ELT06 GRAMMAR

EXAMPLES OF PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR

. Never begin a sentence with a conjunction. 2. Never split infinitives. 3. Never end sentences with preposition.

4 IMPORTANT TRUTHS ABOUT GRAMMAR RULES

1. GRAMMAR RULES ARE EASY TO TEACH AND EASY TO LEARN. 2. ENGLISH SENTENCES DON'T ALWAYS FOLLOW RULES. 3. NATIVE SPEAKERS DON'T LEARN MANY RULES IN SCHOOLS. 4.. MEMORIZING RULES PREVENTS YOU FROM IMPROVING YOUR ENGLISH

18th Century Prescriptive Grammars 1745

Ann Fisher published her English Grammar which has been argued to have had influence on grammarians in the 18th century

It is concerned with the analysis and comparison of grammatical structures of related language or dialects.

COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR

1685

Christopher Cooper's Grammatica Linguæ Anglicanæ - was the last English grammar written in Latin. •The goal of grammarians was to assimilate a reading and writing system •One of the most widely used grammars of the day, was having to cite "grammatical authorities" •English grammars were being written for "non-learned, native-speaker audiences"

It pertains to a top-down approach which moves from a more general idea down to a more specific one. Therefore, deductive approach in teaching grammar pertains to the act of introducing first the grammatical rules among the learners before giving essential examples to demonstrate how such rules are being applied. Therefore, deductive approach in teaching grammar pertains to the act of introducing first the grammatical rules among the learners before giving essential examples to demonstrate how such rules are being applied

DEDUCTIVE

SPEAKING INCLINED

DESCRIPTIVE

In 1832,

Danish philologist Rasmus Rask published an English grammar, EngelskFormlære, part of his extensive comparative studies in the grammars of Indo-European languages. German philologist Jacob Grimm, the elder of the Brothers Grimm, included English grammar in his monumental grammar of Germanic languages, Deutsche Grammatik (1822- 1837). German historical linguist Eduard Adolf Maetzner published his 1,700 pageEnglische Grammatik between 1860 and 1865; an English translation, An English grammar: methodical, analytical and historical appeared in 1874. Contributing little new to the intrinsic scientific study of English grammar, these works nonetheless showed that English was being studied seriously by the first professional linguists.

authority of linguistic intuitions, a competent speaker uses herself as a guide to grammaticality which commonly derived from formal education and experience to language

Devitt`s explanation

•By the end of the seventeenth century •

English grammar writing had made a modest start, totaling 16 new grammars since Bullokar's Pamphlet of 115 years before, by the end of the eighteenth century

The advance-organiser argument

Grammar instruction might also have a delayed effect. The researcher Richard Schmidt kept a diary of his experience learning Portuguese in Brazil. Initially he had enrolled in formal language classes where there was a heavy emphasis on grammar

. The sentence-machine argument

Grammar is a kind of 'sentence-making machine'. It follows that the teaching of grammar offers the learner the means for potentially limitless linguistic creativity

A Three-Dimensional Grammar Framework

Grammar is the whole system and structure of a language in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology and sometimes also phonology and semantic. When it comes to grammar and grammar instruction there are three dimension u need to obstantly keeping view and those are FORM MEANING AND USE. Understanding the connection between the three it helps learner develop a sense of how a language works and become more effective communicators.

19th Century

In the 19th century, scholars developed systematic analysis of parts of speech, mostly built on the earlier analysis of Sanskrit.This writing of grammars of related languages, using Panini's work as a guide, is known as Indo-European grammar;-a method of comparing and relating the forms of speech in numerous languages

Development of the comparative method

It is generally agreed that the most outstanding achievement of linguistic scholarship in the 19th century was the development of the comparative method, which comprised a set of principles whereby languages could be systematically compared with respect to their sound systems, grammatical structure, and vocabulary and shown to be "genealogically" related.

1759

John Brightland'sA Grammar of the English tongue James Greenwood's Essay towards a practical English Grammar -intended for those without a Latin background, including the "fair sex" ad children.

1767

Johnson combined it with a Hebrew grammar, and published it as An English and Hebrew grammaR

SEMANTICS

LINGUISTIC MEANING

ADVANCE ORGANIZER

Language seen from 'outside', can seem to be a gigantic, shapeless mass, presenting an insuperable challenge for the learner. Because grammar consists of an apparently finite set of rules, it can help to reduce the apparent enormity of the language learning task for both teachers and students.

American theoretical linguist whose work from the 1950s revolutionized the field of linguistics by treating language as a uniquely human, biologically based cognitive capacity. According to him we have innate knowledge of certain principles that guide us in developing the grammar of our language. In other words, Chomsky's theory is that language learning is facilitated by a predisposition that our brains have for certain structures of language.

