ecology final exam
____ is the minimum value for the Shannon-Wiener index.
0
A community with a H' of 0 has ____ species.
1
Paine's chain of reasoning for keystone species is _____.
1. predators function to keep prey below carrying capacity. 2. lowers potential for competitive exclusion 3.as a result keystone species increase species diversity.
The half saturation constant is the concentration at which _____.
1/2 of max rate of substance uptake is achieved
_____ is the equation used to describe primary production.
6CO2 + 6 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Community A has 20 species and Community B has 80 species. Community _____ has a lower species richness.
A
Community A has a short slope and Community B has a long slope. Community ____ has greater species richness.
B
When comparing two communities Community A has a steep slope while Community B has a more gradual slope, Community _____ will have more evenness.
B
When observing 2 species where Species A has a high Ks and Species B has a low Ks, Species _____ should outcompete the other species for that nutrient.
B
The intermediate disturbance hypothesis was proposed by _____.
Connell
Net primary production can be described by the equation ___.
NPP = GPP - R
A trophic cascade is when _____.
a higher trophic level has an effect on the levels below them.
Apparent competition is when there appears to be competition occuring between two species, but actually the apparent competition is a result of ________.
a third species actions
The Michallis Menton equation can be used to describe the _____.
active nutrient uptake
Primary producers are important because _____.
all tropic levels of consumers depend upon primary production, or they would have nothing to consume
Native mustard and Exotic mustard is an example of ______.
apparent competition
The phytoplankton with the lower Ks value for phosphate is ______.
asterionella
Primary production is a term used to describe production of new biomass by ______ in an ecosystem.
autotrophs
Generally primary producers are _____.
autotrophs like cyanobacteria and plants
Generally tertiary consumers are _______.
carnivores and omnivores
The paradox of Plankton is answered by ____.
coexistience of different species depended upon ratio of nutrients
Areas with low NPP are often ____.
cold with little to no precipitation
In the Michallis-Menton equation S represents _____.
concentration at 1/2 umax
The phytoplankton with the lower Ks value for nitrogen is _____.
cyclotella
The negative relationship of mycorrizhae and nutrient availibility is believed to due to ____.
decreases in ph caused by increased nitrogen
Whether an interaction is considered strong or weak depends upon the ____.
degree of influence the interaction has on the community
The basis for phytoplankton sucession in spring blooms is the _________.
differential Ks for limiting nutrients
If a species has an effect on another species without the use of an intermediate that interaction is considered _____.
direct
____ is a discrete event that disrupts a community, giving opportunity for new individuals to be established.
disturbance
Communitys that are more heterogeneous are more _____.
diverse
A community that has greater species evenness also have a higher species _____.
diversity
The Shannon-Wiener Index is a quantitative measure of ______.
diversity
Species _____ is the term for the relative abundance of each species.
evenness
A species with lower Ks values can better _____.
exploit low nutrient levels
Powers tested keystone species' influence on _____.
fishes influence on food webs in rivers
____ are used to provide a summary of feeding relationships within a community.
food webs
A species that has a strong influence on community structure due to high biomass is a _____ species.
foundation
In rank abundance curves low slopes indicate _____.
greater species evenness
GPP =
gross primary production
In the Michallis-Menton equation Ks represents _____.
half saturation constant
Generally primary consumers are _____.
herbivores
As a general rule diversity ______ with complexity or heterogeneity.
increase
The Shannon-Wiener index will _____ as richness and evenness increase.
increase
Keystone species have an effect of _____ species diversity.
increasing
Apparent competition is a(n) ______ interaction.
indirect
If a species has an effect on another species due to its interaction with a 3rd species, that interaction is considered ____.
indirect
Indirect commensalism is a(n) _____ interaction.
indirect
Trophic cascade is a(n) _____ interaction.
indirect
The Beavers and the Beetles are an example of _______.
indirect commensalism
A community with low levels of disturbance does not have high diversity because _____.
intense competition would hinder diversity
According to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis the _____ community will experience greatest diversity.
intermediately disturbed
A species is considered a(n) _____ species if their feeding activities have an inordinate influence on the structure of the community.
keystone
Ecologists study communities in sub groups called _____.
life forms or guilds
Most species are found in ________ distributions.
lognormal
Algal cells with _______ Ks posses a greater ability to actively transport from the medium.
lower
In the Michallis-Menton equation u max represents _____,
maximum uptake rate at saturation
Lognormal distributions depict the general rule that most species are distrubted to e -____.
moderately abundant, few are very rare or very common
When there is low soil fertility, ____ diversity will be observed.
more
More diversity is observed with low soil fertility because ____.
more niches are needed
Log in the shannon wiener index represents _____.
natural log of pi
In algal cells there is a ____ relationship between the Ks value and ability to transport out of the cell.
negative
NPP=
net primary production
Diversity and nutrient availability have a consistenly ____ relationship.
netative
If cyclostella was dominant then ____ would be limited.
nitrogen
If cyclostella and asterionella coexist then _____ would be limited.
nitrogen and phosphorus
In lognormal distributions coverage is a term used to refer to _____.
number of individuals
To calculate a lognormal distribution graph you plot ______.
number of individuals by number of species
S in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index represents ____.
number of species in the community
A community with high levels of disturbance does not have high diversity because ____.
only species that can survive the high frequency of disturbance could thrive
The term Keystone species was coined by _____.
paine
If asterionella was dominant then _____ would be limited.
phosphorus
In the food web made by Tscharntke _____ were considered a foundation species.
phragmites
MacArthur found a ____ relationship between vertical forest volume and number of species.
positive
MacArthur found a _____ relationship between environmental complexity and bird diversity.
positive
Species evenness and diversity have a _______ relationship.
positive
The second trophic level are ____.
primary consumers
The lowest trophic level are ____.
producers
Pi in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index represents _____.
proportion of the ith species
R =
rate of primary production
In areas where Powers encolsed fish the biomass of algae would be ____.
reduced
Paine formed the term keystone species based upon the ______.
reintroduction of wolves to yellowstone
Paine tested his keystone species theory by _____.
removing sea stars
Species ____ is the term for the number of species in the community.
richness
In the case of Native vs Exotic mustard what is the cause of the apparent competiton?
rodents are living in the exotic mustard while eating the native, causing the native to appear to be outcompeted by the exotic
The third trophic level are ______.
secondary consumers
H' represents _____.
shannon wiener diversity index
Generally secondary consumers are _____.
specialized carnivores
In rank abundance curves the shape of the slope indicates ______.
species evenness
In rank abundance curves the length of the slope indicates the ______.
species richness
Species diversity is defined by ______.
species richness and evenness
A community is defined as an association of interacting _____.
species that inhabit an area
In areas where Powers included fish the algal biomass would be reduced because _____.
steelheads indirectly increase the amount of chironomids that eat algae.
The key factors affecting terrestrial primary production are _____.
temperature and moisture
The fourth trophic level are ____.
tertiary consumers
Asterionella and cyclostella arean example of a ______.
trade off in resource aquisition
A species' _____ is used to describe its' position in the food web.
trophic level
The four characteristics that define community structure are ______.
trophic levels, number of species, relative abundance, kinds of interactions
In the Michallis-Menton equation u represents ____.
uptake rate
Areas with high NPP are often ____.
warm with lots of precipitation
How do Beavers indirectly affect beetles?
when beavers eat trees the trees change their leaves. the beetles use the new leaves for defense