ECON 125 Fall 2019: Midterm 1

Functional Inspiration

-Analysis will take you only so far. -Once you've identified an attractive opportunity, you still need a leap of imagination to arrive at the right response- this is functional inspiration.

What are Unexpected ccurrences?

-Easiest and simplest source of innovation opportunity. -Unexpected successes and failures. -Unexpected Success: IBM: first modern accounting machine for banks in the 1930s, but banks did not buy the new equipment. The New York Public Library wanted to buy the machine. Businesses became interested in a machine that could do payroll. IBM redesigned payroll machine and within 5 years became a leader in the computer industry. -Unexpected failure: Ford Edsel: This failure was the foundation for much of the company's later success. Ford's response to this: The Mustang: a car that gave the company a distinct personality and reestablished it as an industry leader. German Scientist: scientists synthesized Novocaine to be used in major surgical procedures. Surgeons still preferred total anesthesia, but this Novocaine was very popular among dentists.

What did Google Research Discover about the most effective teams?

-Google was focused on building the perfect team. -Long believed that the best teams were composed of the "best people". -Code Name: Project Aristotle: Studied hundreds (180) of Google's teams and figure out why some stumbled while others soared. -Worked with statisticians, organizational psychologists, sociologists, and engineers and Rozovsky (woman from Yale) was on this project. -Reviewed 50 years of academic studies of how teams worked. It was impossible to find patterns! -Research on psychological safety pointed to particular norms vital to success. We must know that we are free enough to share the things that scare us without fear of recriminations. We have to talk about the messy and sad and be able to have the hard conversations. PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY, MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE, IS CRITICAL TO MAKING A TEAM WORK

What are the components of the test portion of design thinking?

-Identify assumptions and hypotheses you are testing for. -Get feedback from people

Key insights from: Can Virtual Reality Revolutionize Education?

-Kids love to engage with VR lessons (Guido Kovalskys, Nearpod) -More than 6 million students in the US and beyond have experienced its VR-based lessons, such as virtual field trips.

What are the components of the define step of design thinking?

-Make sense of the data you collected in the empathize phase.

What are Demographic Changes?

-Of outside sources of innovation opportunities, demographics are the most reliable. -Policy makers often neglect demographics, so those who watch and exploit them can reap great rewards. Japan and Robots: Everyone knew that in the 1970s there was an educational explosion, meaning that many high school students were going on to higher education (getting rid of blue-collar workers in manufacturing by 1990). Japan was the only one to act on this, and that is why they are ahead by 10 years in robotics. Club Mediterranee's success in travel and resort business: noticed emergence of young and affluent young adults in Europe and US.

What are the components of the prototype portion of design thinking?

-Prioritize your ideas -Narrow down to 1 or 2 -Move quickly to develop a prototype to show people (low-resolution prototype).

Pediatric MRI Example in relation to Design Thinking Process:

-Problem: Children were scared of Doug's high tech MRI design -When designing they didn't take into consideration the perspective of the user. 1. Empathize Phase: How do we make pediatric MRI scans a better scan? Spent time observing and talking to children. Ask why questions to elicit feelings, emotions and stories. 2. Define Phase: Design Challenge Statement (around anxiety of children with MRI, leading to inefficiencies). 3. Ideate Phase: Unconstrained in beginning and narrowing down from there. Ultimate: Turn MRI into an adventure. 4. Prototype Phase: Tangible version of concepts, they used projections over MRI machines! 5. Test Phase: Observe, validate and invalidate. How would the kids react? Were kids able to stay longer in the MRI machine? 6. Implement Phase: Adventure Series (Themed rooms and experiences) End Result :Fewer than 27% of children needed to be sedated!

What was wrong with the team structure imposed by the Yale School of Management?

