ED PSYCH 320 (Exam 1)

Adolescence

- 11 to 18 years - Initiates transition into adulthood - Puberty and sexual maturity - Complex thought - Autonomy

"Emerging Adulthood"

- 18 to mid/late 20's - Not yet fully assumed adult roles

Early Childhood

- 2 to 6 years - Refined motor skills - Sense of morality

Middle Childhood

- 6 to 11 years - More logical thought process - Fundamental academics - Athletic abilities

Prenatal Period

- 9 month period -Most rapid time of change

Infancy and toddlerhood

- Birth to two years - Beginning of language - Greater shift to autonomy - Emergence of motor, perceptual, and intellectual capacities

What is Tabula Rasa and what theory is it associated with?

-"Blank slate": children begin with nothing at all; they are shaped by experience -Behaviorism

What happens during the 3rd trimester

-Age of viability -More time awake -Takes on a personality -Greater responsiveness to external stimulation

Limitations of a Longitudinal study

-Biased sampling -Selective attrition -Practice effects -Cohort effects

Ethnology and evolutionary developmental psychology

-Both continuous and discontinuous -One course of development -Both nature and nurture

What are two ways to induce labor?

-Breaking the amnion -Providing synthetic oxytocin

What is included in the physical domain of development?

-Changes in body size, proportions, appearance -Functioning of body systems -Perceptual and motor capacities -Physical health

Autosomes

22 of 23 pairs of the matching chromosome pairs that are not related to sex

How many days inbetween the releases of the egg/ovum in females?

28 days

How many stages of childhood did Rousseau think there were?

4 Infancy, childhood, late childhood, and adolescence

How many stages are there in the psychosexual theory?

5 1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital

How many stages in psychosocial theory?

8 -Freud's plus early adulthood, middle adulthood, and old age

Premature

A baby born 3 or more weeks before their due date -Highest among SES women

Methylation

A biochemical process triggered by certain experiences, in which a set of chemical compounds lands on top of a gene and changes its impact, reducing or silencing its expression

Meiosis

A cell division process that halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells

Dynamic Systems Perspective

A child's mind, body, and physical and social worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

A culmination of psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing child's cognitive processing and behavior patterns

Ethnography

A descriptive, qualitative technique, but instead of aiming to understand a single individual, it is directed toward understanding a culture of a distinct social group through participant observation

Clinical Interview

A flexible, conversational style is used to prove for the participant's point of view

Natural/Prepared Childbirth

A group of techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth a rewarding experience -Classes -Relaxation and breathing techniques -Labor coach -Doula

Blastocyst

A hollow, fluid filled ball that forms around 4 days after conception when cells are beginning to multiply

Critical Period

A limited time span during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of an appropriate stimulating environment

Heretibility estimate

A measure of the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in specific population are due to genetic factors

Amnion

A membrane formed around the trophoblast

Discontinuous Development

A process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times

Continuous Development

A process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with

Epidural Analgesia

A regional pain-delivering drug delivered continuously through a catheter into a small space in the lower spine

Cesarean Delivery

A surgical birth; the doctor makes an incision in the mother's abdomen and lifts the baby our of the uterus

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

A term that encompasses a range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure

Sensitive Period

A time that is biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences

Equilibrium

Balance between internal structures and information they encounter in their everyday worlds

Gene-environment Interaction

Because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment

_______ attempted to create an objective science of psychology by focusing on directly observable events - stimuli and responses

Behaviorism

According to _________, children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

Erikson

Unlike Freud, _________ pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each cultures life situation.

Erikson

Who is associated with Psychosocial theory?

Erikson

Correlational Design

Researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, and make no effort to alter their experiences. Then they look at relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior or development

Implantation

When the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining between the 7th and 9th days

Rh Factor Incompatibility

When the mother is Rh-negative (lacks the Rh blood protein) and the father is Rh-positive, the baby may inherit the father's Rh-positive blood types. If the blood passes through the placenta into the mother's bloodstream, she begins to form antibodies to the foreign Rh-protein. If these enter the fetus' system, they destroy red blood cells, reducing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues

Lanugo

White, downy hair that appears all over the body to help the vernix stick to the skin

What are the 3 components of the psychosexual theory

Id- larger portion of the mind that is the source of basic biological needs and desires Ego - the conscious, rational part of personality Superego - conscience

Psychosocial Theory

In addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual active, contributing member of society

Anoxia

Inadequate oxygen supply

Forceps

Metal clamps placed around the baby's head to pull the infant from the birth canal

Regulator Genes

Modify the instructions given by protein-coding genes

Coparenting

Mutually supporting each other's parenting behaviors

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized __________ and survival of the fittest

Natural selection

Rousseau believed that development was _______ based

Nature

Do scientists usually associate a child's stability with nature or nurture?

