ECON Exam 4
The price level rises in the short run if
aggregate demand shifts right or aggregate supply shifts left.
Which of the following would shift the long-run aggregate supply curve right?
an increase in the capital stock, but not an increase in the price level
Critics of stabilization policy argue that
policy affects aggregate demand with a lag, and the effects on aggregate demand are long-lived.
When there is an excess supply of money,
people will try to get rid of money causing interest rates to fall. Investment increases.
The short-run Phillips curve shows the combinations of
unemployment and inflation that arise in the short run as aggregate demand shifts the economy along the short-run aggregate supply curve.
If there is an increase in the price of oil, then
unemployment rises. If the central bank tries to counter this increase, inflation rises.
Other things the same, which of the following responses would we expect from an increase in U.S. interest rates?
your aunt puts more money in her savings account
Which of the following are vertical?
Both the long-run Phillips curve and the long-run aggregate supply curve
Which of the following would not be an expected response from a decrease in the price level and so help to explain the slope of the aggregate-demand curve?
With prices down and wages fixed by contract, Fargo Concrete Company decides to lay off workers.
Shifts in aggregate demand affect the price level in
both the short and long run.
A policy that lowered the natural rate of unemployment would shfit
both the short-run and the long-run Phillips curves to the left
When the Fed buys government bonds, the reserves of the banking system
increase, so the money supply increases
The process of the investment accelerator involves
positive feedback from aggregate demand to investment.
If policymakers expand aggregate demand, then in the long run
prices will be higher and unemployment will be unchanged.
If there is an adverse supply shock and the Federal Reserve responds by increasing the growth rate of the money supply, then in the short run the Federal Reserve's action
raises inflation but lowers unemployment
An increase in the money supply will
reduce interest rates, increasing investment and aggregate demand.
By raising aggregate demand more than anticipated, policymakers
reduce unemployment temporarily.
Disinflation is defined as a
reduction in the rate of inflation.
If taxes fall, then aggregate demand shifts
right, making unemployment lower than otherwise.
The short-run relationship between inflation and unemployment is often called
the Phillips curve.
If the Fed increases the money supply,
the interest rate decreases, which tends to raise stock prices.
An improved functioning of the labor markets will shift
the long-run Phillips curve to the left and the long-run aggregate supply curve to the right
The wealth effect, interest-rate effect, and exchange-rate effect are all explanations for
the slope of the aggregate-demand curve
Monetary policy
can be described either in terms of the money supply or in terms of the interest rate.
Which of the following would cause stagflation?
Aggregate supply shifts left
In 2009, Congress passed legislation providing states with funds to build roads and bridges. It also instituted tax cuts. Which of these shifts aggregate demand right?
Both the increased funding for states and the tax cuts
Closely watched indicators such as the inflation rate and unemployment are released each month by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Suppose Americans become optimistic about the future of the economy and, as a result, increase their current consumption expenditures. Which of the following would you expect to occur as a result of this change?
In the short run, unemployment will decrease and inflation will rise.
When monetary and fiscal policymakers decrease aggregate demand, which of the following costs to the economy is incurred in the short run?
The price level decreases
Opponents of active stabilization policy
believe that the political process creates lags in the implementation of fiscal policy.
Proponents of rational expectations argued that the sacrifice ratio
could be low because people might adjust their expectations quickly if they found anti-inflation policy credible.
Suppose there was a large increase in net exports. If the Fed wanted to stabilize output, it could
decrease the money supply, which will increase interest rates.
Suppose a decrease in interest rates causes fallingunemployment and rising output. To counter this, the Federal Reserve would
decrease the money supply.
Suppose there is a tax decrease. To stabilize output, the Federal Reserve could
decrease the money supply.
According to the Phillips curve, policymakers would reduce inflation but raise unemployment if they
decreased the money supply
An unfavorable supply shock will cause
dont know: NOT-unemployment to rise and the short-run Phillips curve to shift left. thinking?: unemployment to rise and the short-run Phillips curve to shift right.
A basis for the slope of the short-run Phillips curve is that when unemployment is high there are
downward pressures on prices and wages
Suppose the economy is in long-run equilibrium. If there is a sharp increase in the minimum wage as well as an increase in taxes, then in the short run, real GDP will
fall and the price level might rise, fall, or stay the same. In the long run, the price level might rise, fall, or stay the same but real GDP will be lower.
During recessions, taxes tend to
fall and thereby increase aggregate demand.
If policymakers decrease aggregate demand, then in the short run the price level
falls and unemployment rises
If the central bank decreases the money supply, in the short run, output
falls so unemployment rises
In 1980, the combination of inflation and unemployment the US was experiencing
followed two supply shocks that were triggered by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
In 1980, the combination of inflation and unemployment the U.S. was experiencing
followed two supply shocks that were triggered by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
Other things the same, if technology increases, then in the long run
output is higher and prices are lower.
Fiscal policy affects the economy
in both the short and long run.
When taxes decrease, interest rates
increase, making the change in aggregate demand smaller.
When the Fed buys bonds the supply of money
increases and so aggregate demand shifts right.
If the unemployment rate is below the natural rate, then
inflation is greater than expected. As inflation expectations are revised the short-run Phillips curve will shift right.
The natural rate of unemployment
is the unemployment rate that the economy tends to move to in the long run
The sticky-price theory of the short-run aggregate supply curve says that if the price level rises by 5% while firms were expecting it to rise by 2%, then some firms with high menu costs will have
lower than desired prices, which leads to an increase in the aggregate quantity of goods and services supplied.
One determinant of the long-run average unemployment rate is the
minimum wage, while the inflation depends primarily upon the money supply growth rate
Suppose the central bank pursues an unexpectedly tight monetary policy. In the short-run the effects of this are shown by
moving to the right along the short-run Phillips curve.
In the long run, policy that changes aggregate demand changes
only the price level.
Suppose that foreigners had reduced confidence in U.S. financial institutions and believed that privately issued U.S. bonds were more likely to be defaulted on. U.S. net exports would
rise which by itself would increase aggregate demand
According to the long-run Phillips curve, in the long run monetary policy influences
the inflation rate but not the unemployment rate.
The economy will move to a point on the short-run Phillips curve where unemployment is higher if
the inflation rate decreases.
Sticky wages leads to a positive relationship between the actual price level and the quantity of output supplied in
the short run, but not the long run.
The short-run Phillips curve shows the combination of
unemployment and inflation that arise in the short run as aggregate demand shifts the economy along the short-run aggregate supply curve.
Which of the following policies would be advocated by someone who wants the government to follow an active stabilization policy when the economy is experiencing severe unemployment?
Increase government expenditures
How would an increase in the natural rate of unemployment affect the long-run Phillips curve?
It would shift the long-run Phillips curve right
Economists who are skeptical about the relevance of "liquidity traps" argue that
a central bank continues to have tools to stimulate the economy, even after its interest rate target hits its lower bound of zero.
If the government raises government expenditures, then in the short run, prices
rise and unemployment falls
From 2008-2009 the Federal Reserve created a very large increase in the money supply. According to the short-run Phillips curve this policy should have
raised inflation and reduced unemployment.