ECON final
A tax on sellers causes which of the following?(i) a leftward shift of the supply curve(ii) a decrease in quantity sold(iii) an increase in the price buyers pay
(i) (ii) (iii)
The price of a dozen eggs falls from $2.50 to $1.50. In response to this price change, the quantity demanded for eggs increases by 10%. Using the midpoint formula, what is the absolute value of the price elasticity of demand for eggs?
0.2
If income rises by 20% and the quantity demanded of an item rises by 10%, the income elasticity of demand for this item is:
0.5.
The price of product C rises by 10%. As a result, the quantity demanded of product D rises by 20%. The cross-price elasticity of demand between product C and product D is _____, and they are _____.
2; substitutes
There are 3 pizza places in a small town. One has 50% market share, one has 40% market share, and one has 10% market share. What is the HHI for the pizza places?
4,200
Betty is willing to pay up to $160 for a particular pair of boots. She is able to buy the boots for $120. The marginal cost of producing the boots is $70. How large is the total economic surplus associated with her purchase of the boots? (do not put "$" in your answer - just the number)
90 (with margin: 0)
Which of the following is an example of a quantity quota?
A city enforces zoning laws that restrict the number of housing units.
Which of the following benefits could a company gain from using internal markets?
Better allocation of its resources and more accurate predictions.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding economic efficiency?
Efficient outcomes rarely make everyone happy.
in-kind transfers
Government payments in the form of goods and services, rather than cash, including such government programs as food stamps, Medicaid, and housing.
Grapes become more expensive in the market. Which of the following can explain the increase in price?
Grape production is the same, but wine production has gone up, which requires more grapes.
The marginal revenue product of labor is equal to:
MPL × P.
Which of the following is NOT an example of the hurdle method of price discrimination?
Segmenting the market into identifiable groups with different prices.
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can shift supply?
The market price of a product.
Why would a company set up internal markets?
To solve the knowledge problem.
The price of coffee at a local coffee shop is $3. Cheryl is willing to pay $6 for her first cup of coffee each day. The marginal benefit to her of each additional cup of coffee falls by $2. How many cups of coffee should Cheryl purchase?
Two
Workers on the night shift at a factory earn more per hour than workers on the day shift, although their human capital and productivity are the same. This is an example of:
a compensating differential.
(Figure: Graph) Refer to the graph to answer the question. In the graph, the movement from point W to point P represents:
a decrease in demand.
A normal good is:
a good where higher income causes increase in demand
The basic logic behind the Rational Rule for Sellers is that a company owner should increase output as long as the extra output
adds more to revenue than it adds to costs.
A binding price floor is
always above equilibrium price
A binding price ceiling is:
always below the equilibrium price.
For normal goods
an increase in consumer income will lead to a rise in their demand.
If the price of airline tickets goes up, there will be
an increase in the demand for both bus and train tickets.
You have a comparative advantage if you can complete a task:
at a lower opportunity cost than anyone else.
People gain consumer surplus when they purchase an item:
at a price below the value of the benefit they receive from the item.
dominant factor determining market price in the long run (assuming the industry is unrestricted entry?
average costs
what conditions must be met for private bargaining to be effective in resolving an externality?
bargaining costs must be low and property rights must be clear.
The key to using the cost-benefit principle is to think about _____ aspects of a decision.
both financial and non financial
The economic burden of a tax is the:
burden created by the change in after-tax prices faced by buyers and sellers.
To get maximum output, you should allocate each task to the person who:
can do the task with the lowest opportunity cost.
You have an absolute advantage in producing a product if you:
can produce the product using the fewest inputs.
price discrimination occurs when
charges different prices to different customers who are all buying the same product
A price-taker is a seller that:
charges the current market price for its product.
good that is nonrival and nonexcludable
club goods
The last 3 times I wore my orange socks to the basketball game, the Hokies won. I didn't wear my socks to the last game and they lost. "My socks determine whether the Hokies win." is an example of
confusing association (or correlation) with causation.
When the economic surplus in a market is less than it would be if the market were efficient, the market is experiencing:
deadweight loss
decreasing marginal product leads to
decreased profitability for a seller
market power determines the shape of a firms
demand curve
A subsidy for buyers of a product shifts the:
demand curve to the right
The cross-price elasticity of demand measures how responsive the:
demand for one good is to a change in the price of another good.
Buyers bear a smaller incidence of the tax when:
demand is more elastic than supply.
A tax on sellers would not cause a decrease in quantity sold if:
demand is perfectly inelastic.
companies in perfect competition ______ face the discount effect. companies in imperfect competition _______ it.
do not face; face
labor demand curve in labor market slopes
downward
strategic interactions
each actor's strategy or plan of action depends on the anticipated strategy of others
governments regulate markets by
encouraging competition and minimize harm from market power
When there is free entry and exit in a market, in the long run, price will:
equal average cost.
The profit-maximizing rule MR = MC is:
followed by all types of firms.
The statutory burden of a tax is the:
government-designated burden of a tax payment.
When setting prices for different groups of customers, a manager should charge lower prices to groups that
have a more elastic demand.