-She (Rozovsky) was assigned to a study group carefully engineered by the school to foster tighter bonds. Everyone was smart and curious, and they had a lot in common (Similar Colleges, Working in analogous firms). -The group would meet to discuss homework assignments, etc. -Her study group was a source of stress: She felt like she had to prove herself, the team dynamic put her on edge. Teammates sometimes jockeyed for the leadership position or criticized one another's ideas. There were conflicts over who was in charge and who got to represent the group in class. -When she joined a more informal group with people who had a variety of professional experiences: they were very successful. Despite their disparate backgrounds, everyone clicked. They had crazy ideas and spend the first 10 minutes chatting or so. They even won a competition on Yale's Campus.

What are the components of the ideate phase of design thinking?

-Think of creative solutions for each aspect of the problem. -Flare out, thinking of all possibilities.

What are the components of the empathize step of design thinking?

-Understanding -Observing -Inspiration -Learn about who you are designing for! -Go out, talk to them and immerse in their lives! -Use secondary research to round out data

Thorp and Goldstein's viewpoint of universities in Engines of Innovation and article?

-Universities could have a greater impact on the world's biggest problems by embracing an entrepreneurial mindset. -Universities should not be run like a business. They believe that many aspects of the university's operations could benefit from the ideas and ways of thinking developed in the business world. However, they also asserted that commercialization of university ideas and inventions could best be done in partnership with the private sector. -They noted the collapse of the for-profit higher education industry, including the University of Phoenix and Mount St. Mary's University.

Matthew G. Springer's Reflections on K-12 Education

1. $12,533 is how much money the U.S spent on K-12 public education per pupil during the 2014-2015 school year. 2. We spend a lot on k-12 public education (Resource Efficiency) 3. Highly effective teachers are critical determinant of student success but access to them is highly unequal (Access and Equity). 4. Teachers are the single most important within school determinant of student learning. 5. If a student from low socio-economic background receives successive years of highly effective instruction the student can overcome what is typically referred to as the achievement gap. 6. Access to highly effective teachers is highly unequal

Misconceptions about higher education:

1. A college degree is not worth the cost (But, you are worse off if you start and end up quitting). 2. College and Universities are flush with resources (Most colleges are struggling financially) 3. College is a residential experience for students between ages eighteen and twenty-two (actual face of American higher education is vastly different from the way it is perceived by the general public). 4. American colleges and universities are the front door to the middle class (American higher education is losing its claim as a facilitator of income mobility). 5. The system of academic tenures is no way to run an instituition (Academic tenure is in fact an economic boom to higher education). 6. Colleges and Universities are not contributing enough to economic growth (Higher education and its related medical centers have become economic engines and this will only increase) 7. Colleges with higher sticker prices are out of reach for most students (Many of these colleges have progressive financial aid that can make them even cheaper to attend then public universities). 8. Liberal arts degrees will not result in a good job (Job readiness is a very complex topic and should be an integral part of American higher education).

How will you know if your inclusive teaching is working?

1. Ask a peer to observe your class. 2. Collect data.

What are good places to get research from?

1. Associations 2. Government Guidance 3. Maps 4. Colleges and Universities 5. Community Organizations 6. D&B 7. Going Online

Trends to come in Technology

1. Battle of the Giants: Disney, AT&T (Big mergers to buy content), competing with Paramount, Disney, Sony, Netflix, etc. 2. Mainstream vs. Niche Content 3. Interactivity as new marketing weapon: (Think Bandersnatch with Netflix- also makes pirating more difficult and allows them to collect data about users!) 4. Distribution & Business Models: Content is King and Distribution is Queen. (Apple offering users exclusive content) 5. Emergence of New Business Models? (Bundle, Exclusive content, etc).

The first and most important lesson Sorin V. Chiriac states in Entrepreneurship?

