EMT - Prehospital Emergency Care: Part 2: Anatomy, Physiology, and Medical Terminology: Chapter 7: Anatomy, Physiology, and Medical Terminology
Briefly describe the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system.
- the endocrine glands include the thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, ovaries, testes, islets of Langerhans, and pituatary. - Made up of ductless glands that secrete hormones, which are chemical substances that have effects on the activity of certain organs. Hormones are carried by the bloodstream to all parts of the body and influence critical body functions like reproduction, metabolism, and behavior.
You are caring for a patient with respiratory distress. The patient is found in a tripod position with nasal flaring, the pulse oximetry is 94 percent, and you note absent alveolar breath sounds and cyanosis around the mouth and nail beds. Given these findings, which is MOST suggestive of actual breathing inadequacy?
Absent alveolar breath sounds
You have a patient who has fluid in the airway, labored breathing, absent breath sounds, and a low blood oxygen level and is unresponsive. What should you manage FIRST?
Airway occlusion
The emergency medical technician (EMT) should be concerned about inadequate breathing in which of the following?
An adult with occasional, gasping breaths
Why is the treatment of pediatric airway swelling more critical than treatment of airway swelling in adults?
Because of the small diameter of the airway
Which of the choices is a basic function of the respiratory system?
Contributes to acid-base control
When a patient, who has been having an asthma attack, is placed in a sitting position on a stretcher, this position is called:
Fowler's
What type of joint allows only limited motion along a single plane and is found in the extremities?
Hinge joint
Which one of the following statements best describes the term physiology?
How the body works
What is the likely result of spinal damage involving the phrenic nerve?
Inadequate breathing
What type of muscle fiber is used to provide contractions around primarily hollow organs?
Involuntary
Why is it essential to understand and correctly use terminology related to anatomy and physiology?
It minimizes confusion.
What is the BEST reason that the EMT should be knowledgeable about normal anatomy and physiology?
It will help the EMT to recognize when life-threatening findings are present.
The patient's vocal cords are located in which structure?
Larynx
Which one of the following is responsible for connecting bone to bone?
Ligaments
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the respiratory system?
Neural control of the alveoli
Which of the following bony structures of the skeletal system is not part of the cranium?
Orbital
Which one of the following terms refers to the sole of the foot?
Plantar
During exhalation, what causes the air to move out of the lungs?
Positive pressure
When a patient is found lying on his belly, face down, this is referred to as what position?
Prone
Of the following functions, which one is completed in part by the functioning of the respiratory system?
Regulation of acid-base balance in the body
The ankle can only turn inward slightly while moving up and down, and is defined as what type of joint?
Saddle
Which one of the following is the principle support system of the body?
Spinal column
Upon arrival at a scene of a fight, you find your patient lying face up on his back. What is this position called?
Supine
Which one of the following is responsible for connecting muscle to bone?
Tendons
Which of the following statements BEST uses the term "distal" in a sentence?
The ankle is distal to the hip.
If a patient is complaining of upper right quadrant abdominal pain, and he states that he thinks it is his appendix, why is the patient's assumption wrong?
The appendix is not in the upper right quadrant.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding inhalation?
The diaphragm contracts, bringing air into the lungs.
What is the name of the flap that closes over the trachea to prevent foreign substances from entering it?
The epiglottis
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory system?
The esophagus
The basic function of the pulmonary system, known as "respiration," refers to what?
The exchange of gases across cellular and alveolar membranes.
The cervical spine is formed by which vertebrae?
The first seven vertebrae
During a CE class, you are given a picture of the skeleton with lines and blank spaces denoting parts of the skeleton you have to label. During this exercise, which two bones have the same name in the upper extremities as in the lower extremities?
The phalanges
What stimulates the diaphragm to contract?
The phrenic nerve
Being able to understand how the failure of one body system may cause a disturbance in another body system is an example of understanding what aspect of biological sciences?
The study of physiology
Which of the following is TRUE regarding respiratory anatomy in infants and children?
The tongue of an infant or child takes up proportionally more space than an adult's.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the smaller and narrower trachea of an infant?
The trachea is more prone to obstruction from swelling due to its small size.
What is the BEST reason that the EMT should assess breath sounds on both sides of the thorax of an adult patient?
There is a lung in each hemithorax.
What is the mechanical process by which air is moved in and out of the lungs?
Ventilation
Deliberate movement is accomplished by which kind of muscle?
Voluntary
Which type of muscles allow for movement, such as running or throwing a baseball?
Voluntary muscle
When a joint moves away from the midline, this is referred to as:
abduction.
When a joint allows an extremity to move toward the midline of the body, it is referred to as:
adduction.
The actual site of gas exchange in the lungs is known as the:
alveoli.
The grape-like structures where the actual air exchange occurs in the lungs are called the:
alveoli.