Redistribution programs are means-tested. To qualify for such a program, a person must demonstrate that:
his or her income (or means) is below a certain specified level.
when a seller has no market power, its demand curve is
horizontal
in a perfectly competitive labor market, the managers hiring decision is about
how many workers to hire
According to the Coase theorem, the private market can achieve an efficient outcome:
if bargaining costs are low and property rights are well-defined.
What is the difference between accounting profit and economic profit?
implicit opportunity costs
An increase in the price of capital will _____ demand for labor if capital and labor are substitutes, and it will _____ the demand for labor if the scale effect dominates.
increase; decrease
Damon's wage rises. The substitution effect would cause him to _____ his work hours, and the income effect would cause him to _____ his work hours.
increase; decrease
When the absolute value of the price elasticity of demand is less than 1, demand is:
inelastic.
If demand is _____, a higher price yields _____ total revenue.
inelastic;higher
Suppose the percentage change in newspapers demanded for any price change is infinite. The absolute value of the elasticity of demand for newspapers is _____, and demand is _____.
infinity; perfectly elastic
A corrective tax designed to resolve a negative externality problem is typically set at an amount equal to the _____ cost.
marginal external
A quantity regulation is a:
minimum or maximum quantity that can be sold.
Compared to other high income countries, the U.S. has ______ inequality.
more
A higher Gini coefficient means that a country has _________
more inequality
A market consists of ten similar suppliers that are making the same supply decisions. To find the market supply of these ten suppliers, you:
multiply the individual supply of one of the suppliers by ten.
Statements about what option should be chosen are _____ statements.
normative
When you calculate marginal costs, they should include:
only variable costs.
Which principle tells you that the true cost of something is the next best alternative you have to give up to get it?
opportunity cost
Decisions should reflect the _____ costs, rather than just the _____ costs.
opportunity; financial
The price elasticity of demand for a good with a vertical demand curve is:
perfectly inelastic.
Analysis that describes what would happen if various actions were taken is _____ analysis.
positive
The producer surplus on a unit sold equals:
price minus marginal cost
in a perfectly competitive market sellers are....
price takers
Marginal social cost equals marginal _____ cost plus marginal _____ cost.
private; external
A natural monopoly exists when
producing a large output has significantly lower marginal cost than producing a small output.
marginal revenue product is equal to the marginal:
product of labor multiplied by the price of that product
An individual demand curve is a graph:
quantity of an item someone plans to buy, at each price.
The main role of markets is:
reallocating resources to better uses.
When education level is used to convey information to an employer, it serves as a:
signal
The opportunity costs of a decision may include each of the following types of costs EXCEPT
sunk costs
Sellers bear a smaller incidence of a tax when:
supply is more elastic relative to demand.
The marginal cost of an additional worker is
the additional cost of hiring one more worker.
Which principle helps buyers and sellers make decisions about whether to trade?
the cost-benefit principle
A market's deadweight loss is calculated as:
the economic surplus at the efficient quantity minus the economic surplus at the actual quantity.
imperfect competition stems from ____ and whether or not the product is _____
the number of sellers; differentiated
Statistical discrimination is:
the use of observations about the average characteristics of a group to make inferences about an individual member of the group.
A downward-sloping demand curve implies:
there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded
If a store runs a sale on a product to clear out its stock, we can conclude that:
there was a surplus of the product in the store.
Suppose that government officials have set an emissions tax to reduce pollution. Assume that the optimal tax would be $1,500, but government officials have set the tax at $500. At the equilibrium with the $500 tax:
there will be too much pollution.
How is the economic surplus generated by a decision calculated?
total benefits minus total costs
average cost=
total cost/ output
Variable costs are the costs that
vary with the quantity of output produced.
Suppose the percent change in the quantity demanded for water for any price change is zero. The demand curve for water is _____, and the price elasticity of demand is perfectly _____.
vertical; perfectly inelastic
Dependencies between your own choices reflect the fact that:
you have limited resources
the opportunity costs states that ________ are incentives that shape decisions
costs and benefits
The principle that your best choice depends on your other choices, the choices others make, developments in other markets, and expectations about the future is known as the _____ principle.
interdependence
Nerida Kyle could either commute to work via Uber or purchase a new car. The average cost of her one-way Uber trip is $15. Nerida works five days a week for 50 weeks a year. Based solely on avoiding the cost of an Uber, Nerida should purchase a car if the cost of the car is _____ than _____ per week.
less than 150
In a voluntary economic transaction between a buyer and a seller, _____ can earn economic surplus from the transaction.
both the buyer and the seller
Specialization will increase output when it is based on:
comparative advantage.
Kevin Williamson goes to a local coffee shop and orders a medium-sized latte. His willingness to pay for that latte is $6. The price of the latte is $2. The cost to the coffee shop to produce the latte is $1. How much economic surplus does Kevin gain when he purchases the latte?
$4
What was the primary effect of "redlining"? in the US?
It prevented African Americans from buying homes.
The opportunity costs of attending college include the:
potential income from working
A nonrival good is a good:
where one person's use of the good does not reduce another person's ability to use the same unit of the good.
