms that various pests produce narrows the possible cause
Which of the statements regarding grasscycling is FALSE?
All of the responses are correct. A mulching (recycling) rotary mower allows for effective grasscycling since it cuts the clippings into very small pieces that are easily broken down within the turf Grass clippings make an excellent addition to a backyard compost pile Successful grasscycling requires proper mowing which includes cutting grass when dry, keeping mower blades sharp, and following the 1/3 rule Grasscycling helps reduce the amount of waste going to landfills Grass clippings decompose quickly and release valuable nutrients back into the soil
Which of the statements describe problems caused by thick thatch layers?
All of the responses are correct. When kept moist, thick thatch layers can encourage root growth at the surface of the soil, creating an elevated crown Thick thatch layers prevent adequate water infiltration, reducing growth and increasing potential for drought stress Thick thatch also increases probability of insect pests overwintering The moist microclimate caused by thick thatch creates a favorable growth environment for fungi Interception of fertilizer by thatch layers produces erratic response in fertilization
Which of the following statements regarding piercing/sucking insect feeding is FALSE?
All of the responses are correct: -Some piercing insects inject toxic saliva into the plant as they feed, giving rise to discoloration of the foliage or dieback of woody plant parts -Symptoms may include curling, stunting, stippling, brown mottling, and galls -Feeding is performed with stylet -Aphids, white flies, thrips and leafhoppers can be vectors of microbial plant pathogens transmitting the disease from one plant to the next as they feed
Which of the following components fits into an IPM program to manage fungi?
All of the responses fit into an IPM program to manage fungi Minimize plant stress Ensuring proper drainage Use of clean tools and containers Using plant resistant varieties
Select the FALSE statement regarding using mulch to help conserve water.
Apply mulch up to the base of the trunk
Cockroaches
Blattodea
Which of the following represents the Base Cation Saturation Ratio in proportion, from largest to smallest?
Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium
Which of the following statements regarding chewing insect feeding is FALSE?
Chewing is performed with the insect's stylet
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the prevention of structural breakdown of soil?
Cultivate and plow soil at a high moisture content.
The content of cells, composed of 85%-90% H2 O by weight, 1%-3% minerals dissolved in cell sap, and 10%-15% assorted organic compounds and substances.
Cytoplasm
Control center with genetic code information that controls physiological functions of cells and the overall features of the whole plant
DNA
Select all of the TRUE statements regarding rainwater harvesting from rooftops?
E. coli, coliform, and heavy metals can be reduced to negligible levels after the first flush Rooftop materials may contain pathogens from animal waste (E.coli) Rooftop materials may contain atmospheric deposition of contaminants (Pb, Al, Zn)
The loss of water from soil in a planted area by evaporation from the soil surface and plant transpiration
ET
What unit of measurement is used when quantifying the salinity of a soil?
Electrical conductivity(ECe) in units of deciseimens per meter(ds/m)
The NOSB is comprised of representatives from which of the following categories?
Environmentalist and scientist Farmer/grower Certifying agent Handler/processor
Select the FALSE statement.
Established plants are at greatest risk to drought damage due to root loss.
Buds found at the tips of shoots are lateral buds, and those found along the sides of stems are terminal or apical buds.
F
Which of the following is NOT a main function of the NOP?
Food safety standards
Select the FALSE statement regarding fungi.
Fungi reproduce via binary fission
Which of the following is not a cultural practice?
Hand pulling weeds
Bees, ants, wasps
Hymenoptera
Select ALL of the TRUE statements regarding the National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances.
If products are not widely available in organic form, the NOSB can vote in synthetic versions. Some synthetics are generally allowed It generally discourages the use of synthetic substances and encourages use of natural substances. Some naturals are generally not allowed
Which of the following is FALSE regarding Potassium?
K does not play a role in water regulation in plants
Sometimes referred to as the cambium, is responsible for the increase in stem and root diameter or thickness
LATERAL MERISTEMS
Moths and butterflies
Lepidoptera
Smaller producers of agricultural products are exempt from certification and may label their products if they abide by standards, but they cannot use the USDA Organic Seal. What is the monetary limit on sales?
Less than $5,000
Mature established woody shrubs and trees generally need which quantity of fertilizer?
Little to no fertilizer
Which of following statements regarding mowing is FALSE?
Lower mowing heights maximize photosynthesis and reduce turf stress
Which of the following is not a fundamental rose pruning practice?