Nature/heredity

Classical conditioning (Watson)

Neutral stimulus + another stimulus = relfexive response -> neutral stimulus = reflexive response

Is behaviorism nature or nurture?

Nurture

What hormones in fathers affect their interactions with infants?

Prolactin and Estrogen

-Sigmun Freud's __________ was developed through having emotionally troubled adults talk freely about painful event of their childhoods.

Psychosexual theory

Stages

Qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development

Who is associated with behaviorism?

Watson and Skinner

What is included in the emotional and social domain of development?

-Changes in emotional communication, self-understanding, knowledge and about other people -Interpersonal skills -Friendships -Intimate relationships -Moral reasoning and behavior

What is included in the cognitive domain of development?

-Changes in intellectual abilities, including attention, memory, academic and everyday knowledge -Problem solving -Imagination -Creativity -Language

What two interviews are types of Self-reports?

-Clinical Interviews -Structured Interviews

What are the strengths of a Longitudinal Study?

-Common patterns -Individual differences -Relationships in early and late behaviors

Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory

-Continuous -Many courses of development -Nurture

Information Processing

-Continuous -One course -Both nature and nurture

Sociocultural Theory

-Continuous and discontinuous -Many possible courses of development -Nature and nurture

Dynamic systems

-Continuous and discontinuous -Multiple courses of development -Nature and nurture

Behaviorism

-Directly observable event - stimuli and responses - are the appropriate focus of study -Parents could mold their children through careful instruction, effective example, and rewards for good behavior

Psychoanalytic Theory

-Discontinuous -One course of development -Both nature and nurture

Types of teratogens

-Drugs (Prescription, nonprescription, illegal) -Tobacco -Alcohol -Radiation -Pollution -Infectious disease

What signs indicate labor is near?

-False labor/prelabor -Lightening -Bloody show

What happens during the 2nd trimester

-Fetus is large enough that the mother can feel the movements -Many organs well developed -Synapses being formed -Sight has begun to emerge -Not developed enough to survive if it was born at this time

What are some reasons for not seeking prenatal care?

-Financial hardship -Situational barriers -Personal barriers -High-risk behaviors

What are two types of instrumental delivery?

-Forceps -Vacuum extractor

Low birth weight infants have a higher chance of developing _______

-Heart disease -Strokes -Diabetes

Vision

-Least developed of the senses -Visual acuity

Characteristics of high SES families

-More emphasis of psychological traits, such as curiosity, happiness, etc. -Often not as engaged in family interaction -More problematic children

Characteristics of low SES families

-More emphasis on external characteristics like obedience, neatness, etc. -Higher poverty rate -Children more likely to suffer from poor physical health -Reduced life chances for many children -Neighborhood resources are more beneficial

What two types of observation fall under Systematic Observation?

-Naturalistic Observation -Structured Observation

Ecological systems

-Not specified -Many possible courses -Nature and nurture

Taste and Smell

-Odor preferences -Can indicate several basic tastes

Sex chromosome abnormalities

-Often aren't recognized until adolescence when puberty is delayed -Often extra chromosome in males or the absence of an X chromosome in females

Ethics of child research

-Protection from harm -Informed consent -Privacy -Knowledge of results -Beneficial treatments

Piaget's Stages

-Stagewise/discontinuous -One course of development -Both nature and nurture

Touch

-Stimulates early physical and emoitonal growth -Very sensitive to pain

What are the 3 stages of childbirth?

1. Dilation and Effacement of the Cervix 2. Delivery of the Baby 3. Birth of the Placenta

During the 1st week of the period of the embryo, the embryonic disk forms three layers of cells

1. Ectoderm - will become the nervous system and skin 2. Mesoderm - will develop the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and other internal organs 3. Endoderm - will become the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands

What are the 10 newborn reflexes?

1. Eye blink 2. Withdrawal 3. Rooting 4. Sucking 5. Swimming 6. Moro 7. Palmar grasp 8. Tonic neck 9. Stepping 10. Babinski

What are the 3 phases of pregnancy?

1. Germinal period 2. Period of the embryo 3. Period of the fetus

3 big questions of development

1. Is the course of development continuous or discontinuous? 2. Does one course of development characterize all children, or are there many possible courses? 3. What are the roles of genetic and environmental factors in development?

What are the 3 domains of development?

1. Physical 2. Cognitive 3. Emotional and Social

What are the 6 periods of development?

