EMT Pathophysiology chapter 8 Questions

What sensory structures are the FIRST to detect arterial blood pressure​ changes? A. Baroreceptors B. Barometers C. Chemoreceptors D. pH monitors

Baroreceptors

If a patient is in​ shock, why does his pulse​ increase? A. Because of sympathetic nervous system stimulation B. Because the afterload has been reduced C. Because the heart is stunned D. Because the body produces caffeine

Because of sympathetic nervous system stimulation

What should happen to cardiac output and systolic blood pressure if there is an increase in heart rate from 86 per minute to 94 per​ minute? A. The cardiac output will​ increase, but the blood pressure will decrease. B. Both should decrease. C. Both should increase. D. The cardiac output will​ decrease, but the blood pressure will increase.

Both should increase.

If the baroreceptors in the aortic root sense a drop in aortic root systolic​ pressure, it will send an impulse to what region of the​ brain, and for what​ purpose? A. ​Cerebrum; to stimulate the vasomotor center. B. ​Hypothalamus; to stimulate the hormonal release of the adrenocorticotropic hormone​ (ACTH). C. ​Cerebellum; to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. D. ​Brainstem; to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.

Brainstem; to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the body by this​ mechanism? A. Attached to red blood cells B. By the bloodstream as a bicarbonate ion C. Dissolved in plasma D. Chemically bound by hemoglobin

By the bloodstream as a bicarbonate ion

What generates the force that results in hydrostatic​ pressure? A. Contraction of the left ventricle B. Gravity flow of venous blood from the brain and upper extremities C. The effects of large proteins in the blood D. Blood flow through the lungs during breathing

Contraction of the left ventricle

The exchange of gases at the peripheral tissue capillary level is responsible for the removal of what waste substance from the​ cells? A. CO22 B. Nitrogen C. Oxygen D. Glucose

CO2

The exchange of gases at the peripheral tissue capillary level is responsible for the removal of what waste substance from the​ cells? A. Oxygen B. CO2 C. Nitrogen D. Glucose

CO2

In a healthy​ adult, the respiratory rate and depth is regulated primarily by detecting the level of what in the blood​ stream? A. Saturated hemoglobin B. Oxygen levels C. Amounts of red blood cells D. Carbon dioxide levels

Carbon dioxide levels

The inability to maintain a​ patient's airway or ventilatory status can lead to what detrimental cellular​ event? A. Cellular death B. Drop in oxygen need by peripheral tissues C. Increased biochemical reactions D. Hormonal hypersensitivity

Cellular death

If a patient has multiple ribs fractured that alter his ability to increase his intrathoracic​ volume, what kind of ventilatory disturbance would this​ be? A. Change in opposition B. Change in compliance C. Change in passivity D. Change in resistance

Change in compliance

The term​ "pathophysiology" means​ what? A. The effects of cancer on the body B. The study of the pathway of normal metabolism in the body C. The effect of normal metabolic activity on maintaining the​ body's systems D. Changes in normal physiology due to disease or injury

Changes in normal physiology due to disease or injury

If a bleb on a lung tissue ruptures and air accumulates in the pleural​ space, what is the MOST likely result of​ this? A. Collapse of the lung with a change in alveolar ventilation B. An immediate change in the​ patient's mental status C. A rise in the oxygen content of the blood D. A decrease in the respiratory rate

Collapse of the lung with a change in alveolar ventilation

The prefix​ "patho-" means? A. Purpose B. Disease C. Normalcy D. Pathway

Disease

Which of the following situations could cause poor tissue oxygenation of the extremities despite the arterial blood being​ oxygenated? A. A brain tumor B. Dropping systolic blood pressure C. Spinal injury D. A narcotic overdose

Dropping systolic blood pressure

Which of the following may be caused by a disturbance in the​ cell/capillary gas exchange process of peripheral tissue during an episode of​ hypotension? A. Asthma B. Neurogenic shock C. Hypoglycemia D. Hypoxia