Maintain water sprouts and suckers during periods of heat
Plant tissues in which cells divide to reproduce, grow and develop new tissue
Meristems
Select all of the insects/orders that display complete metamorphosis.
Moths and butterflies/Lepidoptera Bees/Hymenoptera Flies/Diptera Beetles/Coleoptera
Refer to the image: After salts have been introduced to the soil and transpiration and evaporation take place, where do the salts tend to build up?
Near the root zone
Which of the following is NOT an example of a biotic/infectious disease?
Nutrient deficiency
Dragonflies
Odonata
The vascular cambium of a tree is generally located __________________.
On the outside of the trunk near to the bark and phloem
Select all of the TRUE statements
Once you have a fungi or bacteria it can be pretty difficult to get rid of it. A susceptible host, favorable environment, and a pathogen have to be present for a disease to occur Warm, humid weather is favorable to fungi and bacteria By the time we see symptoms of a pathogen, the infection is already well-developed PreviousNext
Grasshoppers and crickets
Orthoptera
Treated sewage effluent has been used successfully, but may cause contamination from which of the following. Select ALL that apply.
Pathogens Pharmaceuticals Heavy metals Endocrine disrupters
Which primary macronutrient is least available at a pH of 6?
Phosphorus
Select ALL of the factors involved in irrigation scheduling
Plant rooting depth Irrigation system output Soil water holding capacity Plant water use
Which of the following nutrients are used by palm trees in large quantities. Select ALL that apply.
Potassium Magnesium Nitrogen
Which characteristic is the key survival tool for annual weeds?
Prolific seed production
Water loss from turf is influenced primarily by which of the following climatic conditions? Select ALL that apply.
Runoff caused primarily by improper application rates and distribution Deep percolation due to gravitational force Evaporation from soil and leaf surfaces
Why it is that sand has a higher bulk density and less overall porosity than clay but has a higher rate of drainage?
Sand has less total porosity than clay, but the pores it does have are mostly macropores, which increases the rate of drainage
Which of the following is not a component of favorable germinating media?
Smeculite
Which of the following is FALSE regarding sodic soils?
Sodic soils typically improve soil structure
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding soil salinity and soluble salts
Soluble salts are minerals that do not dissolve in water
Control of perennial weeds is best obtained by ____________________________.
Systemic herbicide
Select ALL of the factors that determine ETo(Reference Evapotranspiration).
Temperature Solar radiation Relative humidity Wind speed
Which list/document is used by the NOP to determine allowed and prohibited substances in organic production?
The National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances
The 15 members of the NOSB are appointed by which party?
The Secretary of agriculture
Type in the common name and binomial of the plant shown.
The plant shown in the image is the Agave attenuate commonly known as the Foxtail Agave.
Refer to the image: Which soil has a higher Cation Exchange Capacity?
The soil on the right
Type in the common name and binomial of plant shown.
This plant is the Ficus microcarpa also known as the Indian Laurel Fig.
Type in the common name and binomial of plant shown.
This plant is the Lagerstroemia indica also known as the Crape Myrtle.
Type in the common name and binomial of plant shown.
This plant is the Malva paraviflora also known as the Mallow and/or Cheeseweed.
Thrips
Thysanoptera
Which of the following statements regarding irrigation and turf is FALSE?
Transpiration in turf is slightly influenced by climatic factors and largely influenced by genetic factors
Select the FALSE statement.
Viruses do not need a host to survive.
Serves as a solvent in sap that transports minerals from the soil and sugar from the leaves to all cells in the plants. Also serves as an essential component in many plant processes, maintains cell turgor (rigidity) , and indirectly regulates plant growth. Typically constitutes 85% of the weight of the plant.
Water
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Common symptoms of drought include which of the following. Select ALL that apply.
