ED PSYCH 320 (Exam 1)
Adolescence
- 11 to 18 years - Initiates transition into adulthood - Puberty and sexual maturity - Complex thought - Autonomy
"Emerging Adulthood"
- 18 to mid/late 20's - Not yet fully assumed adult roles
Early Childhood
- 2 to 6 years - Refined motor skills - Sense of morality
Middle Childhood
- 6 to 11 years - More logical thought process - Fundamental academics - Athletic abilities
Prenatal Period
- 9 month period -Most rapid time of change
Infancy and toddlerhood
- Birth to two years - Beginning of language - Greater shift to autonomy - Emergence of motor, perceptual, and intellectual capacities
What is Tabula Rasa and what theory is it associated with?
-"Blank slate": children begin with nothing at all; they are shaped by experience -Behaviorism
What happens during the 3rd trimester
-Age of viability -More time awake -Takes on a personality -Greater responsiveness to external stimulation
Limitations of a Longitudinal study
-Biased sampling -Selective attrition -Practice effects -Cohort effects
Ethnology and evolutionary developmental psychology
-Both continuous and discontinuous -One course of development -Both nature and nurture
What are two ways to induce labor?
-Breaking the amnion -Providing synthetic oxytocin
What is included in the physical domain of development?
-Changes in body size, proportions, appearance -Functioning of body systems -Perceptual and motor capacities -Physical health
Autosomes
22 of 23 pairs of the matching chromosome pairs that are not related to sex
How many days inbetween the releases of the egg/ovum in females?
28 days
How many stages of childhood did Rousseau think there were?
4 Infancy, childhood, late childhood, and adolescence
How many stages are there in the psychosexual theory?
5 1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital
How many stages in psychosocial theory?
8 -Freud's plus early adulthood, middle adulthood, and old age
Premature
A baby born 3 or more weeks before their due date -Highest among SES women
Methylation
A biochemical process triggered by certain experiences, in which a set of chemical compounds lands on top of a gene and changes its impact, reducing or silencing its expression
Meiosis
A cell division process that halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells
Dynamic Systems Perspective
A child's mind, body, and physical and social worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
A culmination of psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing child's cognitive processing and behavior patterns
Ethnography
A descriptive, qualitative technique, but instead of aiming to understand a single individual, it is directed toward understanding a culture of a distinct social group through participant observation
Clinical Interview
A flexible, conversational style is used to prove for the participant's point of view
Natural/Prepared Childbirth
A group of techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth a rewarding experience -Classes -Relaxation and breathing techniques -Labor coach -Doula
Blastocyst
A hollow, fluid filled ball that forms around 4 days after conception when cells are beginning to multiply
Critical Period
A limited time span during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of an appropriate stimulating environment
Heretibility estimate
A measure of the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in specific population are due to genetic factors
Amnion
A membrane formed around the trophoblast
Discontinuous Development
A process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times
Continuous Development
A process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with
Epidural Analgesia
A regional pain-delivering drug delivered continuously through a catheter into a small space in the lower spine
Cesarean Delivery
A surgical birth; the doctor makes an incision in the mother's abdomen and lifts the baby our of the uterus
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
A term that encompasses a range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
Sensitive Period
A time that is biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences
Equilibrium
Balance between internal structures and information they encounter in their everyday worlds
Gene-environment Interaction
Because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment
_______ attempted to create an objective science of psychology by focusing on directly observable events - stimuli and responses
Behaviorism
According to _________, children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
Erikson
Unlike Freud, _________ pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each cultures life situation.
Erikson
Who is associated with Psychosocial theory?
Erikson
Correlational Design
Researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, and make no effort to alter their experiences. Then they look at relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior or development
Implantation
When the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining between the 7th and 9th days
Rh Factor Incompatibility
When the mother is Rh-negative (lacks the Rh blood protein) and the father is Rh-positive, the baby may inherit the father's Rh-positive blood types. If the blood passes through the placenta into the mother's bloodstream, she begins to form antibodies to the foreign Rh-protein. If these enter the fetus' system, they destroy red blood cells, reducing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues
Lanugo
White, downy hair that appears all over the body to help the vernix stick to the skin
What are the 3 components of the psychosexual theory
Id- larger portion of the mind that is the source of basic biological needs and desires Ego - the conscious, rational part of personality Superego - conscience
Psychosocial Theory
In addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual active, contributing member of society
Anoxia
Inadequate oxygen supply
Forceps
Metal clamps placed around the baby's head to pull the infant from the birth canal
Regulator Genes
Modify the instructions given by protein-coding genes
Coparenting
Mutually supporting each other's parenting behaviors
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized __________ and survival of the fittest
Natural selection
Rousseau believed that development was _______ based
Nature
Do scientists usually associate a child's stability with nature or nurture?