Hypoxia

The tidal volume is comprised of alveolar ventilation and what other volume of​ air? A. Suprapulmonary volume B. Oropharyngeal volume C. Tracheal volume D. Dead space

Dead space

You are treating a patient with a lung injury that results in a drop in his tidal volume. What will be the clinical effect on the amount of air that is available for gas exchange in the​ alveoli? A. Greatly increase B. Not change C. Slightly increase D. Decrease

Decrease

Because of dilation of the vascular system in neurogenic​ shock, you would expect the blood pressure​ to: A. Increase. B. Decrease. C. increase as a result of an increase in the heart rate that occurs. D. remain the same.

Decrease.

If a patient is in​ shock, why may he have poor red blood cell​ oxygenation? A. Too much blood leaks out of the capillaries. B. The sugar level is too low in the cells. C. He is breathing too slowly. D. Decreased lung perfusion can contribute to cellular hypoxia.

Decreased lung perfusion can contribute to cellular hypoxia

When considering the normal tidal​ volume, how much of that is accounted for by the​ "dead space?" A. 250 mL B. ​1,000 mL C. 150 mL D. 500 mL

150 mL

If a patient was breathing ambient​ air, how would you document the amount of oxygen present for alveolar ventilation in percentage​ form? A. ​0.21% B. ​21% C. 21 D. ​2.1%

21%

How much of the normal tidal volume does the alveolar ventilation account​ for? A. 750 mL B. 250 mL C. 350 mL D. 150 mL

350 mL

Red blood cells comprise about what percentage of blood volume in​ men? A. 25 percent B. 90 percent C. 48 percent D. 42 percent

48 percent

A​ normal-sized adult has a tidal volume of approximately how many​ mL? A. 750 B. 500 C. ​1,000 D. 250

500

The normal minute volume is​ about: A. ​4,000 mL. B. ​12,000 mL. C. ​6,000 mL. D. 500 mL.

6,000 mL.

What value does the intrathoracic pressure drop to during​ inhalation? A. 760 mmHg B. 752 mmHg C. 758 mmHg D. 763 mmHg

758 mmHg

During​ exhalation, what is the approximate pressure in the​ thorax? A. 760 mmHg B. 761 mmHg C. 763 mmHg D. 758 mmHg

761 mmHg

If there is an increase stretch to the baroreceptors above​ normal, what will be the​ response? A. A message will be sent to the brainstem to increase the heart rate. B. A message will be sent to the brainstem to increase parasympathetic tone. C. A message will be sent to the kidneys to reabsorb more fluid. D. The baroreceptors will slow the heart rate by direct nervous control and the release of hormones.

A message will be sent to the brainstem to increase parasympathetic tone.

What is the process that produces carbon dioxide in the​ body? A. The result of abnormal metabolism. B. It is formed to serve as the primary energy source for cellular mitochondria. C. An end product of normal cell metabolism. D. A drop in cellular ATP creation.

An end product of normal cell metabolism.

The EMT should recall that if the patient has a mismatch between the ventilation and perfusion of the​ lungs, what negative outcome could​ happen? A. There is too much glucose circulating in the bloodstream. B. There is too much blood in the cells. C. The patient exhales too much carbon dioxide. D. Hypoxia can occur at the cellular level.

Hypoxia can occur at the cellular level.

From what negative affect regarding gas diffusion in the alveoli would a patient with pulmonary edema​ suffer? A. Inability to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide B. Excessive hyperoxia causing free radical damage to healthy tissue C. Too much blood flow causes too much carbon dioxide removal D. Respirations will start to slow and become shallow

Inability to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide

From what negative affect regarding gas diffusion in the alveoli would a patient with pulmonary edema​ suffer? A. Respirations will start to slow and become shallow B. Too much blood flow causes too much carbon dioxide removal C. Inability to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide D. Excessive hyperoxia causing free radical damage to healthy tissue

Inability to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide

What is the basic function of hydrostatic​ pressure? A. It is a force that pushes fluid out of the vessel or capillary bed. B. It helps to shift fluid from the interstitial spaces into the vascular spaces. C. It helps to shift fluid from the interstitial spaces into the cellular spaces. D. It is a pulling force that keeps fluid in the cells.