Wilting or drooping leaves that do not return to normal by evening Lawns that retain a footprint for several minutes New leaves that are smaller than normal. Foliage that becomes grayish and loses its green luster
Non-living disease/disorder
abiotic disorder/disease
The forces of attraction between soil particles and water are known as
adhesion
Roots arising from some plant part other than the roots
adventitious roots
Why do soluble salts build up in the first place?
all of the above: -From addition of soil amendments -Irrigation can be a source of soluble salts -Fertilizers can be a source of soluble salts -Parent material can be a source of soluble salts
Which of the following is FALSE regarding Nitrogen?
all responses are correct: -N stimulates new, green growth -N is naturally low in most CA soils and most commonly deficient because the plant uses more of it than other nutrients -The most notable symptom is chlorosis of older leaves -N is the building block of everything; amino acids, proteins, enzymes, chlorophyll and lots of other plant structures
Describe the leaf arrangement.
alternate
One-celled prokaryotes whose genetic material is not organized into a nucleus
bacteria
Asexual reproduction amongst prokaryotes where a cell gives rise to duplicate cells
binary fission
Use of one living organism to control another. Insects and pathogens that may feed on weeds.
biological
Living disease/disorder
biotic disorder/disease
Insecticides derived from plants
botanical insecticides
Shoulder rings, on the top of branches where they are attached to the trunk
branch bark ridge
The distinct large portion of woody tissue formed at the base of a branch where it attaches to the trunk
branch collar
Joins two plant parts from different species or varieties
budding and grafting
Vital component of cell wall structure
calcium
Responsible for the increased diameter growth of stems and roots, is usually associated with the vascular tissue, and is a few cells wide
cambium
Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 unique features of plant cells discussed in lecture?
cell wall
Chilopods
centipedes
The use of herbicides
chemical
Of the three soil mineral particles, which has the highest surface area?
clay
The forces of attraction between water molecules are known as
cohesion
Which type of water is available to plant roots?
cohesive water
Progeny of single bacterium
colony
Egg, larvae, pupa, adult
complete metamorphosis
An herbicide that kills only those parts of the plant it touches, usually the leaves
contact
Sow thistle
cool season sometimes and warm season, annual broadleaf weed
Mallow
cool season, annual broadleaf weed
Poa annua
cool season, annual grassy weed
Area where the stem and root join. Meristematic region for grasses
crown
Modify the environment to favor the crop and decrease weed advantage. The way we take care of our plants; pruning, irrigation, fertilization, soil compaction, plant selection (cultural practices)
cultural
Rooting a severed vegatative piece of the parent plant
cuttings
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding CEC?
d. Clay particles attract negatively charged plant nutrient ions
Flies, mosquitoes, gnats and midges
diptera
Penetration
direct enzymatic breakdown
Abnormal functioning of cells
disease
Separating a multi-crowned plant into separate plants
division
A saline soil is also classified by the presence of sodium(Na+) in a specific concentration.
f
A seed's respiration rate is higher as seed than when germinating.
f
Aeration rakes the soil surface and leaves the thatch debris on top of the lawn.
f
All plants must have continuous light to initiate germination.
f
All summer annuals germinate on the same date.
f
Any quantity of mineral elements can be present for photosynthesis to occur effectively.
f
Asexual plant propagation unites a male and female gamete to create a zygote.
f
At field capacity clay holds the greatest amount of total water; including plant available water.
f
Backfilling the tree planting with organic matter, fertilizer or vitamin B1 has shown to have neutral to positive effects on tree growth.
f
Breaking, scratching, or softening of the seed coat so that water can enter the seed are all methods of seed stratification.
f
Careful water management is not critical for newly planted landscape material.
f
Complete fertilizers supply all the nutrients a plant needs.
f
Contact herbicides are absorbed into the plant's conductive tissues (vascular system) by translocation.
f
Contact insecticides typically take longer to impact target insects than systemic insecticides.
f
Determining when to irrigate is not as important as knowing how much water to apply.
f
During the earliest stages of development, when it is less than 2" thick, thatch can actually be beneficial because it increases the wear tolerance of the turf by providing better dissipation of compaction forces, reduces weed populations by limiting germination conditions, reduces water evaporation by blocking sunlight and air exchange with the soil surface, and insulates the crown tissue, protecting it from damage.
f
Fertilizers can raise or lower soil pH over time, and the effect is generally very fast.
f
Fertilizers with water insoluble nitrogen (WIN) generally have a fast release time and provide a quick green up to the grass plant.
f
Fine textured soils have maximum plant available water, and medium textured soils have maximum total water holding capacity.
f
Fungicides can be applied anytime to achieve control of pathogen.
f
In order for a grower to transition from a conventional crop to an organic crop, the land must have had no prohibited substances applied to it for the last 2 years before the harvest of an organic crop.
f
In order for a plant to grow and develop normally, respiration must occur at a rate that greatly exceeds the photosynthesis rate.
