ENC1102 QUIZLET

Artistic Proof

"Has to be true". Appeals to reason. Common sense.

Inartistic Proofs

"Just the Facts". Hard evidence. Facts. Statistics. Documents. etc.

Trope

A figurative or metaphorical use of a word or expression

Syllogism

A syllogism is a systematic representation of a single logical inference. It has three parts: a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. Ex: All men are mortal (major premise) Socrates is a man (minor premise) Socrates is mortal (conclusion)

Anti-thesis

An ______________ is a statement that asserts the opposite position of the claim.

Point of View

An argument can be any text written spoken, aural, or visual that expresses ____________.

Forensic arguments

An argument that deals with actions that have occurred in the past. Sometimes called Judicial arguments. Ex: what happened in the past (court decision, etc..)

Analogy

An extended comparison between something unfamilair and something more familiar for the purpose of illuminating or dramatizing the unfamiliar. An analogy might, say, compare nuclear fission (less familiar) to pool player's opening break (more familiar).

Begging the Question

Assuming as true the very claim that is disputed (form of circular reasoning) ex: claim: you can not give me a C, I am an A student. ex: Rita can't be the bicycle thief, she's never stolen anything. ex: Plagerism is bad because it is dishonest.

Indoctrination

Dictating or Conditioning cultural values (academic knowledge, etc..). Means teaching someone to accept a set of beliefs without questioning them.

Pathos

Emotional appeals are powerful tools for influencing what people think and believe.

Three

Follow the rule of _________ to help you scrutinize news sources.

Plain folks

I am "of the people, I am the "plain folks"

Michelle Obama

In 2014, ________________'s use of twitter and an accompanying photograph on the kidnapping of girls in Nigeria acknowledged social media as a powerful tool for rallying audiences around the globe.

Inferences

Logical guesses by examining details. ex: Sally arrives at home at 4:30 and knows that her mother does not get off of work until 5. Sally also sees that the lights are off in their house. Sally can infer that her mother is not yet home.

Persuasive Arguments

Move someone to believe. Move someone to action. Prove an opinion.

White lie

PATHOS. Assuming that the truth will cause more damage than a simple, harmless untruth.

Persuasive Principle

Persuade the reader to agree but NO BIAS.

Assonance

Repetition of vowel sounds

Kairos

Right time and place for an argument. Ex: A coyote speaking about lamb chops in front of a group of sheep. 7 sons of Zeus half brother of Hercules. God of opportunity. Long flowing hair. Present

Dogma

Set of Briefs

Scheme

Style

Delusion

Tendency to see excuses as facts

Hypothesis Contrary to Fact

The argument falsely assumes that any state of affairs can have only one possible cause. Ex:If Madame Curie had not happened to leave a photographic plate in a drawer with a chunk of pitchblende, the world today would not know about radium." "True, true," said Polly, nodding her head, "Did you see the movie? Oh, it just knocked me out." "I would like to point out that the statement is a fallacy. Maybe Madame Curie would have discovered radium at some later date. Maybe somebody else would have discovered it. Maybe any number of things would have happened. You can't start with a hypothesis that is not true and then draw any supportable conclusions from it."

unspoken

The clothes you wear, the foods you eat, and the groups you join often make nuanced, sometimes __________________ arguments about who you are and what you value.

Pseudoscientific Jargon

The propagandist uses confusing and sometimes false terminology to convince the audience that he is believable. Using big words to make you sound smarter.

Glittering generality

Used to make us accept and approve the thing without examining the evidence. A "Virtue Word". Using words to appeal to people even if its not correct, such as, Freedom!, Democracy!, Motherhood!

Deliberative arguments

What should happen in the future. An argument that deals with action to be taken in the future, focusing on matters of policy. Deliberative arguments include parliamentary debates and campaign platforms.

Positionality

Your opinion

Credibility, authority, motives

____________ , ________________, and unselfish or clear ________________, are element(S) that often add up to a strong argument based on character or ethos.