It is a force that pushes fluid out of the vessel or capillary bed.

If the heart rate increases​ slightly, how will this affect the cardiac​ output? A. It will not affect the cardiac output. B. It will decrease pulmonary perfusion. C. It will enhance cardiac output. D. It will diminish cardiac output.

It will enhance cardiac output.

If a patient has an asthma attack with severe​ bronchoconstriction, what effect can it have on his ability to ventilate the​ alveoli? A. It will increase airway resistance. B. It will decrease airway resistance. C. It will increase airway compliance. D. It will decrease airway compliance.

It will increase airway resistance.

During anaerobic metabolism in​ cells, what is responsible for creating the acidic state of the​ blood? A. Lactic acid accumulation B. Alcohol fermentation C. Pyruvate diminishment D. Acetaldehyde development

Lactic acid accumulation

The​ moment-to-moment control of microcirculation is provided by what​ mechanism? A. Adrenal gland release of epinephrine B. Hormonal influences C. Local influences D. Neural influences

Local influences

A patient has sustained significant blood loss due to an injury. Why does this lead to​ shock? A. Because the blood he loses has the​ cell's sugar supply. B. The cells leak out fluid to surrounding tissue. C. Loss of blood causes diminished cellular perfusion. D. The loss of clotting factors causes all the​ body's cells to bleed.

Loss of blood causes diminished cellular perfusion.

When a patient is severely burned over MOST of his​ body, the cellular and vascular damage created by the burn results in large protein molecules leaving the vascular space. As a result of​ this, which of the choices will the patient​ experience? A. Low oncotic pressure B. Low hydrostatic pressure C. High oncotic pressure D. High hydrostatic pressure

Low oncotic pressure

What is the name of the ventilatory volume that is calculated by multiplying the tidal volume by the frequency of​ ventilation? A. Respiration Frequency B. Ventilation Volume C. Minute Ventilation D. Tidal Volume

Minute Ventilation

Why should EMS providers administer oxygen to a patient suspected of​ hypoxia? A. More oxygen in the inspired air will increase the amount absorbed by the blood. B. More oxygen in the inspired air will raise the respiratory rate. C. More oxygen in the inspired air will decrease the absorption of other gases present. D. More oxygen in the inspired air will slow the respiratory rate.

More oxygen in the inspired air will increase the amount absorbed by the blood.

What are the two basic molecules that are necessary for normal cell​ metabolism, energy​ creation, and​ function? A. Glucose and hydrogen B. Oxygen and carbon dioxide C. Glucose and carbon dioxide D. Oxygen and glucose

Oxygen and glucose

Which of the following cellular effects will NOT likely happen to a patient who is breathing in toxic​ gases? A. The cells may be unable to adequately pick up and carry oxygen to the tissues. B. The cells may be unable to use the oxygen present. C. Oxygen will take on a toxic effect in the body and cause cellular death. D. Oxygen molecules may be displaced and the cells can suffocate.

Oxygen will take on a toxic effect in the body and cause cellular death.

The average size adult has a minute ventilation of how many liters per​ minute? A. Eight B. Two C. Six D. Four

Six

Which ion will start to accumulate within the cell should the​ sodium-potassium pump fail following a period of​ hypoxia? A. Potassium B. Sodium C. Magnesium D. Carbon dioxide

Sodium

Failure of the​ sodium-potassium pump may lead to what detrimental cellular​ change? A. The cell will shrink. B. The cell will swell. C. The cell will combine with another cell to share energy capabilities. D. The cell will duplicate itself.

The cell will swell.

Why is it advisable to assist a patient with using his bronchodilator when he has obvious signs and symptoms of lower airway obstruction due to​ asthma? A. The drug in a bronchodilator will make it easier to breathe by reducing airway resistance. B. The medication will increase heart rate and blood flow. C. The medication will slow the heart rate and improve circulation. D. The medication will help to decrease the dead space in the airway.