f
Insects are the second most abundant animals on earth.
f
Insects carry oxygen in their blood.
f
Landscape plants in heat islands may require only up to 10% more water than the same species in a park setting.
f
Most of the water and mineral uptake occurs in roots along the large taproot of a plant's root system through a combination of physical and chemical processes.
f
Mow often enough so that no more than two-thirds of the grass blades is removed at any one time.
f
NOP regulations address food safety and nutrition.
f
OMRI and the Non-GMO Project are part of the NOP and have similar functions and goals.
f
Once a lawn stops receiving adequate moisture, it will gradually turn brown and go dormant over time. A lawn that recently turned brown has no chance of recuperation.
f
Optimal levels of oxygen and water may vary among species, but all seeds require continuous light and favorable temperatures.
f
Plant pathogens have not had any historical significance in terms of economic and cultural impacts.
f
Plant water use can vary by species and but does not vary by density of planting.
f
Planting and transplanting new trees/shrubs is best performed during winter or summer.
f
Plants with both staminate and pistillate flowers are termed dioecious.
f
Potassium is the most commonly deficient essential plant nutrient.
f
Pre-emergents are applied to a part of the weed that has emerged.
f
Reel mowers tend to produce a lower quality cut and require less maintenance than rotary mowers.
f
Refer to the image below- and ignore the "soil still saturated": Movement of water into the soil surface is called percolation and water movement through the soil profile is called infiltration.
f
Refer to the image: Clay particles attract negatively charged plant nutrient ions.
f
Roots require water and food material produced in the shoots, but not oxygen in order to function and grow properly.
f
Statewide, more dollars are spent to control invasive insects than any other plant pests.
f
The Branch Bark Ridge (BBR) is located on the bottom of a lateral branch where it attaches to the trunk.
f
The estimates from Dr. Milesi's research projected that there is about 128,000 square kilometers of lawn surface area, which is less than surface area of corn, our largest crop.
f
The most common EPN deficiency problems in California are related to deficiencies in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and iron
f
The pH is the relative concentration of hydroxyl(OH) ions in the soil.
f
The vast majority of insects are considered destructive.
f
The vast majority of viral infections are localized.
f
Two seasons with drought is not enough to cause drought stress.
f
Vegetables tend to be easy to maintain during drought because they do not produce large fruits.
f
Water held by adhesive forces in soils is generally available to plants.
f
When planting a tree, you want the hole to be about as wide as the container of the tree and twice as deep.
f
When thinning a woody landscape plant, pruning cuts are made just below an axillary bud and slightly angled away.
f
Most of the water and mineral uptake occurs in roots along fine fibrous roots of a plant's root system through a combination of physical and chemical processes
false
Which of the following is NOT a principal component of soil?
fertilizer
The maximum amount of water a soil can hold against the downward force of gravity when excess water has been applied to soil; and hold water at a tension of 1/3 bar
field capacity
Tail-like projection on bacteria that aids in movement
flagella
Disruption of color pigments in flowers causing stripes, spots or dilution of normal color
flower break
Which of the following is the single most important cause of plant disease?
fungi
Water discharged after household use, including water used for clothes washing, dish washing, and bathing, but excluding water from toilets
gray water
Treating plants to make them more resistant to adverse environmental conditions, usually by exposing them gradually to increased light, temperature changes and drought
hardening off
A subsurface layer of compacted soil
hardpan
Specialized structures used to penetrate and pierce host tissue directly and to absorb host nutrients
haustoria, penetration peg
Inactive xylem in woody plants
heartwood
True bugs, aphids, scales, white flies
hemiptera
Progeny of a cross of two individuals differing in one or more genes (characteristics)
hybrid
Spreading warn season grass with a helicopter-like seed head
hybrid bermuda
The most commonly used turf in sports and park settings
hybrid bermuda
Fine, threadlike structure composed of one or more tubular cells that makes up body of a fungus
hyphae
Seed absorbing water
imbibe
Egg, nymph, adult
incomplete metamorphosis
Epidemic
increase in frequency (spread) of disease
Inoculation
inoculum comes into contact with host and capable of causing infection
Infection
inoculum establishes connection and start procuring food from host plant
Distinct group of weeds that occur in a natural habitat. Non-natives that infest natural ecosystems. An important difference between invasive plants and garden weeds is that invasive plants can disperse, establish and spread in uncultivated areas
invasive weed
A successful and safe weed control program that uses chemicals as a component is based on effective interactions among all of the following EXCEPT____________
lady gaga
Rooting a part of the parent plant and then severing it
layering
Removing salts, ions, or other soluble substances from soil by abundant irrigation combined with drainage; also, the movement of soluble materials downward with percolating water
leaching
Acidic
less than 7
Destroy/decompose
lyse
Central element of chlorophyll
magnesium
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding plant meristems?