NOAM CHOMSKY

LANGUAGE EXPOSURE IS NOT ENOUGH

NOAM CHOMSKY

UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR THEORY

Noam Chomsky in the groundbreaking of his workAspects of the Theory of Syntax on the year 1965. TACIT KNOWLEDGE

Besides possession, the possessive or genitive form can indicate description, amount, relationship, part/whole, and origin/agen

POSSESIVE

WRITING INCLINED

PRESCRIPTIVE

two-part verbs comprising a verb and a particle (e.g., to look up). Can be constructed with three parts in that a preposition can follow the particle (e.g., to keep up with)

Phrasal Verbs are

grammar rules are system of rules used to create sentences and refers to the knowledge of parts of speech, tenses, phrases, clauses and syntactic structures used to create grammatically well-formed sentences in English

RICHARDS 2021

-Bishop of Oxford -best known of the widely emulated grammarians of the 18th century. -Lowth wrote against preposition stranding, using "whose" as the possessive case of "which", and using "who" instead of "whom" in certain cases. Full title: A Short Introduction to English Grammar: with critical notes. [By Robert Lowth.] Published: 1762, London It was an extremely successful work that was reissued around 45 times between 1762 and 1800.

ROBERTH LOWTH

DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR

RULES MADE BY SPEAKERS AND WRITERS

The fossilisation argument

Research suggests that learners who receive no instruction seem to be at risk of fossilising sooner than those who do receive instruction

PHONOLOGY

SOUND AND PATTERNS OF LANGUAGE

MORPHOLOGY

STRUCTURE AND MEANING OF WORDS

SYNTAX

STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES

2003

Scholar Karen Cajka described nine English women who published grammars in the late eighteenth century: 1. Ellin Devis, 2. Dorothea Du Bois 3. Mrs. M. C. Edwards 4. Mrs. Eves 5. Ellenor Fenn (aka Mrs. Teachwell and Mrs. Lovechild), 6. Ann Fisher 7. Jane Gardiner née Arden 8. Blanche Mercy 9. Mrs. Taylor.

PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR

Specific rules for using language and grammar

1765

The American Rev. Dr. Samuel Johnson, founder and first president of King's College in New York City (now Columbia University) published in New York An English Grammar; the First Easy Rudiments of Grammar Applied to the English Tongue.

HENRY SWEET

The first work to lay claim to the new scholarship was British linguist Henry Sweet -was the first to introduce the term scientific grammar- meaning reliance on facts and the use of the inductive method to undermine the old tradition in linguistic studies. Hewas the first to introduce the term scientific grammar meaning reliance on facts and the use of the inductive method to undermine the old tradition in linguistic studies

MENTAL GRAMMAR

The generative grammar stored in the brain that allows a speaker to produce language that other speakers can understand. It is also called competence grammar.

16th to 18th centuries

The history of English grammars begins late in the sixteenth century

OTTO JESPERSEN

The next set of wide-ranging English grammars were written by Danish and Dutch linguists. Danish linguist Otto Jespersen, who had coauthored a few books with Henry Sweet, began work on his seven-volume Modern English grammar on historical principles in the first decade of the twentieth century.

FINE-TUNING ARGUMENT

The teaching of grammar, it is argued, serves as a corrective against the kind of ambiguity represented in these examples. Here, teaching grammar is important because it helps every individual to formulate an utterance with a very fine or clear meaning that is truly understandable. The above example sentences exhibit ambiguity, and it might confuse the readers or the hearers because it isn't in an organized or not fine-tuned form.

the learner expectations argument

These expectations may derive from previous classroom experience of language learning. They may also derive from experience of classrooms in general where (traditionally, at least) teaching is of the transmission kind mentioned above.

The rule-of-law argument

discrete-item argument that, since grammar is a system of learnable rules, it lends itself to a view of teaching and learning known as transmission. A transmission view sees the role of education as the transfer of a body of knowledge (typically in the form of facts and rules) from those that have the knowledge to those that do not.

GRAMMAR

he structural glue, the code of language, is arguably at the heart of any form in language use. It is the central concept in language teaching and assessment historically, from the Middle ages up to the present times

TACIT KNOWLEDGE

is the knowledge that has been encoded in mental representation of grammatical principles.

LINGUISTIC INTUITION

language is not tacitly derived from mentally represented grammatical principles, but through exercise of classificatory ability acquired in training

MICHAEL DEVITT

linguistic intuition

GENERATIVE GRAMMAR

native speakers of a language accept as belonging to the language

UNIVERSAL THEORY

suggests that every language has some of the same laws just like the same way on how to ask question or to identify or show something that happened in the present or in the past.

The first half of the nineteenth century

would see the appearance of almost 900 new books on English grammar

1586

• Pamphlet for Grammar by William Bullokar -written with the seeming goal of demonstrating that English was quite as rule-bound as Latin. -he used a Reformed Spelling System of his own invention