Nature/heredity
Classical conditioning (Watson)
Neutral stimulus + another stimulus = relfexive response -> neutral stimulus = reflexive response
Is behaviorism nature or nurture?
Nurture
What hormones in fathers affect their interactions with infants?
Prolactin and Estrogen
-Sigmun Freud's __________ was developed through having emotionally troubled adults talk freely about painful event of their childhoods.
Psychosexual theory
Stages
Qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development
Who is associated with behaviorism?
Watson and Skinner
What is included in the emotional and social domain of development?
-Changes in emotional communication, self-understanding, knowledge and about other people -Interpersonal skills -Friendships -Intimate relationships -Moral reasoning and behavior
What is included in the cognitive domain of development?
-Changes in intellectual abilities, including attention, memory, academic and everyday knowledge -Problem solving -Imagination -Creativity -Language
What two interviews are types of Self-reports?
-Clinical Interviews -Structured Interviews
What are the strengths of a Longitudinal Study?
-Common patterns -Individual differences -Relationships in early and late behaviors
Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory
-Continuous -Many courses of development -Nurture
Information Processing
-Continuous -One course -Both nature and nurture
Sociocultural Theory
-Continuous and discontinuous -Many possible courses of development -Nature and nurture
Dynamic systems
-Continuous and discontinuous -Multiple courses of development -Nature and nurture
Behaviorism
-Directly observable event - stimuli and responses - are the appropriate focus of study -Parents could mold their children through careful instruction, effective example, and rewards for good behavior
Psychoanalytic Theory
-Discontinuous -One course of development -Both nature and nurture
Types of teratogens
-Drugs (Prescription, nonprescription, illegal) -Tobacco -Alcohol -Radiation -Pollution -Infectious disease
What signs indicate labor is near?
-False labor/prelabor -Lightening -Bloody show
What happens during the 2nd trimester
-Fetus is large enough that the mother can feel the movements -Many organs well developed -Synapses being formed -Sight has begun to emerge -Not developed enough to survive if it was born at this time
What are some reasons for not seeking prenatal care?
-Financial hardship -Situational barriers -Personal barriers -High-risk behaviors
What are two types of instrumental delivery?
-Forceps -Vacuum extractor
Low birth weight infants have a higher chance of developing _______
-Heart disease -Strokes -Diabetes
Vision
-Least developed of the senses -Visual acuity
Characteristics of high SES families
-More emphasis of psychological traits, such as curiosity, happiness, etc. -Often not as engaged in family interaction -More problematic children
Characteristics of low SES families
-More emphasis on external characteristics like obedience, neatness, etc. -Higher poverty rate -Children more likely to suffer from poor physical health -Reduced life chances for many children -Neighborhood resources are more beneficial
What two types of observation fall under Systematic Observation?
-Naturalistic Observation -Structured Observation
Ecological systems
-Not specified -Many possible courses -Nature and nurture
Taste and Smell
-Odor preferences -Can indicate several basic tastes
Sex chromosome abnormalities
-Often aren't recognized until adolescence when puberty is delayed -Often extra chromosome in males or the absence of an X chromosome in females
Ethics of child research
-Protection from harm -Informed consent -Privacy -Knowledge of results -Beneficial treatments
Piaget's Stages
-Stagewise/discontinuous -One course of development -Both nature and nurture
Touch
-Stimulates early physical and emoitonal growth -Very sensitive to pain
What are the 3 stages of childbirth?
1. Dilation and Effacement of the Cervix 2. Delivery of the Baby 3. Birth of the Placenta
During the 1st week of the period of the embryo, the embryonic disk forms three layers of cells
1. Ectoderm - will become the nervous system and skin 2. Mesoderm - will develop the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and other internal organs 3. Endoderm - will become the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands
What are the 10 newborn reflexes?
1. Eye blink 2. Withdrawal 3. Rooting 4. Sucking 5. Swimming 6. Moro 7. Palmar grasp 8. Tonic neck 9. Stepping 10. Babinski
What are the 3 phases of pregnancy?
1. Germinal period 2. Period of the embryo 3. Period of the fetus
3 big questions of development
1. Is the course of development continuous or discontinuous? 2. Does one course of development characterize all children, or are there many possible courses? 3. What are the roles of genetic and environmental factors in development?
What are the 3 domains of development?
1. Physical 2. Cognitive 3. Emotional and Social
What are the 6 periods of development?