The drug in a bronchodilator will make it easier to breathe by reducing airway resistance.

What would be the expected result of the body when a patient has massive vasodilation secondary to a severe blood​ infection? A. The heart rate will slow down and the stroke volume will increase. B. The heart rate and stroke volume will attempt to increase. C. The respiratory rate will slow down. D. Preload will increase due to venous congestion and thus stroke volume will rise.

The heart rate and stroke volume will attempt to increase.

The ability of the body to ventilate is an example of what law of​ physics? A. ​Charles's law B. ​Dalton's law C. ​Boyle's law D. ​Henry's law

​Boyle's law

A lack of energy at the cellular level will cause the failure of what process within the cellular wall that result in the cell swelling and​ bursting? A. Oxidative phosphorylation B. Cellular respiration C. ​Sodium/potassium pump D. Electron transfer chain

​Sodium/potassium pump

The passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases between the alveoli and the capillaries of the lungs is referred to​ as: A. ​alveolar/capillary mismatch. B. O2​/CO2 reversal. C. arterial gas division. D. ​alveolar/capillary exchange.

​alveolar/capillary exchange.

Why is it so important for the EMT to seal any open penetrations into the chest as quickly as​ possible? A. The heart cannot fill if there is not air in the chest. B. To keep the blood from leaking out of the wound and into the pleural cavity. C. A rib may have been fractured which will decrease lung compliance. D. The lungs will collapse if air gets between the two pleural membranes.

The lungs will collapse if air gets between the two pleural membranes.

If the patient experiences a drop in the respiratory rate due to a drug​ overdose, what will be the effect on the​ patient's minute​ ventilation? A. There will be no change in the minute volume. B. The minute volume will initially​ increase, then it will drop. C. The minute volume will increase. D. The minute volume will decrease.

The minute volume will decrease.

You are caring for a patient who was involved in a farming accident where he was exposed to insecticides used on vegetation. You contact the Poison Control​ Center, which advises you that the chemical will have significant parasympathetic effects on the body. What would you expect this to mean to the​ patient's body? A. The patient may experience excessive hyperglycemia. B. The patient may experience significant hypertension. C. The patient may experience heightened sensitivity. D. The patent may experience significant hypotension.

The patent may experience significant hypotension.

What effect would systemic vasoconstriction have on the blood​ pressure? A. The​ B/P decreases. B. The​ B/P remains the same. C. The​ B/P increases. D. The​ B/P increases only if the heart rate increases.

The​ B/P increases.

How does the majority of carbon dioxide in the body get​ eliminated? A. Through the pulmonary system B. Through the vascular system C. Through the renal system D. Through the pancreatic system

Through the pulmonary system

What is the name of the amount of air breathed in and out with each individual​ breath? A. Tidal Volume B. Residual volume C. Minute Volume D. Tidal Ventilation

Tidal Volume

If a patient has a hole in the chest​ wall, why does the treatment include sealing the hole with an occlusive​ dressing? A. To allow the pleural pressures to become positive in nature again B. To help decrease the development of a positive pressure between the pleural linings C. To prevent blood from leaking into the lung tissue D. To improve the​ brain's nerve control over ventilation

To help decrease the development of a positive pressure between the pleural linings

An example of a patient having respiratory compromise due to a respiratory problem with the central nervous system would​ include: A. a spinal cord injury. B. an upper airway obstruction. C. asthma. D. hypoperfusion.

a spinal cord injury.

The restriction of airflow that is related to the diameter of the airways is called​ the: A. airway resistance. B. alveolar ventilation. C. dead air space. D. pulmonary circulation.

airway resistance.

The amount of air moved in and out of the alveoli in one minute is called​ the: A. residual ventilation volume. B. minute volume. C. tidal volume. D. alveolar ventilation.

alveolar ventilation.