1. Believe Anything is Possible: When you believe something is possible, it's also doable. If something is doable, you have to focus on how to do it. This trains your mind to see solutions, not problems to distinguish the priorities in your life. Article: How Does an Entrepreneurial Mindset Help you in Life by Gemma Tomlinson

Key Assets of Disney

1. Content: Pixar, Lucas, Marvel, Disney, ESPN, FOX 2. Disney Brand and Ecosystem (family and kids) 3. The Bundle: ESPN+, Hulu (Disney controls), Disney + 4. Marking and Promotion Machine: Parks, Features, Channels (ESPN, ABC, FX, A&E, Disney Channel, Nat Geo, SEC, ACC) 5. Technology (BAMTech) 6. Disney Revenues

Which of the following are creative roadblocks that were discussed in the Creativity is a Process Article:

1. Convergent Thinking 2. The socialization process restricts the natural creativity of our thinking potential by automatically assigning value judgements such as good, bad, right, wrong, proper, improper, ugly, beautiful.

According to the article, Creativity is a Process, Not a Post It, which of the following was a key take-away(s):

1. Creativity isn't an elusive gift bestowed upon a few chosen people. 2. Creativity is an ongoing process, not a one-time event.

Econ 125 Learning Objectives

1. Cultivate necessary skills for the workforce. 2. Learn and apply core methodologies 3. Participate in a diverse project team 4. Apply the principles of Human Centered Design Thinking 5. Experience iterating and pivoting early and often 6. Embracing a mindset of experimentation. 7. Learn how to research and synthesize data. 8. Define a clear and compelling and unique value proposition that meets a customer need 9. Understand how to determine the feasibility and viability of venture ideas. 10. Learn about various options for how to finance a venture. 11. Learn how to share and tell the story of your venture idea.

Entrepreneurial Foundational Underpinnings

1. Customer Centered 2. Learning the Entrepreneurial Mindset 3. High Performing Teams

Ideas for Inclusive Course Design:

1. Design courses in which you speak less. 2. Give lots of low-stakes quizzes and assessment. 3. Incorporate TTQS- typical test questions. 4. Assess them before and after class, not just during (quiz before class, essay after class). Help students avoid cramming! 5. Reduce the stakes of major papers and tests. 6. Set clear expectations 7. Connect with students through course content.

What are the main components of design thinking?

1. Empathize: Observe and understand users' needs and problems 2. Define: Analyze your observations to gain insights 3. Ideate: Think of creative solutions to each aspect of the problem 4. Prototype: Develop something tangible to show people 5. Test: Get feedback from people on your assumptions and hypotheses 6. Implement: Understand the feasibility of your idea and create a viable business model.

Basic Concepts in the Design Thinking Process

1. Empathize: Observe and understand users' needs and problems. 2. Define: Analyze your observations to gain insights. 3. Ideate: Think of creative solutions to each aspect of the problem. 4. Prototype: Develop something tangible to show people. 5. Test: Give Feedback from people on your assumptions and hypotheses. 6. Implement: Understand the feasibility of your idea and create a viable business model.

Core Design Thinking Principles

1. Focused on Human Values: Putting customer at center of thinking. Who are they? What their needs are? What their wants are? (Explicit or unspoken?) 2. Showing Not Telling: Quickly translating your ideas into things that you can take out and show someone and experiment with to then bring back and iterate on. 3. Bias Towards Action: Build, innovate, and learn by doing. 4. Learning Mindset: Embracing learning or a beginner's way of thinking.

What are 5 ways to interact inclusively with students?

1. Get comfortable with periods of silence in your classroom (think-pair-share). 2. Add structure to small-group discussions (small groups give students a low-pressure way to vet their ideas with peers). 3. Allow anonymous participation (remember, anxiety is a huge barrier to learning). 4. Counteract self-perceptions that stunt student learning (Fixed mindset and imposter syndrome. Intelligence is not a fixed, predetermined quality but something that can be developed via learning. ). 5. Connect with students personally.

A prototype is:

1. Ideally something a user can experience 2. It could be a wall of post it notes, a gadget you put together, a role-playing activity, or even a storyboard 3. Used as a way to prove or disprove, fundamental assumptions.

What are the 3 Key Principles of Inclusive Teaching?

1. Inclusive teaching is a mind-set. (Always ask yourself, who is being left out with this teaching decision?) 2. The more structure, the better for all students (works for most undergraduates, without harming those that don't need it). 3. Too little structure leaves too many students behind

In the article Prototyping: The Design Thinking Process to Pressure Test Ideas, what was included as part of the description about Step 2: Make it Real?