meristematic areas encompass a large mass of cells
Diplopods
millipedes
Light green, yellow, white areas intermingled with the normal green color of plant
mosaic
A mass of hyphae
mycelium
Insects that prey on pest insects
natural enemies/beneficials
Most commonly deficient because the plant uses more of it than other nutrients
nitrogen
Stimulates new, green growth
nitrogen
Enlarged portions of stems from which leaves or buds grow
nodes
Herbicides that do not differentiate between plant species- to be used when all vegetation is to be killed
non-selective
Weeds so difficult to control that CA and other states have passed legislation providing for their intensive control or eradication by law
noxious weed
Basic/Alkaline
pH above 7
Female insects(such as aphids and scales) can reproduce in the absence of males
parthenogenesis
Serves as a cementing agent between cells.
pectin
Attractive cool season grass with a very fast germination rate(4-7 days)
perennial rye
Commonly used to overseed warm season grasses
perennial rye
White clover
perennial, broadleaf, common in turf
Castor bean
perennial, broadleaf, contains toxin ricin
Nut sedge
perennial, super tough grassy weed
The percentage of water in the soil when plants wilt permanently and the soil cannot supply water at a rate sufficient to maintain bars; and the soil moisture tension is held at 15 bars
permanent wilting point
Conducts food from photosynthesis, and other compounds, from the leaves to other plant parts. Materials can move up or down.
phloem
Crucial component of phospholipid bilayer in cell membrane, proteins, enzymes and
phosphorus
Important in early growth and root formation
phosphorus
The process by which green plants produce their own carbohydrates, or nutrients, and obtain a source of chemical energy
photosynthesis
Physically or mechanically combatting weeds. Hoeing, cultivation, hand pulling, rototilling, discing, mowing, chopping, running over, kicking, placement of barriers
physical/mechanical
The principle female flowering structure is the ______________.
pistil
Direct internal regulation of plant growth and development is controlled by _________ .
plant hormones
Study of plant disease
plant pathology
Regulate inflow and outflow of materials and compounds
plasma membrane
The ability to move products from head to toe in the plant is made possible by which of the following unique plant features
plasma membrane
Specialized bodies within the plant, most notably containing the green pigment chlorophyll
plastids
An herbicide that is applied after weed seeds emerge or germinate
postemergent
Incredibly important component of water regulation
potassium
Plays a role in stomata opening/closing
potassium
An herbicide that is applied before weed seeds emerge or germinate
preemergent
The process in which chemical energy is obtained from the controlled biological breakdown of carbohydrates
respiration
Specialized stem, usually horizontal in position at or just below the soil surface, distinguished from a root by the presence of nodes and internode and sometimes buds
rhizome
Chlorotic or necrotic rings or patterns on leaves, stems or fruit
ring spots
Large textured grass with leaves that tend to be folded back to 90 degree and 45 degree angles
saint augustine
Of the three soil mineral particles, which has the largest particle diameter?
sand
Which of the soils has the highest percolation rate?
sand
Organism that obtains food from dead or dying animal or plant matter (organic matter feeder)
saprophyte
Active xylem in woody plants
sapwood
when all the pores are filled with water and the soil moisture tension is 0
saturation
The main branches of a tree
scaffold
Abrasion, scratching, breaking or modifying a seed's surface to increase water absorption and break dormancy
scarification
High EC tolerance
seashore paspalum
Spreading warm season grass with corn husk-like lower stems and a Y-shaped seed head
seashore paspalum
Herbicides that differentiate between plant species- to be used to control weeds in a crop or ornamental situation in which the weeds are killed but the desirable plants are not injured
selective
Refers to tissue made up of developing stems and leaves (leafy shoots) or stems and flowers (flowering shoots)
shoots
Which of the following soil textures has the most plant available water?