In order to BEST understand​ pathophysiology, the EMT should FIRST​ understand: A. what the​ patient's underlying diagnosis is. B. patient assessment. C. anatomy and physiology. D. signs and symptoms.

anatomy and physiology.

When a patient has a lower airway​ obstruction, the MOST likely problem​ is: A. a spasm of the mainstem bronchus. B. swelling of the tongue. C. a piece of meat sitting on the epiglottis. D. bronchoconstriction.

bronchoconstriction.

In​ hypoperfusion, the fall in cardiac​ output, as detected by the​ baroreceptors, activates several body systems that attempt to reestablish a normal blood pressure in a process known​ as: A. poor peripheral perfusion. B. compensation. C. decompensation. D. vasoconstriction.

compensation.

When an increase of blood in the left ventricle causes stretching of the​ ventricle, the​ heart: A. contracts less forcefully. B. contracts more forcefully. C. remains unchanged. D. can no longer contract.

contracts more forcefully.

To ensure adequate breathing in a​ patient, the patient must have both an adequate rate of ventilations and an​ adequate: A. thoracic chest wall. B. depth of ventilations. C. decrease in the depth of ventilations. D. number of alveoli.

depth of ventilations.

The fundamental underlying causes of respiratory compromise include each of the​ following, EXCEPT: A. disruption of normal pleural pressure. B. disruption of the dead space air in the respiratory system. C. disruption of the lung tissue. D. disruption of respiratory control.

disruption of the dead space air in the respiratory system.

​Ultimately, the​ sodium/potassium pump in the cell will fail because of a lack​ of: A. energy. B. glucose. C. oxygen. D. carbon dioxide.

energy.

If too much sodium accumulates inside the​ cell, the cell begins​ to: A. expand. B. lose its protective membrane. C. reproduce. D. shrink.

expand.

The MOST abundant formed element of blood​ is: A. red blood cells. B. platelets. C. white blood cells. D. plasma.

red blood cells.

The EMT should know that the role of oxygen in the body​ is: A. carried in the blood as a dissolved ion. B. an end product of abnormal cell metabolism. C. required for normal cell metabolism. D. an end product of normal cell metabolism.

required for normal cell metabolism.

The lack of oxygen at the cellular level causes the cells​ to: A. disperse waste products. B. shift to anaerobic metabolism. C. increase ATP production. D. shift to aerobic metabolism.

shift to anaerobic metabolism.

Cardiac output is composed​ of: A. systemic vascular resistance​ (SVR) and heart rate. B. stroke volume and heart rate. C. blood pressure and heart rate. D. blood pressure.

stroke volume and heart rate.

To calculate the cardiac​ output, the EMT knows to multiply the heart rate​ by: A. left ventricular preload. B. stroke volume. C. frequency of contractions. D. systolic blood pressure.

stroke volume.

The normal signal for the respiratory center of the brain to stimulate the respiratory muscles to increase ventilations would​ be: A. the amount of acids developing in the muscles. B. the amount of CO2 in the capillaries. C. the amount of CO2 in the arterial blood. D. the amount of oxygen in the venous blood.

the amount of CO2 in the arterial blood.

What causes the pressure change known as plasma oncotic​ pressure? A. Contraction or relaxation of capillary beds B. Contraction of the left ventricle C. The difference between the arterial and venous concentration of electrolytes D. Effect of the large proteins in the bloodstream

Effect of the large proteins in the bloodstream

What causes the pressure change known as plasma oncotic​ pressure? A. Effect of the large proteins in the bloodstream B. Contraction or relaxation of capillary beds C. The difference between the arterial and venous concentration of electrolytes D. Contraction of the left ventricle

Effect of the large proteins in the bloodstream

What does FDO2 stand​ for? A. Fraction of desired oxygen B. Failure of dormant oxygen C. Function of delivered oxygen D. Fraction of delivered oxygen

Fraction of delivered oxygen

Which of the following does not have a direct influence on normal​ perfusion? A. Systemic vascular resistance B. Blood volume C. Glucose level D. Heart rate

Glucose level

What is the effect of a decreased tidal volume in a patient who has a rib​ fracture? A. He will breathe faster to keep the minute volume normal. B. The perfusion will increase. C. The heart rate slows to compensate. D. The blood flow through the heart slows down.