1. It is possible to prototype complex products and services. 2. Keep prototypes rough and simple to start.

Core Modules

1. Opportunity Identification 2. Prototyping, Testing, & Iterating 3. Feasibility and Viability 4. The Art of the Pitch

Netflix Key Objectives

1. Retain existing subscribers (minimize churn) 2. Value of the subscription 3. Grow new subscribers: US and Global 4. Content: Breadth over Depth (good enough) 5. Watch more (viewer engagement): Hours per subscriber per month, engagement over quality

What are the seven sources of innovation?

1. The Unexpected. 2. Incongruities 3. Process Needs 4. Industry and Market Changes 5. Demographic Changes 6. Changes in Perception 7. New Knowledge

According to Drucker, the four areas of opportunity that exist within a company or industry:

1. Unexpected Occurrences 2. Incongruities 3. Process Needs 4. Industry and Market Changes

What are the other four lessons Sorin V. Chiriac states in Entrepreneurship?

2. Take time to appreciate small accomplishments: As an entrepreneur, you'll fail more times than you'll remember and you'll almost never see any rewards of your efforts (Success takes time). 3. Don't Do Things Alone: Sharing ideas and working alongside someone that shares the same beliefs can be very enriching and many times can help you find needle in haystack idea. 4. Focus on what you do, not on others: Don't spend too much time on analyzing competitors. Focus your ideas, thinking too much about what other people are doing results to nothing but wastes time we could have used to be more creative in our lives. (Time is the most valuable asset). 5. Just Do It: When you come up with an idea, the next step is to go for it and patent the idea, or someone else will do it for you. (Being first is sometimes more important than being perfect). Article: How Does an Entrepreneurial Mindset Help you in Life by Gemma Tomlinson

According to Drucker, the other three sources of opportunity that exist outside a company in its social and intellectual environment:

5. Demographic Changes 6. Changes in Perception 7. New Knowledge

What is undermatching?

A large number of low-income students do not attend colleges for which they are qualified due to this phenomenon. Low-income students face significant barriers applying to selective institutions: difficulty of visiting schools that are far away, lack of awareness of financial aid programs, etc. The Hoxby study concluded that the main reason under-matching occurs is that most low-income students who are highly qualified are "one-offs"- the only high-achieving student in their school. Thus it is very hard for selective colleges to reach them and for guidance counselors to serve them.

Drucker believes innovation comes from

A systematic process

What are Changes in Perception?

American's heath has improved vastly in the last 20 years: never before has there been so much concern with or fear about health. (This allows for opportunities for innovations: markets for all kinds of health foods, health care magazines, exercise classes and jogging equipment, etc). Changing a manager's perception of a glass from "half full" to "half empty" opens up big innovation opportunities.

The Best Teams:

Are composed of members that listen to one another and show sensitivity to feelings and needs.

The place to start when identifying innovative opportunity is

Areas undergoing rapid change

What does "being entrepreneurial entail?"

Being entrepreneurial is essentially about thinking and doing something that we have not done before, in order to achieve a desirable goal or outcome. It is about assessing a situation, designing alternatives, and choosing a new way -- or perhaps a combination of ways -- that we hope will lead us to something better. Some Examples: Starting a company, presenting a new idea to your boss, choosing to pursue a degree, physically moving to another location, choices are endless and we face them throughout our lives. Article: We Are All Entrepreneurs: It's A Mindset, Not A Business Model by Donna M. De Carolis

What is the role of a teacher? Source: Want to Reach All of Your Students? Here's How to Make Your Teaching More Inclusive (Kelly Hogan)

Besides teaching content and skills in your discipline, the role of a teacher is to help students learn. Try to produce a diverse set of thinkers and problem solvers.

What are Incongruities?

