Earth Science Ch. 15 & 16
Worldwide average salinity is
3.5%
Of the world's largest rivers, which has the greatest discharge?
Amazon River
A cutoff on meandering stream results in the formation of
An oxbow lake
A terrace is
An uplift wave-cut platform
Near the shore, waves of transition begin to "feel bottom" and, as a result, the orbits of the water molecules in the wave become more _____. The process eventually cause ____ to form.
Elliptical; breakers
Some streams may originate in a humid region and subsequently flow through an arid region. Thus, the discharge may decrease with distance, because of high potential evapotranspiration. Such streams are called _____ streams.
Exotic
Although many elements are dissolved in seawater; no gases are dissolved in it.
False
As the evaporation rate increases, salinity decreases.
False
Brine water tends to occur near coastal deltas
False
Seawater is not a solution.
False
Since the Amazon River is the largest river in terms of discharge, it also produces a large delta at its mouth.
False
Rectangular drainage patterns form primarily as a result of ____.
Flow through faulted landscape.
The suspended load of a stream consists of particles that are
Held aloft in the stream flow.
Brine water results from
High evaporation rates
A graph of stream discharge over time for a specific place is called _____.
Hydrograph
The two driving forces of fluvial system are _____ and _____.
Insolation and Gravity
Some streams do not reach the ocean. Water leaves the basin through evaporation or subsurface gravitational flow. Such basins are called _____ basins.
Internal drainage
Which of the following is true of the longitudinal profile of most rivers? A. it always changes at a constant rate from the headwater region to the sea. B. it is convex in shape C. It is concave in shape D. It is gentle upstream and steep downstream
It is concave in shape
The height of a tsunami grows as it approaches a coastline primarily because
Its wavelength shortens
An interruption in a stream's longitudinal profile of equilibrium is called _____.
Knickpoint
A general term for the coastal environment is
Littoral zone
Which of the following occurs when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are in alignment (i.e., in opposition or conjunction)? A. Maximum tidal ranges occur B. neap tides occur C. A lower tidal range occurs D. none of the above are true
Maximum tidal ranges occur.
The length of the individual channels in a dendritic drainage pattern is ____ and this increases energy _____.
Minimized; efficiency
About 2% of the oceanic mass comprise the
Mixing zone of blended solutes and temperatures
The largest ocean in the world in terms of area is the _____ and the smallest ocean in terms of area is _____.
Pacific; Arctic
Steep slopes and some relief generally produce which drainage pattern?
Parallel
The valley and ridge province is characterized by which drainage pattern?
Trellis
Which drainage pattern is produced by folded topography?
Trellis
A watershed is an open system.
True
Although Nile River is the longest river on Earth, it is not the largest river in terms of discharge.
True
Most streams flow into oceans.
True
River discharge usually increases downstream because the area being drained increases.
True
Stream discharge is calculated by multiplying the velocity of the stream by its width and depth for a specific cross section of the channel.
True
The moon's gravitational pull on the Earth is greater than that of the Sun's.
True
cfs is a unit of stream discharge and stands for cubic feet per second.
True
An earthquake, submarine landslide, or eruption of undersea volcano is capable of producing a
Tsunami
Brackish water would be most likely to occur
in a deltaic swamp
Which of the following unit is a correct unit for stream discharge?
m^3/s
Which of the following does not favor delta formation? A. Strong ocean currents B. Shallow ocean water along the coast C. A lack of reservoirs upstream D. A large sediment load
A. Strong ocean currents
Which of the following is not true of tides? A. they are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the sun. B. They are complex daily oscillations in sea level C. They are influenced by the size, depth, and topography of ocean basins. D. They are influenced by shoreline configuration and latitude.
A. They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun
Which of the following will favor stream terrace formation? A. A large increase in sediment load B. Tectonic uplift of the headwaters C. A rise in sea level D. A decrease in rainfall
B. Tectonic uplift of the headwaters
Which of the following is not an example of an erosional coastal landform? A. sea arch B. tombolo C. wave-cut platform D. notched cliff
B. tombolo
Which of the following is incorrectly matched? A. rising tides - flood tides B. ebb tides - falling tides C. spring tides - high tides only D. spring tides - maximum tidal range
C. spring tides - high tides only
From inland to the ocean, which sequence of zones is correct?
Coast, backshore, foreshore, nearshore
_______ separate drainage basins and send flows to the Pacific, the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantics, Hudson Bay, or the Arctic ocean.
Continental divides
Braided streams are characterized by A. sediment deposition in the channel resulting in the formation of sand and gravel bars and numerous small channels. B. a heavy load in relation to discharge C. server erosion of the channel bed D. A and B only
D. A and B only
As a stream velocity decreases, which of the following sizes of sediments will be deposited last? A. Gravel B. Sand C. Silt D. Clay
D. Clay
Stream transport involves all of the following except A. saltation B. suspension C. traction D. sheet flow
D. Sheet flow
As the discharge of a stream increases, which of the following also happens? A. Stream channel narrow, become shallower, and lose velocity. B. The rate of flow decreases. C. Channel width increases but channel depth decreases. D. Width, depth, and velocity all increase.
D. Width, depth, and velocity all increase.
Which of the following is true of the ocean deep zone? A. The water in this zone does not freeze because of the intense pressure exerted by the weight of overlying water. B. The water in this zone does not freeze because of its sanity. C. Temperature remains approximately 4 degrees Celsius with in most of this layer D. Only A and B are true.
D. only A and B are true.
Which of the following is not an example of a depositional coastal landform? A. wave-build terrace B. barrier spit C. bay barrier D. wave-cut platform
D. wave-cut platform
The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to
Decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge
Which of the following stream channel types is likely to develop on gently slopping surfaces composed of rocks or sediments with approximately the same resistance to erosion?
Dendritic
The glacial shield regions of Canada have disrupted surface drainage patterns that are called ____ patterns.
Deranged
Watersheds are defined by
Drainage divides
A central peak, such as volcanic mountain, generally produces a ______ drainage pattern.
Radical
Drainage density refers to
Ratio of the total length of channels to the area of the basin
The concentration of dissolved solids in the seawater is called ____
Salinity
The relationship between stage and stream discharge is called ____ curve.
Stage-discharge rating
Waves in shallow water that "feel bottom" are ____ and more ____ spaced than the swell they are related to.
Taller; closely