ecology final exam

____ is the minimum value for the Shannon-Wiener index.

0

A community with a H' of 0 has ____ species.

1

Paine's chain of reasoning for keystone species is _____.

1. predators function to keep prey below carrying capacity. 2. lowers potential for competitive exclusion 3.as a result keystone species increase species diversity.

The half saturation constant is the concentration at which _____.

1/2 of max rate of substance uptake is achieved

_____ is the equation used to describe primary production.

6CO2 + 6 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Community A has 20 species and Community B has 80 species. Community _____ has a lower species richness.

A

Community A has a short slope and Community B has a long slope. Community ____ has greater species richness.

B

When comparing two communities Community A has a steep slope while Community B has a more gradual slope, Community _____ will have more evenness.

B

When observing 2 species where Species A has a high Ks and Species B has a low Ks, Species _____ should outcompete the other species for that nutrient.

B

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis was proposed by _____.

Connell

Net primary production can be described by the equation ___.

NPP = GPP - R

A trophic cascade is when _____.

a higher trophic level has an effect on the levels below them.

Apparent competition is when there appears to be competition occuring between two species, but actually the apparent competition is a result of ________.

a third species actions

The Michallis Menton equation can be used to describe the _____.

active nutrient uptake

Primary producers are important because _____.

all tropic levels of consumers depend upon primary production, or they would have nothing to consume

Native mustard and Exotic mustard is an example of ______.

apparent competition

The phytoplankton with the lower Ks value for phosphate is ______.

asterionella

Primary production is a term used to describe production of new biomass by ______ in an ecosystem.

autotrophs

Generally primary producers are _____.

autotrophs like cyanobacteria and plants

Generally tertiary consumers are _______.

carnivores and omnivores

The paradox of Plankton is answered by ____.

coexistience of different species depended upon ratio of nutrients

Areas with low NPP are often ____.

cold with little to no precipitation

In the Michallis-Menton equation S represents _____.

concentration at 1/2 umax

The phytoplankton with the lower Ks value for nitrogen is _____.

cyclotella

The negative relationship of mycorrizhae and nutrient availibility is believed to due to ____.

decreases in ph caused by increased nitrogen

Whether an interaction is considered strong or weak depends upon the ____.

degree of influence the interaction has on the community

The basis for phytoplankton sucession in spring blooms is the _________.

differential Ks for limiting nutrients

If a species has an effect on another species without the use of an intermediate that interaction is considered _____.

direct

____ is a discrete event that disrupts a community, giving opportunity for new individuals to be established.

disturbance

Communitys that are more heterogeneous are more _____.

diverse

A community that has greater species evenness also have a higher species _____.

diversity

The Shannon-Wiener Index is a quantitative measure of ______.

diversity

Species _____ is the term for the relative abundance of each species.

evenness

A species with lower Ks values can better _____.

exploit low nutrient levels

Powers tested keystone species' influence on _____.

fishes influence on food webs in rivers

____ are used to provide a summary of feeding relationships within a community.

food webs

A species that has a strong influence on community structure due to high biomass is a _____ species.

foundation

In rank abundance curves low slopes indicate _____.

greater species evenness

GPP =

gross primary production

In the Michallis-Menton equation Ks represents _____.

half saturation constant

Generally primary consumers are _____.

herbivores

As a general rule diversity ______ with complexity or heterogeneity.

increase

The Shannon-Wiener index will _____ as richness and evenness increase.

increase

Keystone species have an effect of _____ species diversity.

increasing

Apparent competition is a(n) ______ interaction.

indirect

If a species has an effect on another species due to its interaction with a 3rd species, that interaction is considered ____.

indirect

Indirect commensalism is a(n) _____ interaction.

indirect

Trophic cascade is a(n) _____ interaction.

indirect

The Beavers and the Beetles are an example of _______.

indirect commensalism

A community with low levels of disturbance does not have high diversity because _____.

intense competition would hinder diversity

According to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis the _____ community will experience greatest diversity.

intermediately disturbed

A species is considered a(n) _____ species if their feeding activities have an inordinate influence on the structure of the community.

keystone

Ecologists study communities in sub groups called _____.

life forms or guilds

Most species are found in ________ distributions.

lognormal

Algal cells with _______ Ks posses a greater ability to actively transport from the medium.

lower

In the Michallis-Menton equation u max represents _____,

maximum uptake rate at saturation

Lognormal distributions depict the general rule that most species are distrubted to e -____.

moderately abundant, few are very rare or very common

When there is low soil fertility, ____ diversity will be observed.

more

More diversity is observed with low soil fertility because ____.

more niches are needed

Log in the shannon wiener index represents _____.

natural log of pi

In algal cells there is a ____ relationship between the Ks value and ability to transport out of the cell.

negative

NPP=

net primary production

Diversity and nutrient availability have a consistenly ____ relationship.

netative

If cyclostella was dominant then ____ would be limited.

nitrogen

If cyclostella and asterionella coexist then _____ would be limited.

nitrogen and phosphorus

In lognormal distributions coverage is a term used to refer to _____.

number of individuals

To calculate a lognormal distribution graph you plot ______.

number of individuals by number of species

S in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index represents ____.

number of species in the community

A community with high levels of disturbance does not have high diversity because ____.

only species that can survive the high frequency of disturbance could thrive

The term Keystone species was coined by _____.

paine

If asterionella was dominant then _____ would be limited.

phosphorus

In the food web made by Tscharntke _____ were considered a foundation species.

phragmites

MacArthur found a ____ relationship between vertical forest volume and number of species.

positive

MacArthur found a _____ relationship between environmental complexity and bird diversity.

positive

Species evenness and diversity have a _______ relationship.

positive

The second trophic level are ____.

primary consumers

The lowest trophic level are ____.

producers

Pi in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index represents _____.

proportion of the ith species

R =

rate of primary production

In areas where Powers encolsed fish the biomass of algae would be ____.

reduced

Paine formed the term keystone species based upon the ______.

reintroduction of wolves to yellowstone

Paine tested his keystone species theory by _____.

removing sea stars

Species ____ is the term for the number of species in the community.

richness

In the case of Native vs Exotic mustard what is the cause of the apparent competiton?

rodents are living in the exotic mustard while eating the native, causing the native to appear to be outcompeted by the exotic

The third trophic level are ______.

secondary consumers

H' represents _____.

shannon wiener diversity index

Generally secondary consumers are _____.

specialized carnivores

In rank abundance curves the shape of the slope indicates ______.

species evenness

In rank abundance curves the length of the slope indicates the ______.

species richness

Species diversity is defined by ______.

species richness and evenness

A community is defined as an association of interacting _____.

species that inhabit an area

In areas where Powers included fish the algal biomass would be reduced because _____.

steelheads indirectly increase the amount of chironomids that eat algae.

The key factors affecting terrestrial primary production are _____.

temperature and moisture

The fourth trophic level are ____.

tertiary consumers

Asterionella and cyclostella arean example of a ______.

trade off in resource aquisition

A species' _____ is used to describe its' position in the food web.

trophic level

The four characteristics that define community structure are ______.

trophic levels, number of species, relative abundance, kinds of interactions

In the Michallis-Menton equation u represents ____.

uptake rate

Areas with high NPP are often ____.

warm with lots of precipitation

How do Beavers indirectly affect beetles?

when beavers eat trees the trees change their leaves. the beetles use the new leaves for defense