Contractions

__________________ are often too informal for academic writing. I.e. Can't, won't, don't

fallacies

___________________ are argumentative moves flawed by their very nature or structure: scare tactics, false dilemmas, slippery slopes, bandwagon appeals, dogmatism, appeals to false authorities, faulty causality, etc.

Out-and-out lies

a bald face lie

Rhetorical Analysis

a close reading of a text to find out how or if it persuades

Card stacking/slippery slope

a fallacy of argument exaggerating the possibility that a relatively inconsequential action or choice today will have serious adverse consequences in the future. Ex: if we pass laws against fully-automatic weapons, then it won't be long before we pass laws on all weapons. Then, we will begin to resist...

Ad Hominem

a fallacy of argument in which a a writers claim is answered by irrelevant attacks on his/her character.

Dogmatism

a fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community.

Bandwagon

a fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it. "Everyone is doing it"

Red herring

a fallacy of argument in which a writer abruptly changes the topic in order to distract readers from potentially objectionable claims. Ex: It is ridiculous to have spent thousands of hours trying to save trapped whales. People are trapped in jobs they don't like.

Toulmin Logic

a method of informal logic first described by Stephen Toulmin in the uses of Argument. Toulmin argument describes the key components of an argument as the claim, reason, warrant, backing, and grounds.

Testimonial

a personal experience or observation used to support an argument.

cliches

a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought.

Deductive Reasoning

a process of thought in which general principles are applied to particular cases.

Inductive reasoning

a process of thought in which particular cases lead to general principles. Ex: Jennifer leaves for school at 7:00 a.m. Jennifer is always on time. Jennifer assumes, then, that she will always be on time if she leaves at 7:00 a.m.

Pathos

a quality that evokes pity or sadness.

Facade

a scenario where you are pretending to be something you are not. They are used to seduce others into an illusion. Fake illusion or appearance.

Emotion Appeal

a strategy in which a writer tries to generate specific emotions (such as fear, envy, anger, or pity) in an audience to dispose it to accept a claim.

Invitational arguments

a term used by Sonja Foss and Cindy Griffin to describe arguments that are aimed not at vanquishing an opponent but at inviting others to collaborate in exploring mutually satisfying ways to solve problems.

Perspective

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

Propaganda

an argument advancing a point of view without regard to reason, fairness, or truth.

Causal argument

an argument that seeks to explain the effect(s) of a cause, the cause(s) of an effect, or causal chain in which A causes B, B causes C, C causes D, and so on.

Perspective consciousness

an awareness of and appreciation for other images of the world and that a person world view is neither universally shared nor necessarily right. yet maybe profoundly different.

allusion

an indirect reference. Saying "watch out or you'll create the next Edsel" contains an allusions to the Ford Edsel, a disastrously unpopular and unsuccessful product of the late 1950's.

False confirmation

another name for circular reporting is _________________.

Fallacies

are argumentative moves flawed by their very nature or structure. Anything to distract from an argument. A flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect.

Non sequitur

argument whose claims, reasons or warrants do not connect logically.

Core value

arguments to make decisions, often begin as choices between opposing positions already set in stone within the mainstream etc..

Cultural analysis

assumptions, ideals, beliefs, concerns, etc.

Factual error

being wrong about the facts. Ex. Miami is the state capital.

Post Hoc/ faulty causality

causal analysis. ex: you know Jane fonda's exercise videos must be worth the money. Look at how great shape she is in.

Academic arguments

commitment to truth

Snob appeal

do it because other people have done it (especially famous people). Cherry picking- selectively choose (the most beneficial items) from what is available.

Civil Discourse

engagement in discourse (conversation) intended to enhance understanding. Rogerian Argument- we must try to understand and sympathize with the "other side".

Appeal to Authority

ex: Im not a doctor but i play one on the hit tv show "bimbos in the er, you can take it from me that you need a fast acting

Epideictic/ceremonial arguments

explore the current values of a society, affirming or challenging its widely shared beliefs and core assumptions. Often made at public and formal events such as inaugural addresses, sermons, eulogies, memorials, and graduation speeches.