Imaginary straight-line divisions of the body are called:
anatomical planes.
The study of the body's structure or design is referred to as:
anatomy
Learning the names of the organs and organ locations of the body would be an example of studying:
anatomy.
The body is made up of muscles and bones. This statement is most related to:
anatomy.
At the base of the aortic artery, where it originates off the left ventricle is the:
aortic valve.
The musculoskeletal system consists of all of the following components EXCEPT the:
blood vessels.
The part of the airway that can create the greatest resistance to airflow is the
bronchioles
This type of muscle has properties of both smooth muscle and skeletal muscle:
cardiac muscle.
Automaticity, or the ability to generate an impulse on its own, is a property of:
cardiac muscle.
The joint at the wrist permits the hand to move up and down and side to side, but not to rotate completely. This type of joint is a:
condyloid joint.
ligaments
connect bone to bone
Smooth muscle is responsible for:
constriction or dilation of the blood vessels.
Occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal are all parts of the:
cranium.
During exhalation, the size of the thoracic cavity:
decreases.
All of the following are considered accessory muscles of inhalation, EXCEPT the:
diaphragm
During a respiratory emergency, the main muscle(s) of respiration is/are the:
diaphragm.
The main muscles that are used during quiet or normal breathing include the intercostal muscles and the:
diaphragm.
The medical term that is used to refer to the back of the patient is:
dorsal
The cartilaginous structure in the airway that is responsible for protecting the trachea during swallowing is called the:
epiglottis.
The type of joint that comprises the small bones in the hands and feet (not fingers or toes) is known as:
gliding.
The type of joint that permits primarily flexion and extension in a single direction is called a:
hinged joint.
Generally, if ventilations continue to worsen despite the use of accessory muscles, the patient's breathing may be considered:
inadequate.
The two primary muscles used for breathing are the diaphragm and the:
intercostal muscles.
When the diaphragm contracts, the thoracic cavity becomes:
larger.
The structure that contains the vocal cords is called the:
larynx
When describing a laceration that is on the side of the shoulder, the EMT may use a term such as:
lateral
A structure found in the musculoskeletal system that is designated to connect a bone to a bone is called a(n):
ligament.
The EMT should be familiar with the anatomical structure of the pulmonary tree and be able to recall that the first subdivision of the conducting airways off the trachea is called the:
mainstem bronchi.
Anatomically, the clavicle is attached to the superior portion of the sternum, called the:
manubrium.
An imaginary line drawn vertically from the middle of the armpit to the ankle is called the:
midaxillary line.
An imaginary line drawn down the center of the body, dividing it into right and left halves, is called the:
midline
tendon
muscles to bone
The lateral recumbent position means the patient is lying:
on the right or left side.
The primary job of the respiratory system is to transport:
oxygen from the air to the blood.
A layer of connective tissue that adheres to the interior of the thoracic cavity and contributes to lung inflation is termed the:
parietal pleura.
The layer of membrane that lines the inside of the rib cage surrounding the lung is called the:
parietal pleura.
The study of the function of the living body and its parts, or how the body works in an interrelated fashion, is called:
physiology
During your EMT class, you will be studying the effects of how the brain (a neurological structure) contributes to normal lung inflation (a pulmonary structure). The study of how these body structures and systems relate together is known as:
physiology.
The medical term that means referring to the sole of the foot is:
plantar.
When the forearm is turned so that the palm of the hand is rotated to a posterior-facing position, this is known as:
pronation.
The midline divides the body into the:
right half and left half.
An example of a ball-and-socket joint is the:
shoulder
The normal anatomical position means the patient is:
standing erect, facing forward, arms down at the sides, with palms forward.
Anatomy refers to the:
structure of the body.
If an EMT is assessing the pupils of a conscious and oriented adult, and finds that they both react to light; however, they are different sizes in diameter. The EMT may conclude that:
the findings are abnormal, but not necessarily detrimental.
Airway obstruction can occur more easily in the small child because:
the trachea is softer and more flexible than that of an adult, causing it to kink easier.
The terms "anterior" and "posterior" mean:
toward the front and toward the back.
The first tube that carries inhaled air from the larynx down toward the lungs is the:
trachea.
The midaxillary line is drawn:
vertically from the middle of the patient's armpit down to the ankle.
The membrane that envelops each lung and is directly attached to the lung tissue itself is called the:
visceral pleura.
In order to BEST understand what is wrong with the body, the EMT will need to understand:
what is normally right with the body.
What type of joint comprises the location where the head of the femur fits into the pelvic girdle?
Ball-and-socket
Which of the following types of joints allow for the widest range of motion?
Ball-and-socket
What type of joint allows for the greatest amount of movement in each direction?
Ball-and-socket joint
When a patient is found sitting up on a kitchen chair, you may state he was found in which body position?
Fowler's