Earth Science Ch. 15 & 16

Worldwide average salinity is

3.5%

Of the world's largest rivers, which has the greatest discharge?

Amazon River

A cutoff on meandering stream results in the formation of

An oxbow lake

A terrace is

An uplift wave-cut platform

Near the shore, waves of transition begin to "feel bottom" and, as a result, the orbits of the water molecules in the wave become more _____. The process eventually cause ____ to form.

Elliptical; breakers

Some streams may originate in a humid region and subsequently flow through an arid region. Thus, the discharge may decrease with distance, because of high potential evapotranspiration. Such streams are called _____ streams.

Exotic

Although many elements are dissolved in seawater; no gases are dissolved in it.

False

As the evaporation rate increases, salinity decreases.

False

Brine water tends to occur near coastal deltas

False

Seawater is not a solution.

False

Since the Amazon River is the largest river in terms of discharge, it also produces a large delta at its mouth.

False

Rectangular drainage patterns form primarily as a result of ____.

Flow through faulted landscape.

The suspended load of a stream consists of particles that are

Held aloft in the stream flow.

Brine water results from

High evaporation rates

A graph of stream discharge over time for a specific place is called _____.

Hydrograph

The two driving forces of fluvial system are _____ and _____.

Insolation and Gravity

Some streams do not reach the ocean. Water leaves the basin through evaporation or subsurface gravitational flow. Such basins are called _____ basins.

Internal drainage

Which of the following is true of the longitudinal profile of most rivers? A. it always changes at a constant rate from the headwater region to the sea. B. it is convex in shape C. It is concave in shape D. It is gentle upstream and steep downstream

It is concave in shape

The height of a tsunami grows as it approaches a coastline primarily because

Its wavelength shortens

An interruption in a stream's longitudinal profile of equilibrium is called _____.

Knickpoint

A general term for the coastal environment is

Littoral zone

Which of the following occurs when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are in alignment (i.e., in opposition or conjunction)? A. Maximum tidal ranges occur B. neap tides occur C. A lower tidal range occurs D. none of the above are true

Maximum tidal ranges occur.

The length of the individual channels in a dendritic drainage pattern is ____ and this increases energy _____.

Minimized; efficiency

About 2% of the oceanic mass comprise the

Mixing zone of blended solutes and temperatures

The largest ocean in the world in terms of area is the _____ and the smallest ocean in terms of area is _____.

Pacific; Arctic

Steep slopes and some relief generally produce which drainage pattern?

Parallel

The valley and ridge province is characterized by which drainage pattern?

Trellis

Which drainage pattern is produced by folded topography?

Trellis

A watershed is an open system.

True

Although Nile River is the longest river on Earth, it is not the largest river in terms of discharge.

True

Most streams flow into oceans.

True

River discharge usually increases downstream because the area being drained increases.

True

Stream discharge is calculated by multiplying the velocity of the stream by its width and depth for a specific cross section of the channel.

True

The moon's gravitational pull on the Earth is greater than that of the Sun's.

True

cfs is a unit of stream discharge and stands for cubic feet per second.

True

An earthquake, submarine landslide, or eruption of undersea volcano is capable of producing a

Tsunami

Brackish water would be most likely to occur

in a deltaic swamp

Which of the following unit is a correct unit for stream discharge?

m^3/s

Which of the following does not favor delta formation? A. Strong ocean currents B. Shallow ocean water along the coast C. A lack of reservoirs upstream D. A large sediment load

A. Strong ocean currents

Which of the following is not true of tides? A. they are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the sun. B. They are complex daily oscillations in sea level C. They are influenced by the size, depth, and topography of ocean basins. D. They are influenced by shoreline configuration and latitude.

A. They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun

Which of the following will favor stream terrace formation? A. A large increase in sediment load B. Tectonic uplift of the headwaters C. A rise in sea level D. A decrease in rainfall

B. Tectonic uplift of the headwaters

Which of the following is not an example of an erosional coastal landform? A. sea arch B. tombolo C. wave-cut platform D. notched cliff

B. tombolo

Which of the following is incorrectly matched? A. rising tides - flood tides B. ebb tides - falling tides C. spring tides - high tides only D. spring tides - maximum tidal range

C. spring tides - high tides only

From inland to the ocean, which sequence of zones is correct?

Coast, backshore, foreshore, nearshore

_______ separate drainage basins and send flows to the Pacific, the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantics, Hudson Bay, or the Arctic ocean.

Continental divides

Braided streams are characterized by A. sediment deposition in the channel resulting in the formation of sand and gravel bars and numerous small channels. B. a heavy load in relation to discharge C. server erosion of the channel bed D. A and B only

D. A and B only

As a stream velocity decreases, which of the following sizes of sediments will be deposited last? A. Gravel B. Sand C. Silt D. Clay

D. Clay

Stream transport involves all of the following except A. saltation B. suspension C. traction D. sheet flow

D. Sheet flow

As the discharge of a stream increases, which of the following also happens? A. Stream channel narrow, become shallower, and lose velocity. B. The rate of flow decreases. C. Channel width increases but channel depth decreases. D. Width, depth, and velocity all increase.

D. Width, depth, and velocity all increase.

Which of the following is true of the ocean deep zone? A. The water in this zone does not freeze because of the intense pressure exerted by the weight of overlying water. B. The water in this zone does not freeze because of its sanity. C. Temperature remains approximately 4 degrees Celsius with in most of this layer D. Only A and B are true.

D. only A and B are true.

Which of the following is not an example of a depositional coastal landform? A. wave-build terrace B. barrier spit C. bay barrier D. wave-cut platform

D. wave-cut platform

The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to

Decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge

Which of the following stream channel types is likely to develop on gently slopping surfaces composed of rocks or sediments with approximately the same resistance to erosion?

Dendritic

The glacial shield regions of Canada have disrupted surface drainage patterns that are called ____ patterns.

Deranged

Watersheds are defined by

Drainage divides

A central peak, such as volcanic mountain, generally produces a ______ drainage pattern.

Radical

Drainage density refers to

Ratio of the total length of channels to the area of the basin

The concentration of dissolved solids in the seawater is called ____

Salinity

The relationship between stage and stream discharge is called ____ curve.

Stage-discharge rating

Waves in shallow water that "feel bottom" are ____ and more ____ spaced than the swell they are related to.

Taller; closely