Bill Conner: exploited an incongruity in medical technology. The process of cataract surgery was invasive and old-fashioned. Simply added a preservative to an enzyme that dissolves ligament, making cataract surgeries much easier! (Doctors already knew about the enzyme, he just added a preservative to extend its shelf-life). Another type of incongruity is between economic realities: Whenever an industry has a steadily growing market but falling profit margins (steel industries of developed countries) an incongruity exists. Another type of incongruity is between expectations and results: shipbuilders wanted faster boats with fewer fuel needs. Economics of the ocean freighters were still bad even with this. They discovered that the real cost was when boats sat idle in port. This led to the creation of the: roll-on and roll-off ship and the container ship were formed. -This shift in viewpoint, not technology, totally changed the economics of ocean shipping.

How can VR democratize education?

By bringing travel and educational opportunities to those who otherwise couldn't access them.

What are the two components of accessibility?

Completion Rate Financial Aid

What is an important step that you must do which helps determine if there is a market for your product or service?

Conduct Market Research Failing to conduct market research can amount to a death sentence for your product.

How are New Startups Disrupting Education?

Delphia: AI tool that helps people make important life decisions, like choosing a college and major. W1D1: Creative learning. It is an app to explore creativity. Users sign up and start receiving creative tasks which leave room for creativity but also sets boundaries. Big Green: non-profit startup, aims to teach "food literacy" from school age. Help build school gardens in low-income areas.

Eric Johnson Venture

Director of Editorial Strategy at College Board. Adversity score from College Board (effort to standardize information about the challenges a student might've faced based on their neighborhoods and high schools).

Why do we prototype?

Empathy Gaining Exploration Testing Inspiration Learn Solve Disagreements Start a Conversation Fail quickly and cheaply Manage the solution-building process Prototyping quickly and frequently is the best way to test your assumptions, learn about users, and improve on your ideas. Prototypes can be anything from sketches on a napkin to role-playing: just anything that lets you makes your ideas tangible and testable.

What are the cornerstone of Design Thinking?

Empathy Interviews

All of us are__________

Entrepreneurs. We are all born with the innate ability to survive; and survival involves innovative thinking. When we choose to embark on a path not chartered, we are engaging in a "small act of entrepreneurship." When we think innovatively and act on that innovation, we are all entrepreneurs. Article: We Are All Entrepreneurs: It's A Mindset, Not A Business Model by Donna M. De Carolis

Morrill Act of 1862

Federal government provided the resources necessary to found institutions of higher learning in every state and the universities provided a public good and assumed a public duty. -When the partnership works: higher education produces timeless and priceless knowledge, and habits that prepare students to be independent, productive thinkers and responsible citizens in a democracy. -Universities earn the opportunity to operate by providing students with a pathway to economic prosperity and producing knowledge in the public interest.

How does MIT explain the design thinking process?

First: Fully understand the problem. Second: Explore a wide range of possible solutions. Third: Iterate extensively through prototyping and testing Finally: Implement through the customary deployment mechanisms.

Nicole F. Hurd Venture

Founder and Chief Executive Officer of College Advising Corps (CAC).

What are Industry and Market Changes?

Industry structures can change overnight. Such change allows for tremendous opportunity for innovation. DL&J Firm: Founded by individuals who realized that the structure of the financial industry was changing as institutional investors became dominant. Changes in health care providers: movement toward independent surgical and psychiatric clinics, emergency centers, etc. When an industry grows quickly, its structure changes

What is at the heart of entrepreneurship?

Innovation or the effort to create purposeful, focused change in an enterprise's economic or social potential.

What must you ask yourself while designing a product for a user?

Is the product or service you're designing truly relevant for the people that are supposed to use it? -To create a product or service that satisfies its target audience, you must know the story of your customer. -Stories: help us connect, relate and empathize.

What does teaching inclusively mean?

It means embracing student diversity in all forms- race, ethnicity, gender, disability, socioeconomic background, ideology or even personality traits- as an asset. It means designing and teaching courses in ways that foster talent in all students.

The whole design thinking process is ___________?

Iterative As you learn, re-visit previous design thinking components

What are Process Needs?

