EMT - Prehospital Emergency Care: Part 2: Anatomy, Physiology, and Medical Terminology: Chapter 7: Anatomy, Physiology, and Medical Terminology

Briefly describe the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system.

- the endocrine glands include the thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, ovaries, testes, islets of Langerhans, and pituatary. - Made up of ductless glands that secrete hormones, which are chemical substances that have effects on the activity of certain organs. Hormones are carried by the bloodstream to all parts of the body and influence critical body functions like reproduction, metabolism, and behavior.

You are caring for a patient with respiratory distress. The patient is found in a tripod position with nasal​ flaring, the pulse oximetry is 94​ percent, and you note absent alveolar breath sounds and cyanosis around the mouth and nail beds. Given these​ findings, which is MOST suggestive of actual breathing​ inadequacy?

Absent alveolar breath sounds

You have a patient who has fluid in the​ airway, labored​ breathing, absent breath​ sounds, and a low blood oxygen level and is unresponsive. What should you manage​ FIRST?

Airway occlusion

The emergency medical technician​ (EMT) should be concerned about inadequate breathing in which of the​ following?

An adult with​ occasional, gasping breaths

Why is the treatment of pediatric airway swelling more critical than treatment of airway swelling in​ adults?

Because of the small diameter of the airway

Which of the choices is a basic function of the respiratory​ system?

Contributes to acid-base control

When a​ patient, who has been having an asthma​ attack, is placed in a sitting position on a​ stretcher, this position is​ called:

Fowler's

What type of joint allows only limited motion along a single plane and is found in the​ extremities?

Hinge joint

Which one of the following statements best describes the term​ physiology?

How the body works

What is the likely result of spinal damage involving the phrenic​ nerve?

Inadequate breathing

What type of muscle fiber is used to provide contractions around primarily hollow​ organs?

Involuntary

Why is it essential to understand and correctly use terminology related to anatomy and​ physiology?

It minimizes confusion.

What is the BEST reason that the EMT should be knowledgeable about normal anatomy and​ physiology?

It will help the EMT to recognize when​ life-threatening findings are present.

The​ patient's vocal cords are located in which​ structure?

Larynx

Which one of the following is responsible for connecting bone to​ bone?

Ligaments

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the respiratory​ system?

Neural control of the alveoli

Which of the following bony structures of the skeletal system is not part of the​ cranium?

Orbital

Which one of the following terms refers to the sole of the​ foot?

Plantar

During​ exhalation, what causes the air to move out of the​ lungs?

Positive pressure

When a patient is found lying on his​ belly, face​ down, this is referred to as what​ position?

Prone

Of the following​ functions, which one is completed in part by the functioning of the respiratory​ system?

Regulation of acid-base balance in the body

The ankle can only turn inward slightly while moving up and​ down, and is defined as what type of​ joint?

Saddle

Which one of the following is the principle support system of the​ body?

Spinal column

Upon arrival at a scene of a​ fight, you find your patient lying face up on his back. What is this position​ called?

Supine

Which one of the following is responsible for connecting muscle to​ bone?

Tendons

Which of the following statements BEST uses the term​ "distal" in a​ sentence?

The ankle is distal to the hip.

If a patient is complaining of upper right quadrant abdominal​ pain, and he states that he thinks it is his​ appendix, why is the​ patient's assumption​ wrong?

The appendix is not in the upper right quadrant.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding​ inhalation?

The diaphragm​ contracts, bringing air into the lungs.

What is the name of the flap that closes over the trachea to prevent foreign substances from entering​ it?

The epiglottis

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory​ system?

The esophagus

The basic function of the pulmonary​ system, known as​ "respiration," refers to​ what?

The exchange of gases across cellular and alveolar membranes.

The cervical spine is formed by which​ vertebrae?

The first seven vertebrae

During a CE​ class, you are given a picture of the skeleton with lines and blank spaces denoting parts of the skeleton you have to label. During this​ exercise, which two bones have the same name in the upper extremities as in the lower​ extremities?

The phalanges

What stimulates the diaphragm to​ contract?

The phrenic nerve

Being able to understand how the failure of one body system may cause a disturbance in another body system is an example of understanding what aspect of biological​ sciences?

The study of physiology

Which of the following is TRUE regarding respiratory anatomy in infants and​ children?

The tongue of an infant or child takes up proportionally more space than an​ adult's.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the smaller and narrower trachea of an​ infant?

The trachea is more prone to obstruction from swelling due to its small size.

What is the BEST reason that the EMT should assess breath sounds on both sides of the thorax of an adult​ patient?

There is a lung in each hemithorax.

What is the mechanical process by which air is moved in and out of the​ lungs?

Ventilation

Deliberate movement is accomplished by which kind of​ muscle?

Voluntary

Which type of muscles allow for​ movement, such as running or throwing a​ baseball?

Voluntary muscle

When a joint moves away from the​ midline, this is referred to​ as:

abduction.

When a joint allows an extremity to move toward the midline of the​ body, it is referred to​ as:

adduction.

The actual site of gas exchange in the lungs is known as​ the:

alveoli.

The​ grape-like structures where the actual air exchange occurs in the lungs are called​ the:

alveoli.

Imaginary​ straight-line divisions of the body are​ called:

anatomical planes.

