Egumpp Module 1

Possesive Pronouns

my, your, his, her, its, our, and their

Gerund

A verbal that functions as a noun and always ends with ing. May function as a subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object of a preposition, or an appositive.

Participle

A verbal that functions as an adjective and usually ends with ing, ed, or en.

Infinitive

A verbal that is usually introduced by the word to and can function as a noun or adjective or adverb.

Preposition

A word that joins and shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in a sentence. Must be followed by a noun or a pronoun to form a prepositional phrase.

List of Prepositions

Aboard, About, Above, Across, After, Against, Along, Among, Around, As, At, Before, Behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, concerning, considering,down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, opposite, out, outside, over, past, pending, per, regarding, since, through, throughout, to, toward, towards, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without

Indirect Object

Always precedes a direct object. Can usually be identified by asking the question To whom? For Whom? To what? or For What?. May be a personal pronoun, a reflexive pronoun, or an indefinite pronoun.

Predicate Adjective

An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject

Verbal Complement

Follows a verbal and helps answer What? Whom? or How?

Reflexive Pronoun

Formed by adding self or selves to a personal pronoun. Myself, Yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, youselves, themselves.

Prepositional Phrase

Functions as an adjective and modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun.

Personal Pronoun

I, you, he, she, it, we, they

Appositive

Immediately follows another noun or pronoun with the purpose to further identify, clarify, or explain the preceding noun or pronoun.

Adjective

Modifies or describes a noun. Describes Which one? What kind of? How many? or Whose?

Adverb

Modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Answers When? Where? How? or To what extent?

Object of Preposition

Noun or Pronoun following preposition

Simple Sentence

One Independent Clause

Complex Sentence

One Independent Clause and One or more dependent clauses.

Relative Pronoun

Performs the functions of introducing an adjective clause, showing a relationship between the adjective clause and another noun or clause and usually functions as a subject, direct object, or adjective. May function as a subject with that, which, and who.

Direct Object

Receiver of an action

PAIDSO

Sin Frequent Functions of Noun and Pronouns P= predicate nominative A = appositive I = indirect object D = direct object S = Subject O = Object of Preposition

Compound Sentence

Two or More independent clauses

Compound-compex sentence

Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

PIG

Type of verbals. Participle, Infinitive, Gerund.

Correlative Conjunctions

Word Pairs that show a relationship of one thought to another. Either/Or, Neither/Nor, Both/And, and Not only/But also.

Coordinating Conjuctions

Words that connect words or groups of words of equal status such as two or more subjects, verbs, direct objects, predicate nominatives, adjectives, adverbs, or prepositional phrase.

Concrete Noun

an object that can be perceived by the senses.

Articles or Noun Marker

an, a, the

Linking Verb

A main verb that expresses a state of being or a condition and links a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective to the subject.

Adjective Clause

A dependent clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun. Answers Which one? What kind of? or Whose? Begins with a subordinator called a relative pronoun.

Adverb Clause

A dependent clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Answers the question When? Where? Why? How? To what extent? or Under what Condition? Always begins with a subordinating conjunction.

Noun Clause

A dependent clause thatfunctions as a nounin a sentence. May function as a subject, a predicate nominative, a direct object, an indirect object, or object of a preposition. Always introduced by a subordinator.

Collective Noun

A group

Clause

A group of related words that always includes a subject and a verb and expresses either a complete thought or an incomplete thought.

Independent Clause

A group of related words with a subject and a verb that expresses a complete thought.

Dependent Clause

A group of related words with a subject and a verb that expresses an incomplete thought.

Gerund Phrase

A group of words that contains a gerund plus its complements and modifiers. Entire phrase functions as a subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object of prep, or appositive

Participial Phrase

A group of words that contains a participle plus its complements and modifier.

Infinitive Phrase

A group of words that contains an infinitive plus its complements and modifiers. Can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

Appositive Phrase

A group of words that includes the appositive and all of its modifiers.

Predicate Nominative

A noun or a pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames the subjects and is a type of subject complement.

Proper Noun

A particular person, place, or thing

Common Noun

A person, place, or thing in general

Interrogative Pronoun

A pronoun that introduces a question. Who?, Which?, What?.

Indefinite Pronoun

A pronoun that is does not refer to a definite person, place, or thing. All, another, any, anybody, anyone, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, more, most, neither, nobody, none, one, others, several, some, somebody, someone, something.

Demonstrative Pronoun

A pronoun that points out a specific place or thing. This, that, these, those.

Abstract Noun

A quality, an idea, a characteristic, or an emotion.

Intransitive Verb

A verb that never has a direct object.

Subordinator

An introductory word that makes a group of words with a subject and a verb a dependent clause. After, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while.

Adverb Prepositional Phrase

Answers the question When? Where? Why? or How

Adjective Prepositional Phrase

Answers the question Which One? or What kind of?

Eight forms of To Be

Be, Being, Been, Am, Is, Are, Was, and Were

Subject

Best answers the question that whom or what are you talking about or who or what is doing something.

FANBOYS

Coordinating Conjunctions. F = For. A = And. N = Nor. B = But. O = Or. Y = Yet. S = So.

Transitive Verb

Usually an action verb that always has a receiver of an action

Helping Verb

Verbs that usually precede a main verb and must be used with certain verb forms. Be, being, been, am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had, may, can, might, could, would, should, must, shall, will.

Pronoun subject understood

You, I, and We are often not written but understood