Japan: has no modern highway system, it still uses roads designed for oxcarts. This system works now because of cars having a reflector, which lets each car see which other cars are approaching from many different directions. This was a minor invention that allowed traffic to run smoothly and minimize accidents. Media developed because of two process needs: 1. Ottmar Mergenthaler's Linotype: made it possible to produce newspapers quickly and in large amounts 2. Social innovation: modern advertising, which was invented by the first true newspaper publishers.

Drucker states that innovation is the work of _________ rather than _________.

Knowing, rather than doing.

How is VR used in STEM?

Labster has developed more than 70 web-based simulations for science students. Company aims to engage students through storytelling, narrative, and interactive gaming elements. VR offers a physical feeling of being in the lab, which gives students confidence when they progress to an actual lab environment.

Two founders of a Virtual Reality Startup Created a rough cardboard representation of a product they are developing. What prototyping technique are they using?

Model

Realities about University Source: Chapter 4, Students are Not Customers

Most college students don't live in residence halls, most don't attend selective colleges and do not major in liberal arts subjects. Nearly half of all college students attend community colleges, 1/4 are part-time, 1/4 are over 25 years old. More than 3/4 attend a college that admits over 1/2 of its applicants. Many of our leaders in industry, science, and arts do not have undergraduate degrees from an elite university.

What is New Knowledge?

New knowledge can be: scientific, technical, or social-rank. Super-stars of innovation: get the publicity and money Demands not one kind of knowledge, but many, to be successful (Requires careful analysis of the various kinds of knowledge needed to make an innovation possible). Example: Modern Banking Careful analysis of the need and capabilities of the intended user. It is more market dependent than any other kind of innovation.

Does Kovalskys suggest we move to complete technology model for teaching?

No. He talks about the importance of learning and how it is a social experience. It is not only about learning content but learning to deal with others. While he believes that technology can play a greater role in the classrooms of the future, he doesn't expect a future without teachers.

What are "group norms"

Norms are the traditions, behavioral standards, and unwritten rules that govern how we function when we gather.

According to Drucker, what do all successful entrepreneurs have in common?

Not a certain kind of personality (entrepreneurial personality) but instead a commitment to the systematic practice of innovation.

How should Universities be run, according to Thorp and Goldstein?

Not like a corporation. Its best to be run like a partnership between the universities and the government as well as the universities and the public at large. This partnership can be described as: in exchange for educating a highly competitive workforce and providing leadership in the discovery of new knowledge applicable to matters of public interest, academic communities will be funded and allowed to run as a meritocracy with the freedom to both explore and espouse disparate and unpopular ideas as well as essentially manage their own affairs.

Where did the idea of Netflix come from?

Noticing Incongruities and what didn't work for Blockbuster: Late Fees & Inconvenience Industry Structure: Streaming (convergence) & Subscriptions (model).

According to the article, "What Google Learned From Its Quest to Build the Perfect Team", in Project Aristotle, what is the composition of Team A (the team that was not as high performing?)

People who are exceptional, smart, and successful.

In conducting market research, what are the two types of market data you will collect?

Primary and Secondary Research Primary: information that comes directly from the source- that is, potential customers. Secondary: involves gathering statistics, reports, studies, and other data from organizations such as government agencies, trade associations, and your local chamber of commerce.

According to the article you read "Conducting Market Research" which of the following statements is correct about primary and secondary research?

Primary research comes directly from the source or potential customers, and secondary research comes from gathering data from other organizations and sources.

In the Chilean Mining Crisis Video, Barbara Edmondson shared that a key attribute of high performing, innovative teams is which of the following?

Psychological Safety

Dr. Hogan Venture/Idea

Reinventing UNC's largest classrooms with implementation of groundbreaking, interactive teaching methods.

Example of an empathy interview you might have experienced in your day to day life?

Speaking with your doctor! (Shows the importance of having a good interview, if your doctor is not listening to you he could end up giving you the wrong diagnosis).

What problem in higher education was the College Board's adversity score hoping to solve?