Which of the following are correct about fixed costs?(i) They do not change with the level of production in the short run.(ii) They include variable costs.(iii) They are present even when the firm is producing zero units.(iv) They are irrelevant to marginal cost.
(i), (iii), and (iv)
A company's profit margin is calculated as:
average revenue minus average cost.
The marginal benefit minus the marginal cost equals:
economic surplus
When the absolute value of the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1, demand is:
elastic.
The __________ suggests, decisions about quantities are best made incrementally.
marginal principle
a sellers demand curve summarizes its _____ and its marginal revenue curve measures its _____.
market power, incentive to increase production
(Figure: Market for Printed Houses) Consider the market for environmentally friendly three-dimensional printed houses that is shown in the figure. The government wants to encourage buyers to buy such houses and places a price ceiling on the market at $200,000 per house. After the implementation of the price ceiling, the market quantity sold falls by _____ houses.
100,000
During the pandemic, people don't want to go out to eat as much. At the same time, costs for restaurants are rising to ensure the safety of their employees. What do you predict will happen to the equilibrium price and quantity for restaurant meals?
quantity falls, the effect on price is uncertain
If an item is a necessity rather than a luxury, its demand curve will be:
relatively steep
If an item is a necessity rather than a luxury, and has few substitutes, its demand curve will likely be:
relatively steep.
the dregree of sellers market power has an impact on the
sellers demand curve
Internal markets, which are markets that managers set up within their organization, are:
set up to allocate resources of a company more efficiently, often not using real money.
A tax on sellers shifts the:
supply curve to the left
sellers bear a smaller incidence of tax when
supply is more elastic than demand
What is quantity supplied?
the amount of a good or service that producers are willing and able to sell
Which of the following is a positive economic statement?
If the government raises taxes, people will have less income available for purchases and saving.
Which type of strategy for repeated games involves doing whatever the other player did the last time the game was played?
tit-for-tat
Which of the following statements is based on normative analysis?
we should protect the environment
What attracts new sellers into a market?
Existing sellers in the market earning economic profits.
How do people's beliefs about the distribution of wealth in the United States compare to the actual distribution of wealth in the country?
People believe the distribution of wealth is more equal than it actually is.
A large amount of harvested grain used to make flour grows mold due to flooding. How will this affect the supply of flour in the market?
The supply of flour will decrease in the market.
What will the impact be on the supply of long-haul truck transportation services if diesel fuel becomes cheaper?
The supply of truck transportation services will increase.
Suppose that you have a pumpkin stall at a farmer's market, and the Halloween season arrives. You know that your customers want to buy many pumpkins to carve into jack-o-lanterns. Which of the following is a likely result of this scenario?
You can charge a higher price per pumpkin and will sell more.
If wages fall for surgeons but not for family practice doctors, there will be _____ in the market for surgeons and _____ in the market for family practice doctors.
a decrease in quantity supplied; a rightward shift of labor supply
A subsidy is a:
a government payment designed to encourage particular purchases or productive activities.
A tax on buyers causes which of the following?(i) a leftward shift of the demand curve(ii) a decrease in quantity sold(iii) an increase in the price buyers pay
all answers
Quantity demanded is on the horizontal axis when you plot a demand curve and shows the:
amount of a good someone is willing to buy at each price
Managers can harness market forces by setting up internal markets, which:
are organized within a company to buy and sell scarce resources.
Diane Jacobs is a student studying economics and currently working on her class schedule for next semester. She considers the fact that more and more data is available every day and that data interpretation skills are learned by taking additional economics courses in her course selection. This acknowledgment highlights the dependencies that exist:
between markets
Large barriers to entry in the gas station business explain why the two only gas stations in a small town:
can earn an economic profit in the long run.
If an aircraft is found to have software problems that could lead to a malfunction, the effect on the aircraft market will be that the
demand will decrease, and the price of the aircraft will fall.
Jonathan Mendez is deciding whether to study for his economics exam at a café down the street or go to a concert a few cities over. The time spent commuting to the concert is ____ in his opportunity cost calculations and represents a _____ cost.
included; nonfinancial
Suppose that each of the two firms in a duopoly has the independent choice of advertising or not advertising. If neither advertises, each gets $10 million in profit; if both advertise, their profits will be $5 million each; and if one advertises while the other does not, the advertiser gets profit of $15 million and the other gets profit of $2 million. According to game theory, if the firms collude to maximize joint profits:
neither will advertise.
A prediction market is a market where:
payoffs are linked to whether an uncertain event occurs.
When the absolute value of the price elasticity of demand is infinite, demand is:
perfectly elastic.
The relationship between price expectations and demand is
positive; when future prices are expected to rise, current demand will rise.
producer surplus on a unit sold equals
price minus marginal cost
Market power results in companies that _____ and that have _____ compared to perfect competition.
produce less; higher price
Household A earns $50,000 a year and pays $10,000 in taxes. Household B earns $200,000 a year and pays $50,000 in taxes. The tax system described here is...
progressive
Assume an economy moves from autarky to free international trade. For goods that are imported, consumer surplus rises , producer surplus________ and the economy as a whole___________
rises, falls, gains
Cedar point amusement park reduces its entry fees. As a result of this price fall,
the quantity demanded will be higher.