He will breathe faster to keep the minute volume normal.

Which of the following factors is not considered to be a determinant of stroke​ volume? A. Heart rate B. Contractility C. Afterload D. Preload

Heart rate

If you are ventilating a patient with a puncture hole to the lung following a​ stabbing, what negative outcome may you actually produce or contribute​ to? A. Hypoglycemia B. Hypoxia C. Hypertension D. Bradycardia

Hypoxia

You are treating a patient who has lost a significant amount of blood volume after a traumatic​ injury, and his systolic pressure is low. What body function will NOT be part of the compensatory mechanism trying to maintain a normal perfusion​ pressure? A. Medulla oblongata B. Heart rate C. Baroreceptors D. Parasympathetic stimulation

Parasympathetic Stimulation.

What two divisions of the nervous system help to control blood flow through the​ arterioles? A. Voluntary and cerebellar B. Parasympathetic and sympathetic C. Sympathetic and antisympathetic D. Autonomic and voluntary

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

If the patient experiences a drop in the respiratory rate due to a drug​ overdose, what will be the effect on the​ patient's minute​ ventilation? A. There will be no change in the minute volume. B. The minute volume will initially​ increase, then it will drop. C. The minute volume will increase. D. The minute volume will decrease.

Parasympathetic stimulation

Why would a hypoxic patient who has severe bleeding NOT be benefited that greatly by the administration of supplemental​ oxygen? A. He does not have white blood cells to carry the oxygen. B. Bleeding blocks the ability of tissues to use oxygen. C. People who have lost blood have also lost the hemoglobin that carries oxygen. D. People with heavy bleeding also have dysfunctional alveoli.

People who have lost blood have also lost the hemoglobin that carries oxygen.

If the patient has a drop in the preload to the​ heart, what will be the effect in the​ patient's peripheral perfusion​ status? A. Peripheral perfusion will increase whenever stroke volume decreases. B. Blood vessels will dilate in order to elevate the systolic pressure. C. Peripheral perfusion will likely drop. D. Peripheral perfusion will not be altered.

Peripheral perfusion will likely drop.

Which of the following​ elements, if diminished or absent in a​ patient's bloodstream, could cause uncontrolled​ bleeding? A. Platelets B. Red blood cells C. Albumin proteins D. White blood cells

Platelets

Which one of the patients would have a perfusion deficit according to the​ V/Q ratio? A. Pulmonary embolus B. Pneumonia C. Bronchial obstruction D. Asthma

Pulmonary embolus

Stroke volume is traditionally defined as the amount of blood ejected from​ the: A. left atrium in one minute B. left ventricle with each contraction. C. right ventricle in one minute. D. right atrium with each contraction.

left ventricle with each contraction.

A patient has an initial blood pressure of​ 120/78, with a heart rate of 86 per minute. Five minutes later his blood pressure is​ 128/92, with a heart rate of 82 per minute. Which of the following statements about the change in the vitals is MOST​ correct? A. The patient has arterial constriction and venous dilation. B. The patient has experienced an increase in his pulmonic vascular resistance. C. The patient has experienced an increase in his systemic vascular resistance. D. The patient is probably bleeding into his GI system unnoticed.

The patient has experienced an increase in his systemic vascular resistance.

Why should the patient who is in shock be administered​ oxygen? A. The oxygen helps to increase the blood flow through the lungs. B. The patient may be hypoxic at the cellular level. C. The vessels in the brain are dilated. D. The oxygen will help to lower the body temperature.

The patient may be hypoxic at the cellular level.

During the relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal​ muscles, what happens to the intrathoracic size and​ pressure? A. The size stays the​ same, but the pressure increases. B. The size decreases and pressure decreases. C. The size decreases and the pressure increases. D. The size stays the​ same, but the pressure decreases.