The study of the​ body's structure or design is referred to​ as:

anatomy

Learning the names of the organs and organ locations of the body would be an example of​ studying:

anatomy.

The body is made up of muscles and bones. This statement is most related​ to:

anatomy.

At the base of the aortic​ artery, where it originates off the left ventricle is​ the:

aortic valve.

The musculoskeletal system consists of all of the following components EXCEPT​ the:

blood vessels.

The part of the airway that can create the greatest resistance to airflow is the

bronchioles

This type of muscle has properties of both smooth muscle and skeletal​ muscle:

cardiac muscle.

​Automaticity, or the ability to generate an impulse on its​ own, is a property​ of:

cardiac muscle.

The joint at the wrist permits the hand to move up and down and side to​ side, but not to rotate completely. This type of joint is​ a:

condyloid joint.

ligaments

connect bone to bone

Smooth muscle is responsible​ for:

constriction or dilation of the blood vessels.

​Occipital, parietal,​ temporal, and frontal are all parts of​ the:

cranium.

During​ exhalation, the size of the thoracic​ cavity:

decreases.

All of the following are considered accessory muscles of​ inhalation, EXCEPT​ the:

diaphragm

During a respiratory​ emergency, the main​ muscle(s) of respiration​ is/are the:

diaphragm.

The main muscles that are used during quiet or normal breathing include the intercostal muscles and​ the:

diaphragm.

The medical term that is used to refer to the back of the patient​ is:

dorsal

The cartilaginous structure in the airway that is responsible for protecting the trachea during swallowing is called​ the:

epiglottis.

The type of joint that comprises the small bones in the hands and feet​ (not fingers or​ toes) is known​ as:

gliding.

The type of joint that permits primarily flexion and extension in a single direction is called​ a:

hinged joint.

​Generally, if ventilations continue to worsen despite the use of accessory​ muscles, the​ patient's breathing may be​ considered:

inadequate.

The two primary muscles used for breathing are the diaphragm and​ the:

intercostal muscles.

When the diaphragm​ contracts, the thoracic cavity​ becomes:

larger.

The structure that contains the vocal cords is called​ the:

larynx

When describing a laceration that is on the side of the​ shoulder, the EMT may use a term such​ as:

lateral

A structure found in the musculoskeletal system that is designated to connect a bone to a bone is called​ a(n):

ligament.

The EMT should be familiar with the anatomical structure of the pulmonary tree and be able to recall that the first subdivision of the conducting airways off the trachea is called​ the:

mainstem bronchi.

​Anatomically, the clavicle is attached to the superior portion of the​ sternum, called​ the:

manubrium.

An imaginary line drawn vertically from the middle of the armpit to the ankle is called​ the:

midaxillary line.

An imaginary line drawn down the center of the​ body, dividing it into right and left​ halves, is called​ the:

midline

tendon

muscles to bone

The lateral recumbent position means the patient is​ lying:

on the right or left side.

The primary job of the respiratory system is to​ transport:

oxygen from the air to the blood.

A layer of connective tissue that adheres to the interior of the thoracic cavity and contributes to lung inflation is termed​ the:

parietal pleura.

The layer of membrane that lines the inside of the rib cage surrounding the lung is called​ the:

parietal pleura.

The study of the function of the living body and its​ parts, or how the body works in an interrelated​ fashion, is​ called:

physiology

During your EMT​ class, you will be studying the effects of how the brain​ (a neurological​ structure) contributes to normal lung inflation​ (a pulmonary​ structure). The study of how these body structures and systems relate together is known​ as:

physiology.

The medical term that means referring to the sole of the foot​ is:

plantar.

When the forearm is turned so that the palm of the hand is rotated to a​ posterior-facing position, this is known​ as:

pronation.

The midline divides the body into​ the:

right half and left half.

An example of a​ ball-and-socket joint is​ the:

shoulder

The normal anatomical position means the patient​ is:

standing​ erect, facing​ forward, arms down at the​ sides, with palms forward.

Anatomy refers to​ the:

structure of the body.

If an EMT is assessing the pupils of a conscious and oriented​ adult, and finds that they both react to​ light; however, they are different sizes in diameter. The EMT may conclude​ that:

the findings are​ abnormal, but not necessarily detrimental.

Airway obstruction can occur more easily in the small child​ because:

the trachea is softer and more flexible than that of an​ adult, causing it to kink easier.

The terms​ "anterior" and​ "posterior" mean:

toward the front and toward the back.

The first tube that carries inhaled air from the larynx down toward the lungs is​ the:

trachea.

The midaxillary line is​ drawn:

vertically from the middle of the​ patient's armpit down to the ankle.

The membrane that envelops each lung and is directly attached to the lung tissue itself is called​ the:

visceral pleura.

In order to BEST understand what is wrong with the​ body, the EMT will need to​ understand:

what is normally right with the body.

What type of joint comprises the location where the head of the femur fits into the pelvic​ girdle?

​Ball-and-socket

Which of the following types of joints allow for the widest range of​ motion?

​Ball-and-socket

What type of joint allows for the greatest amount of movement in each​ direction?

​Ball-and-socket joint

When a patient is found sitting up on a kitchen​ chair, you may state he was found in which body​ position?

​Fowler's