1. Prenatal period 2. Infancy and toddlerhood 3. Early childhood 4. Middle childhood 5. Adolescence 6. "Emerging adulthood"

What are Piaget's 4 stages

1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete operational 4. Formal operational

What variables does SES often combine?

1. Years of education 2. Prestige of one's job and the skill it requires 3. Income

Vernix

A white, cheese-like substance that protects the fetus' skin from chapping during the long months spent bathing in amniotic fluid

Genomic Imprinting

Alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked through regulatory processes within the genome, in such a way that one pair member is activated, regardless of its makeup

Microgenetic Design

An adaptation of the longitudinal approach, presents children with a novel task and follows their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions

Child Development

An area of study devoted to understanding constancy and change from conception through adolescence

Reflex

An inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

An index used to assess a family's standing on the continuum

Developmental Science

An interdisciplinary field that includes all changes we experience throughout the lifespan

Theory

An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior

Chorion

Another protective membrane formed by the trophoblast that surrounds the amnion

Teratogens

Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

APGAR Scale

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration -Assessing the newborn's physical condition -Measured twice -0-2

________ attempts to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses by observing relationships between behavior and environmental events and then making systematic changes in those events based on procedures of conditioning and modeling

Applied behavior analysis

Active Correlation

As children extend their experiences beyond the immediate family and are given the freedom to make more choices, they actively seek environments that fit with their genetic tendencies

Dilation and effacement of the cervix

As uterine contractions gradually become more frequent and powerful, they cause the cervix to open (dilate) and thin (efface), forming a clear channel from the uterus into the birth canal, or vagina -Longest stage

Alchohol-related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)

At least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities

Small-for-date Infants

Below their expected weight considering length of pregnancy -Often due to inadequate nutrition

Preterm Infants

Born several weeks or more before their due date -Higher risk of child abuse later in life -Touch is an important form of stimulation

Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep

Brain-wave activity is remarkably similar to that of the waking state

High birth weight infants are at a higher risk of developing _________

Breast and prostate cancer

Clinical/Case Study Method

Brings together a wide range of information on one child, including interviews, observations, and sometimes test scores

Embryonic Disk

Cells inside the blastocyst that will become the new organism

Partial Fetal Alchohol Syndrome (p-FAS)

Characterized by (a) two of three facial abnormalities from FAS and (b) brain injury, again evident in at least three areas from FAS

Cognitive-developmental Theory (Piaget)

Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world

Mesosystem

Encompasses connections between microsystem, such as home, school, neighborhood, and child-care center

What did Rousseau mean by "noble savages"?

Children are naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong and in innate plan for orderly, healthy growth

Cohorts

Children born at the same time, who are influenced by particular cultural and historical conditions

Evocative Correlation

Children evoke responses that are influenced by the child's heredity, and these responses strengthen the child's original style

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

Pavlov taught dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by using __________.

Classical conditioning

Ethnology

Concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history

Vacuum extractor

Consists of a plastic cup attached to a suction tube

Applied Behavior Analysis

Consists of observations of relationships between behavior and environmental events, followed by systematic changes in those events based on procedures of conditioning and modeling

Exosystem

Consists of social settings that do not contain children but that nevertheless affect children's experiences in immediate settings

Umbilical cord

Contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste products

Is behaviorism discontinuous or continuous?

Continuous

States of Arousal

Degrees of sleep and wakefulness -Usually affected by fullness or hunger

Epigenesis

Development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of environment

Developmental Social Neuroscience

Devoted to studying the relationship between changes in the brain and emotional social development -Hard to test

Protein Coding Genes

Directly affect our body's characteristics

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Distinguished by (a) slow physical growth, (b) a pattern of three facial abnormalities, and (c) brain injury

Analgesics

Drugs used to relie pain, often given in mild doeses during labor to help a mother relax

Structured Interviews

Each participant is asked the same question in the same way -Includes tests and questionnaires

Fetal Monitors

Electronic instruments that track the baby's heart rate during labor

Social Learning Theory (Bandura)

Emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development -Monkey see monkey do

Psychosexual Theory

Emphasizes that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Evaluates the baby's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli, and other reactions

Prodigies

Extremely gifted children who attain adult competence in field before age 10

Bonding

Feelings of affection and concern for the infant

Crying

First way babies communicate

Sociocultural Theory

Focuses on how culture - the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group - is transmitted to the next generation -The necessity of social interaction/socially mediated process

Which two scientists are associated with the psychoanalytic perspective?

Freud and Erikson

Naturalistic Observation

Going into the field, or natural environment, and observing the behavior of interest

Cross Sectional Design

Groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time

Subcultures

Groups of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture

Who are regarded as the founder of the child-study movement?