The size decreases and the pressure increases.

The distribution of blood flow through the microcirculation is primarily responsive​ to: A. local tissue needs. B. the postcapillary sphincter. C. sympathetic stimulation. D. parasympathetic stimulation.

local tissue needs.

If there were a pathological change to the​ alveoli, what finding may the EMT note in the​ patient? A. A drop in the heart rate B. A severe headache or double vision C. An increase in the urinary output D. Trouble breathing

Trouble breathing

What are the main constitutes of​ plasma? A. Water and proteins B. Water C. Intracellular fluid D. Water and intracellular fluids

Water and proteins

The distribution of blood flow through the microcirculation is primarily responsive​ to: A. the postcapillary sphincter. B. local tissue needs. C. sympathetic stimulation. D. parasympathetic stimulation.

local tissue needs.

An example of a patient having respiratory compromise due to a disruption of pleural linings would​ include: A. a mechanical airway obstruction. B. asthma. C. a pneumothorax. D. an overdose on a narcotic drug.

a pneumothorax.

Pressure and volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole is​ called: A. systolic blood pressure. B. afterload. C. cardiac output. D. preload.

preload.

While working with an ALS​ partner, you observe her starting an IV on a trauma patient with an arterial bleed. You know that this is beneficial​ because: A. extra fluid will increase the preload to the heart. B. it will increase the amount of clotting factors in the​ patient's blood. C. it will cause the heart rate to slow down. D. it will help carry and prevent free radical formations from hyperoxia.

extra fluid will increase the preload to the heart.

One of the fundamental underlying causes of respiratory compromise​ is: A. increased conductivity of the heart muscle causing abnormal blood flow through the lungs. B. increased tidal volume that washes out too much carbon dioxide. C. failure of the​ alveolar/capillary exchange of gases. D. dilated capillaries in the systemic system.

failure of the​ alveolar/capillary exchange of gases.

The basic primary fuel for the cell​ is: A. glucose. B. carbon dioxide. C. glucagon. D. oxygen.

glucose.

Oxygen is transported through the blood by binding​ to: A. hemoglobin. B. potassium sites. C. alveoli. D. white blood cells.

hemoglobin.

The inadequate delivery of oxygen and essential nutrients​ to, and removal of wastes​ from, all the tissues of the body is​ called: A. hypoperfusion. B. suffocation. C. abnormal circulatory patterns. D. decreased cardiac output.

hypoperfusion.

When the diaphragm​ contracts, the​ patient: A. is able to speak. B. exhales. C. coughs. D. inhales.

inhales.

Ambient air contains​ MOSTLY: A. oxygen. B. argon. C. nitrogen. D. carbon dioxide.

nitrogen.

For the body to remain within normal limits of fluid balance between capillary and interstitial​ compartments: A. hydrostatic pressure must exceed renal perfusion pressure. B. oncotic pressure must equal hydrostatic pressure. C. oncotic pressure must exceed hydrostatic pressure. D. hydrostatic pressure must exceed oncotic pressure.

oncotic pressure must equal hydrostatic pressure.

The peripheral chemoreceptors are MOST sensitive​ to: A. CO22 level. B. oxygen concentration. C. sugar levels. D. aciddash-base balance.

oxygen concentration.

What is the term used to describe what a hemoglobin molecule is when it binds with an oxygen​ molecule? A. oxyhemoglobin B. oxyhemoglobule C. deoxyhemoglobin D. deoxyhemoglobule

oxyhemoglobin

In order to allow for proper metabolism of peripheral​ tissues, there must be a constant supply of blood​ flow, otherwise known​ as: A. hyperperfusion. B. hypoperfusion. C. supraperfusion. D. perfusion.

perfusion.

The component of whole blood that is primarily composed of water is​ the: A. electrolytes. B. electrolytes in solute. C. albumin. D. plasma.

plasma.