silt
Mollusks
snails and slugs
Crustaceans
sowbugs and pillbugs
Arachnids
spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
Components of insect respiration system
spiracles and trachea
Dissemination
spread of pathogen from plant to plant
Specialized reproductive structures analogous to seeds (overwintering structures/vegetative structures
spres, sclerotia, rhizomorphs
Mainly spreads through stolons
st augustine
The principle male flowering structure is the ______________.
stamen
Woodier section that contain buds and nodes
stems
Horizontal or trailing stem that gives rise to new shoots; a runner
stolon
A method of storing seeds at specific temperatures to with soil media, as a means of overcoming dormancy
stratification
A rapidly growing, upright secondary vegetative shoot that develops from the root, crown or stem of a plant
sucker/water sprouts
Found in aromatic cells that impart characteristic smell and taste of onion, garlic, mustard and cabbage relatives
sulfur
Wilting, discoloration, and lesions are all examples of _____________.
symptoms
An herbicide absorbed into the plant and moves inside the plant's conductive tissue by translocation
systemic
A major concern with Organic production is the cross-pollination with GMO products.
t
A seed's endosperm acts as a food reserve for the embryo.
t
A sodic soil is classified by a pH higher than 8.5 mainly due to the accumulation of sodium (Na+).
t
A soil with a pH of 4.0 is 1000 times more acidic than a soil with a pH of 7.0
t
About 95% of insects are considered either good or neutral.
t
Acid-loving plants such as gardenias and azaleas are susceptible to iron deficiency on heavy clay or alkaline soil, especially during cool winter months when soil temperatures are low.
t
All mowing is a wounding process, but dull mowers inflict more severe wounds than sharp mowers.
t
All of the following are primary functions of plant roots: -Take up water and soluble mineral nutrients from the soil -Produce essential compounds -Store excess food materials -Anchor the plant
t
Aphids, leaf-hoppers and whiteflies are primary vectors of viruses.
t
As salts become more concentrated in the soil, it becomes more difficult for plants to take up water.
t
Axillary buds are a form of meristematic tissue.
t
Bacteria and fungi can clog up vascular tissue.
t
Bacteria can cause many symptoms associated with fungal or abiotic disorders.
t
Botanical insecticides are derived from plant sources and usually have a short residual activity.
t
Botanically speaking, a fruit is the plant part that contains the mature, swollen ovary and seed; such as an orange, tomato, squashes, green beans, and eggplants.
t
Buds are meristematic structures along the stem that are composed of compressed, immature, leafy shoots, flowers, or both. They may be dormant for a portion of the year or for many years before they become active.
t
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen make up over half the dry mass of tissue and we do not have much influence over the levels of these basic plant essential nutrients.
t
Citrus trees need adequate soil moisture during spring to set fruit and steady water in summer and fall to produce acceptable size, numbers and quality of fruit.
t
Clay soils retain more water, have slower air and water movement, and hold more mineral nutrients than sandy soils
t
Clay-based soil will drain water much slower than sand-based soils.
t
Close mowing or scalping a lawn allows weeds to germinate and grow.
t
Dr. Milesi's research determined that turf stores carbon and the addition of grass clippings (grasscycling) helped store more carbon
t
Dr. Milesi's research project created an estimate of lawn surface area by estimating the ratio of lawn surface area to impervious areas.
t
During hardening, there is an accumulation of carbohydrates and a thickening of cell walls. A change from a soft, succulent type of growth to a firmer, harder type of growth is desired.
t
During times of drought it is wise to choose to irrigate mature trees with one to two deep irrigations several weeks apart in the warm season.
t
Even native plants require continually moist root zones during establishment.
t
Fertilizers should be distributed evenly to avoid striping.
t
From Dr. Milesi's research project; results showed that lawns ultimately stored carbon, regardless of fertilization rate and clipping collection.
t
Hydrozone is an irrigation term used to describe planting species with similar water needs together on the same valve.
t
If aeration is performed when the soil is wet it may cause increased compaction.
t
If no WIN is listed on the fertilizer label, assume that all of the nitrogen is water soluble, or quickly available, unless the nitrogen includes sulfur-coated urea.
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Insects and diseases are more likely to attack drought stressed trees than non-stresses trees.
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Insects that display complete metamorphosis often have different feeding habits and occupy different ecological niches throughout their life cycle.
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Irrigation scheduling involves applying the right amount of water at the right time.
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It is estimated that 1/6 of the world's food crop is consumed by insects and they also carry pathogens, which they can transmit to crops.