The lack of diversity at universities

What is Pedagogy? How do we make this more inclusive? (Related to Kelly Hogan).

The method and practice of teaching. 1. Structure curricula to include more opportunities to practice thinking. 2. Employ strategies that include more student ideas/increase sense of belonging.

What is the best evidence that students are not customers and undergraduate education is not a business?

The rise and fall of for-profit higher higher education (Strayer, University of Phoenix, DeVry University)

The Ford Edsel is an example of:

Unexpected Failure

In the introduction to their book, Goldstein and Thorp assert that:

Universities are not corporations and can't be run like one

POV Example with MRI Scan

User: Kids who need to undergo an MRI Scan Need: Kids just want to play and have fun Insight: Kids tend to voluntarily participate in things they perceive as fun and adventurous

Which of the following expresses the sentiments of the author about Virtual Reality (VR) and the role it can play in education?

VR should be used to supplement classroom learning, not replace it.

Angel Patel Venture

Venture focused on making study of computer science accessible to children in low-income communities and under-resourced schools.

In 2008, what did a group of psychologists from Carnegie Mellon, M.I.T and Union reveal about the group dynamic?

When teams did well on one assignment, they usually did well on all the others. Teams that failed at one thing seemed to fail at everything. What distinguished the "good" teams from the dysfunctional groups was how teammates treated one another. It was all about the right norms: The right norms could raise a group's collective intelligence. The wrong norms could hobble a team, even if, individually, all the members were exceptionally bright. In the good teams: members spoke in roughly the same proportion, "equality in distribution of conversational turn-taking". Leadership shifted among teammates from assignment to assignment. Also, the good teams had high "average social sensitivity"- skilled at intuiting how others felt based on their tone of voice or nonverbal cues. In the bad: If only one person or a small group spoke all of the time, the collective intelligence declined. Scored below average on "average social sensitivity". The best teams can often look unproductive to the outsider: may speak over one another, go on tangents, and socialize instead of remaining focused on the agenda.

Does inclusive teaching actually work?

Yes. They have seen positive changes on all kinds of metrics, including narrowed achievement gaps, increased interest in disciplines, fewer students off-task in class, and more students expressing their thanks at the end of the semester.

What are the principles of testing?

You are not selling. You are looking for insights to help validate or invalidate your assumptions and help you refine your idea and to identify the next set of questions you are looking to answer. Sample Questions: 1. Does this solve an important problem for you? 2. What did you want to see more of? 3. What surprised you? Ideal to do testing in teams- 1 person focused on conducting testing and 1 person focused on taking notes.

Most innovations result from?

a conscious and purposeful search for innovation opportunities, which are found only in a few situations (Most innovations don't spring from a flash of genius).

What is psychological safety?

a sense of confidence that the team will not embarrass, reject or punish someone for speaking up. It describes a team climate characterized by interpersonal trust and mutual respect in which people are comfortable being themselves.

Drucker argues that most innovative business ideas come from....?

methodically analyzing seven areas of opportunity, some of which lie within particular companies or industries and some of which lie in broader social or demographic trends.

Design Thinking is equal parts __________ and _____________.

mindset, process.

More educational structure means?

more students will engage and learn from you and their peers.

Google's data from Project Aristotle, Revealed that_______, more than anything else, is critical to making a team work.

psychological safety

Because employment levels for college graduates are high and because most colleges work to minimize student borrowing, most graduates of well-known public and private four year colleges are able to__________?

repay their loans However, the current tuition policy still creates high barriers for low-income students.

To be effective, an innovation has to be

simple, and it has to be focused. It should do only one thing; otherwise it confuses people. Best praise: "This is obvious! Why didn't I think of this?" Effective innovations start small. Grandiose ideas for things that will "revolutionize an industry" rarely work. At the end of day: innovation requires hard, focused, purposeful work.

Bruce Tuckman's Model on the Stages of Team Formation components:

storming, norming, forming, performing

The Key to virtual reality and learning is that it is _________ not _________.

supplementing, replacing Some things simply don't work with VR learning (like learning how to conjugate verbs).