Hall and Gessel

Amniotic fluid

Helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts caused by the woman's movement

What is a period of development?

How to divide the flow of time into sensible, manageable parts

What is the only 100% genetically inheritable condition?

Huntington Disease

What is the most widely used teratogen?

Isotretinoin, used to treat severe acne

What does corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) do?

It triggers other hormones that induce contractions

Who came up with the term "noble savages"?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Who came up with behaviorism?

John Locke

How long does the period of the embryo last?

Lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy -Most rapid prenatal changes take place

How long is the Period of the Fetus

Lasts from the 9th week to the end of pregnancy -Growth and finishing phase

Public Policies

Laws and government programs designed to improved current conditions -Affordable Care Act -Children's Defense Fund

Who is associated with Sociocultural Theory

Lev Vygotsky

Chronosystem

Life changes can be imposed on a child, and alternatively can arise from within the child -Children and their environments form a network of interdependent effects

Rousseau's philosophy includes the concepts of stage and __________ - the idea of a genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth

Maturation

Normative Approach

Measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development

Through __________, behavior is altered by reinforcers and punishments

Operant conditioning

What hormone signals a mother's milk to be produced?

Oxcytocin

Extended-family Households

Parent and child live with one or more adult relatives

Longitudinal Study

Participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older

Individualism

People are largely concerned with their own personal needs and value independence

Collectivism

People stress group goals over individual goals and value interdependent qualities

Placenta

Permits food and oxygen to reach the developing fetus and waste products to be carried away

Experimental Design

Permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions

Familism

Places an especially high priority on close, harmonious family bonds, frequent contact, and meeting family needs

Hearing

Prefer complex sounds

Cohort Effects

Results based on one cohort may not apply to children developing at other times

Downsydrome/Trisomy 21

Results from a failure of the 21st pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, so the new individual receives three of these chromosomes rather than the normal two

Chromosomes

Rod-like structures which store and transmit genetic information -23 matching pairs

Sequential Designs

Scientists conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies are varying times

Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

Seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age

Gametes

Sex cells/sperm and ovum -Formed through meiosis

____________ emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development

Social Learning Theory

Induced labor

Started artificially, usually breaking the amnion and giving the mother synthetic oxcytocin

Anesthetics

Stronger painkillers that block sensations

Adaptation

Structures of the mind develop to better fit with, or represent, the external world

Crowning

Teh vaginal opening stretched around the entire head

Self-efficacy

The belief that their own abilities and characteristics will help them succeed

Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep

The body is almost motionless and bodily functions slow and even

Bloody Show

The cervix begins to open the plug of mucus that sealed it during pregnancy is released, producing a red discharge

Passive correlation

The child has no control over their environment which may affect their genes

Trophoblast

The thin outer ring of cells in the blastocyst that will become the structures that provide protective covering and nourishment

What period is the most affected by teratogens?

The embryonic period because the foundations of the body are being laid

Lightening

The fetus' head rests against the cervix and it softens and is no longer as easy to support the baby's weight

Transition

The frequency and strength of contractions are at their peak and the cervix opens completely

Operant Conditioning Theory (Skinner)

The frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers or decreased through punishment

Information Processing

The human mind viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows -Information is gathered as input and emerges as an output or a behavioral response -Continuous

Rooming in

The infant stays in the mother's hospital room all or most of the time

Microsystem

The innermost level of the environment that consists of activities and interaction patterns in the child's immediate surroundings -All relationships are bidirectional

Structured Observation

The investigator sets up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has an equal opportunity to display the response

Zygote

The name for a cell when sperm and ovum unite at conception

Illusory Correlation

The perception of a relationship where none exists

Neural Tube

The spinal cord formed by the folding of the ectoderm -Eventually develops the brain and neurons

Corpus luteum

The spot on the ovary from which the ovum was released and it will then produce hormones to prep the uterus for fertilization

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

The unexpected death, usually during the night, of an infant younger than 1 year of age that remains unexplained after thorough investigation

Trimesters

Three equal periods during prenatal development

What is the goal of applied behavior analysis?

To eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses

Breech Position

Turned so that the buttock or the feet would be delivery first

Allele

Two forms of each gene that occur at the same place on the chromosomes

How long does the germinal period last?

Two weeks, from fertilization and formation of the zygote until the tiny mass of cells attache themselves to the wall of the uterus

Contexts

Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change -Include heredity and biological makeup as well as immediate setting and circumstances

Ecological Systems Theory

Views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment -The environment is a system