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It is very important to use sterile media and containers when germinating seed.
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Knowing the identity of a weed is the first step in learning about its life cycle, growth and development.
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Larvae and adults with complete metamorphosis sometimes have different mouthparts and feed on different foods.
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Laundry to landscape systems must not use water contaminated by diapers and human waste.
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Laundry to landscape systems not requiring a permit are required to have valves and direction of graywater flow clearly labeled.
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Layering plants has a high success rate because it prevents the water stress and carbohydrate shortage that sometimes plague cuttings.
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Leaf veins are the continuation and termination of xylem and phloem from the roots and stems.
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Light soil topdressing can inoculate the thatch layer with microorganisms and improve moisture retention in the thatch layer, which increases microbial activity.
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Light stimulates germination in some species and inhibits it in others.
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Managing fertilization and weeds helps with overall water management.
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Mechanical controls consisting of mowing, hoeing, and hand pulling are effective against annual seeds as long as the crown of the plant is destroyed before seed has set.
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Most crops do best when the pH of the soil is slightly acidic to neutral (5.5-7.5)
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Most established shrubs can survive long periods of dry soil. Thorough spring watering and one or two thorough waterings in the summer keeps most well-established shrubs alive for at least one season.
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Most fungicides are applied to the foliage as spray or dust to prevent diseases on the above-ground parts of susceptible hosts.
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Most new plantings require regular watering for the first few seasons, and once well -established they can withstand some drought.
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Most of the water and mineral uptake occurs in roots along fine fibrous roots of a plant's root system through a combination of physical and chemical processes
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Mowing too low weakens grass, causes sod to thin out, encourages weed invasion, makes the lawn more susceptible to pests and may kill the lawn with time.
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Oak trees, the California Walnut tree, and the California Bay tree are examples of trees that are protected under city ordinances.
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One of the functions of seed dormancy is to prevent a seed from germinating before it is surrounded by a favorable environment.
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Osmotic stress can occur when a soil has a high concentration of soluble salts and plant roots have difficulty absorbing water molecules because the molecules are held tightly by salt ions.
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Other sources for estimated plant water are WUCOLS, plantfinder.sunset.com, and the California Native Plant Society.
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People generally enjoy turfgrass lawns and turfgrass lawns serve as a functional recreational surface.
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Perennial weeds can go dormant and sprout again in the spring.
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Pesticides are used in Organic production, but they must be on the National List or an approved exception.
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Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants produce their own carbohydrates, or nutrients, and obtain a chemical source of energy.
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Plant species vary somewhat in the light levels needed for photosynthesis.
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Plant water use is influenced by micro-climate.
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Plastids are a group of specialized cells unique to plants. Chloroplasts are the most recognized type of plastid.
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Products sold, labeled, or represented as "made with" organic must have at least 70% certified organic content and the USDA Organic Seal may not be used on these products
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Protected tree ordinances may prohibit cutting, removing, moving, or encroaching upon indigenous trees.
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Recent environmental issues regarding turf are water shortages, fertilizer runoff, and pesticide residues.
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Refer to the image below: Regions like the south and north east with higher annual rainfall totals, compared to our region of California, are less likely to build up soluble salts in the topsoil and may have a more acidic pH.
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Refer to the image: When cation exchange occurs, the cation released from the clay mineral into the soil solution becomes available for absorption by plants.
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Reference evapotranspiration is the amount of water used by a large uniform planting of a cool-season grass growing 3-6 inches tall given unlimited water.
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Several elements such as; Sodium(Na), Aluminum(Al), Cobalt(Co), Cadmium(Cd), and others, may be taken up by plants and have the potential to become toxic to the plant.
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Slow growth of plants is a symptom of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium deficiency.
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Soil pH is critical to plant growth because it affects the availability of essential nutrients.
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Soil probes are a great tool for monitoring soil moisture.
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Some beneficial attributes of insects include silk production, pollination of crops and decomposition of downed trees.
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Some insecticides and insect growth regulators are absorbed by the insect's spiracles.
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Sulfur coated urea fertilizers provide slow-release nitrogen, but the fertilizer may not list it as WIN.
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Synthetic/Inorganic fertilizers are available in fast and slow release form and provide a much more dependable release time than organic fertilizers.
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Systemic insecticides are translocated through a plant's vascular system impregnating the plant with insecticide.