1. Prenatal period 2. Infancy and toddlerhood 3. Early childhood 4. Middle childhood 5. Adolescence 6. "Emerging adulthood"
What are Piaget's 4 stages
1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete operational 4. Formal operational
What variables does SES often combine?
1. Years of education 2. Prestige of one's job and the skill it requires 3. Income
Vernix
A white, cheese-like substance that protects the fetus' skin from chapping during the long months spent bathing in amniotic fluid
Genomic Imprinting
Alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked through regulatory processes within the genome, in such a way that one pair member is activated, regardless of its makeup
Microgenetic Design
An adaptation of the longitudinal approach, presents children with a novel task and follows their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions
Child Development
An area of study devoted to understanding constancy and change from conception through adolescence
Reflex
An inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
An index used to assess a family's standing on the continuum
Developmental Science
An interdisciplinary field that includes all changes we experience throughout the lifespan
Theory
An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior
Chorion
Another protective membrane formed by the trophoblast that surrounds the amnion
Teratogens
Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
APGAR Scale
Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration -Assessing the newborn's physical condition -Measured twice -0-2
________ attempts to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses by observing relationships between behavior and environmental events and then making systematic changes in those events based on procedures of conditioning and modeling
Applied behavior analysis
Active Correlation
As children extend their experiences beyond the immediate family and are given the freedom to make more choices, they actively seek environments that fit with their genetic tendencies
Dilation and effacement of the cervix
As uterine contractions gradually become more frequent and powerful, they cause the cervix to open (dilate) and thin (efface), forming a clear channel from the uterus into the birth canal, or vagina -Longest stage
Alchohol-related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)
At least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities
Small-for-date Infants
Below their expected weight considering length of pregnancy -Often due to inadequate nutrition
Preterm Infants
Born several weeks or more before their due date -Higher risk of child abuse later in life -Touch is an important form of stimulation
Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep
Brain-wave activity is remarkably similar to that of the waking state
High birth weight infants are at a higher risk of developing _________
Breast and prostate cancer
Clinical/Case Study Method
Brings together a wide range of information on one child, including interviews, observations, and sometimes test scores
Embryonic Disk
Cells inside the blastocyst that will become the new organism
Partial Fetal Alchohol Syndrome (p-FAS)
Characterized by (a) two of three facial abnormalities from FAS and (b) brain injury, again evident in at least three areas from FAS
Cognitive-developmental Theory (Piaget)
Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
Mesosystem
Encompasses connections between microsystem, such as home, school, neighborhood, and child-care center
What did Rousseau mean by "noble savages"?
Children are naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong and in innate plan for orderly, healthy growth
Cohorts
Children born at the same time, who are influenced by particular cultural and historical conditions
Evocative Correlation
Children evoke responses that are influenced by the child's heredity, and these responses strengthen the child's original style
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
Pavlov taught dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by using __________.
Classical conditioning
Ethnology
Concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history
Vacuum extractor
Consists of a plastic cup attached to a suction tube
Applied Behavior Analysis
Consists of observations of relationships between behavior and environmental events, followed by systematic changes in those events based on procedures of conditioning and modeling
Exosystem
Consists of social settings that do not contain children but that nevertheless affect children's experiences in immediate settings
Umbilical cord
Contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste products
Is behaviorism discontinuous or continuous?
Continuous
States of Arousal
Degrees of sleep and wakefulness -Usually affected by fullness or hunger
Epigenesis
Development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of environment
Developmental Social Neuroscience
Devoted to studying the relationship between changes in the brain and emotional social development -Hard to test
Protein Coding Genes
Directly affect our body's characteristics
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Distinguished by (a) slow physical growth, (b) a pattern of three facial abnormalities, and (c) brain injury
Analgesics
Drugs used to relie pain, often given in mild doeses during labor to help a mother relax
Structured Interviews
Each participant is asked the same question in the same way -Includes tests and questionnaires
Fetal Monitors
Electronic instruments that track the baby's heart rate during labor
Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
Emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development -Monkey see monkey do
Psychosexual Theory
Emphasizes that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
Evaluates the baby's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli, and other reactions
Prodigies
Extremely gifted children who attain adult competence in field before age 10
Bonding
Feelings of affection and concern for the infant
Crying
First way babies communicate
Sociocultural Theory
Focuses on how culture - the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group - is transmitted to the next generation -The necessity of social interaction/socially mediated process
Which two scientists are associated with the psychoanalytic perspective?
Freud and Erikson
Naturalistic Observation
Going into the field, or natural environment, and observing the behavior of interest
Cross Sectional Design
Groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time
Subcultures
Groups of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture
Who are regarded as the founder of the child-study movement?