Deductions

general→ specific. General conclusions. (if every cat you see have whiskers, then you assume all cats have whiskers.

Equivocations

half truths or arguments that give lies an honest appearance- are usually based on tricks of language.

Dismissal

ignoring feelings.... Dismissing feelings, perceptions, or even the raw facts of a situation ranks as a kind of lie that can do as much damage to a person as any other kind of lie.

artistotle

in a fifth century textbook of rhetoric, the philosopher _______________ classifies arguments based on the perceptions of times. past, present, and future.

Flattery

is a fallacy (illogical reasoning pattern) that uses flattery to the listener so that that listener is more likely to support the argument, or claim. Ex: Commercial that praises moms for their hard work and then advertises a specific brand of diaper.

Extended metaphor-

is a metaphor that is developed over several lines of text, over an entire poem, or throughout an entire text. Ex: Life is like eating a grapefruit. First, one breaks its skin; then one takes a few bites to get used to its taste, and finally one starts enjoying its flavor. (Comparing life to a grapefruit)

Rogarian Arguments

is a negotiating strategy in which common goals are identified and opposing views are described as objectively as possible in an effort to establish common ground and reach agreement

Alternative Facts

is a phrase used by former U.S Counselor to the president Kellyanne Conway during a Meet the Press interview on January 22, 2017. Another way of saying a statement is false or is a lie.

Groupthink

is a psychological phenomenon within decision-making groups in which loyalty to the group has become more important than any other value, with the result that dissent and the appraisal of alternatives are suppressed

Argumentation

is about making intelligent guesses (inferences). Is based on logic.

Hasty generalization

is an inference drawn from insufficient evidence. Ex: because my mini cooper broke, then all mini coopers must be junk.

Logos

logical appeal

Dicto Simpliciter

means an argument based on as unqualified generalization. Example: Exercise is good. Therefore everybody should exercise.

Ad Misericordiam/Sentimental appeals/Appeal to pity

overly sentimental approach.

circular reporting

people need to be careful of _____________ ___________, a situation where a piece of information appears to come from multiple independent sources, but in fact it is only coming form one source.

civil discourse

rather than heatedly or even violently arguing over controversial issues people need to engage in _____________, conservation intended to enhance understanding.

Logic

reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity.

Consonance

repeating of consonance letters. Non vowels.

Alliteration

repeating of first letter

Anaphora

repetition of whole words. Particularly the same word at the beginning of several clauses.

Induction

specific→ general. (taking a specific idea and generalizing it) ex: 90 degree triangle, 45 degree triangle, 180 degree triangle, ALL triangles.

Artistic appeal

support for an argument that a writer creates based on principles of reason and shared knowledge rather than on facts and evidence.

Deflecting

taking attention away from the truth.

Omission

telling most of the truth minus one or two key facts whose absence changes the story completely.

Claim Thesis

the ___________ or _____________ is a debatable and / or controversial statement or assertion to prove.

Perception

the process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Ethos

the self-image a writer creates to define a relationship with readers. In arguments, most writers try to establish.

Poisoning the well

to attack someone on a personal level rather than the claim she or she makes. Ex: in a debate, the one candidate says "he's a notorious liar, nothing he says is correct.

Broad thesis

too broad of evidence.

previewing

when ______________, look for bulleted list. Also look at any visuals, information boxes, informative that is in color and for verbal signals.

False analogy

when a comparison is made between two ideas or objects that seemingly have similar characteristics, but the comparison does not hold up Example: cure inflation (the economy) Ex: People who cannot go without their coffee every morning are no better than alcoholics.

academic argument

writing that is addressed to an audience well informed about the topic, that aims to convey a clear and compelling point in a somewhat formal style, and that follows agreed upon conventions of usage, punctuation, and formats.

Rule of three

you should never say anything without have three sources to back it up