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The California irrigation management information system(CIMIS) is a great reference for ET rates in California.
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The NOP is generally a process based regulatory system and not an end-product based regulatory system.
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The NOP states that synthetic fertilizers, sewage sludge, irradiation and genetic engineering may not be used in Organic production.
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The National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances gets a complete review every 5 years, this is referred to as the Sunset Review.
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The National Organic Program (NOP) is a regulatory program housed within the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS).
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The National Organic Standards Board (NOSB) developed and continually develops organic standards as recommendations to the NOP.
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The accumulation of salts in the root zone can lead to osmotic stress.
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The cambium, a layer of meristematic cells between the xylem and phloem, is a critical layer of cells in the grafting process.
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The disease triangle consists of the host, pathogen, and environment.
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The electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR) defines terms and regulations within the NOP program.
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The process of translocation in a plant can also aid in the movement of externally applied foliar fertilizers and pesticides.
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The same plant in different climate zones will have different water requirements.
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The time of year when flower induction occurs and the length of time from induction to flowering for a given species are important for home gardeners to know.
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The use of stored food reserves may reduce the vigor of a plant and its ability to develop high-quality flowers, fruit, or storage organs such as tubers.
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Turf fertilizer recommendations are usually provided in pounds of Nitrogen per 1000 square feet.
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Turf should be fertilized during active periods of growth.
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Under favorable conditions, many bacteria species can divide every 20 minutes
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Unnecessary fertilizer applications to healthy trees can cause excessive growth which is often susceptible to insect and pathogen infestation.
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Using a broom instead of a hose to clean up after gardening, pruning, or windy conditions can help save water and avoid polluting waterways.
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Using a mulch spread over the top of the soil of a newly planted tree can provide benefits of improved soil structure, water conservation, and weed prevention.
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Using appropriate pruning techniques will help prevent tree damage as shown in the image.
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Using the three cut method when felling branches will reduce the risk of bark tearing causing further damage of a tree's vascular tissues.
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Warm-season turfgrasses are more resistant than cool season grasses.
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Watering mature trees several feet out from the trunk and making sure water is moving through the soil several inches is a good irrigation practice.
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Well spaced branches are less likely to split or break than those close together .
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When adding soil or amendments to an existing soil one of the golden rules is to never add a fine media over a course media.
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When adding soil or amendments to an existing soil the golden rule is to NEVER ADD A FINE OVER A COARSE.
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When pruning, thinning refers to removing a lateral branch at its origin or shortening a branch's length by cutting to a lateral large enough to assume a terminal role.
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When soils are severely compacted, water-logged, or are artificially deepened more than a few inches over a plant's root system, oxygen may be insufficient for root respiration. Roots die if these conditions occur for an extended periods.
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Yellowing of leaves (Chlorosis) can be a symptom of both over-watering and under-watering, as well as symptom of nitrogen or sulfur deficiency
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Large textured, cool season grass with heavy venation on the leaf blade
tall fescue
Which type of pruning can reduce height and retain the natural appearance and form of the tree?
thinning
The cutting off of the main leader of a tree
topping
The movement of water, mineral nutrients, food (carbohydrates), and other dissolved compounds from one part of the plant to another
translocation
The evaporative loss of water vapor from plant leaves through the stomata. It is closely related to the translocation of water and dissolved minerals from the roots through the xylem
transpiration
The adsorbed water shown in the image is ______________________ to plant roots.
unavailable
most water and nutrient absorbing roots of trees are found in which sections of the soil
upper 12''
A large cavity where most of the liquid substances are found(vacuole)
vacuole
Which of the following contain meristematic tissue?
vascular cambium
Individual virus particles
virions
DNA or RNA core surrounded by a capsid
virus
Spotted/Matted/Prostrate Spurge
warm season sometimes cool season too, annual, low growing broadleaf weed
Purslane
warm season, annual broadleaf (edible) verdolagas
Mares tail
warm season, annual broadleaf weed -- rose to fame due to resistance to glyphosate (round-up)
Crabgrass
warm season, annual grassy weed
One of the primary functions of K is its effect on water regulation and root growth, and a common sign of deficiency is_________________________________.
weak root systems
Plant that interferes with the intended use of land and water resources, cause health problems, or reduce aesthetic value of a site
weed
Water and dissolved mineral nutrients from the soil are conducted from the roots upwards to all the aboveground parts
xylem