Hall and Gessel
Amniotic fluid
Helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts caused by the woman's movement
What is a period of development?
How to divide the flow of time into sensible, manageable parts
What is the only 100% genetically inheritable condition?
Huntington Disease
What is the most widely used teratogen?
Isotretinoin, used to treat severe acne
What does corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) do?
It triggers other hormones that induce contractions
Who came up with the term "noble savages"?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Who came up with behaviorism?
John Locke
How long does the period of the embryo last?
Lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy -Most rapid prenatal changes take place
How long is the Period of the Fetus
Lasts from the 9th week to the end of pregnancy -Growth and finishing phase
Public Policies
Laws and government programs designed to improved current conditions -Affordable Care Act -Children's Defense Fund
Who is associated with Sociocultural Theory
Lev Vygotsky
Chronosystem
Life changes can be imposed on a child, and alternatively can arise from within the child -Children and their environments form a network of interdependent effects
Rousseau's philosophy includes the concepts of stage and __________ - the idea of a genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth
Maturation
Normative Approach
Measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development
Through __________, behavior is altered by reinforcers and punishments
Operant conditioning
What hormone signals a mother's milk to be produced?
Oxcytocin
Extended-family Households
Parent and child live with one or more adult relatives
Longitudinal Study
Participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older
Individualism
People are largely concerned with their own personal needs and value independence
Collectivism
People stress group goals over individual goals and value interdependent qualities
Placenta
Permits food and oxygen to reach the developing fetus and waste products to be carried away
Experimental Design
Permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions
Familism
Places an especially high priority on close, harmonious family bonds, frequent contact, and meeting family needs
Hearing
Prefer complex sounds
Cohort Effects
Results based on one cohort may not apply to children developing at other times
Downsydrome/Trisomy 21
Results from a failure of the 21st pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, so the new individual receives three of these chromosomes rather than the normal two
Chromosomes
Rod-like structures which store and transmit genetic information -23 matching pairs
Sequential Designs
Scientists conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies are varying times
Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
Seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age
Gametes
Sex cells/sperm and ovum -Formed through meiosis
____________ emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development
Social Learning Theory
Induced labor
Started artificially, usually breaking the amnion and giving the mother synthetic oxcytocin
Anesthetics
Stronger painkillers that block sensations
Adaptation
Structures of the mind develop to better fit with, or represent, the external world
Crowning
Teh vaginal opening stretched around the entire head
Self-efficacy
The belief that their own abilities and characteristics will help them succeed
Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep
The body is almost motionless and bodily functions slow and even
Bloody Show
The cervix begins to open the plug of mucus that sealed it during pregnancy is released, producing a red discharge
Passive correlation
The child has no control over their environment which may affect their genes
Trophoblast
The thin outer ring of cells in the blastocyst that will become the structures that provide protective covering and nourishment
What period is the most affected by teratogens?
The embryonic period because the foundations of the body are being laid
Lightening
The fetus' head rests against the cervix and it softens and is no longer as easy to support the baby's weight
Transition
The frequency and strength of contractions are at their peak and the cervix opens completely
Operant Conditioning Theory (Skinner)
The frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers or decreased through punishment
Information Processing
The human mind viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows -Information is gathered as input and emerges as an output or a behavioral response -Continuous
Rooming in
The infant stays in the mother's hospital room all or most of the time
Microsystem
The innermost level of the environment that consists of activities and interaction patterns in the child's immediate surroundings -All relationships are bidirectional
Structured Observation
The investigator sets up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has an equal opportunity to display the response
Zygote
The name for a cell when sperm and ovum unite at conception
Illusory Correlation
The perception of a relationship where none exists
Neural Tube
The spinal cord formed by the folding of the ectoderm -Eventually develops the brain and neurons
Corpus luteum
The spot on the ovary from which the ovum was released and it will then produce hormones to prep the uterus for fertilization
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
The unexpected death, usually during the night, of an infant younger than 1 year of age that remains unexplained after thorough investigation
Trimesters
Three equal periods during prenatal development
What is the goal of applied behavior analysis?
To eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses
Breech Position
Turned so that the buttock or the feet would be delivery first
Allele
Two forms of each gene that occur at the same place on the chromosomes
How long does the germinal period last?
Two weeks, from fertilization and formation of the zygote until the tiny mass of cells attache themselves to the wall of the uterus
Contexts
Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change -Include heredity and biological makeup as well as immediate setting and circumstances
Ecological Systems Theory
Views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment -The environment is a system