Endocrine Lab 7

A hypophysectomized rat is missing its _______. a. hypothalamus b. pituitary gland c. thyroid gland d. adrenal gland

b

Action of prolactin a. causes milk ejection in a woman nursing an infant b. stimulates and maintains milk production by the mother's breasts after childbirth c. growth of skeletal muscles and long bones d. results in production of concentrated urine

b

Excess glucose can be found in the urine _______. a. as a result of type 2 diabetes b. when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded, as a result of type 1 diabetes or as a result of type 2 diabetes c.as a result of type 1 diabetes d. when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded

b

Glucose is stored in the human body as _______. a. plant starch b. glycogen c. insulin d. glucagon

b

Optical density is measured by a. microscope b. spectrophotometer c. thermocycler d. caliper

b

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called a. positive feedback. b. homeostasis. c. negative feedback. d. diabetes. e. None of the above.

b

Using this assay, glucose concentration is _______. a. inversely proportional to the volume of blood sampled b. directly proportional to optical density c. directly proportional to the volume of blood sampled d.inversely proportional to optical density

b

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? a. increasing protein kinases b. activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell c.phosphorylation of intracellular proteins

b

What other symptom is Tanya likely experiencing as a result of diabetes that accounts for her high level of thirst? a. Increased defecation and diarrhea b. Increased urination c. Increased blockages in the arteries of the heart d. Increased sweat production

b

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with one of its functions? a. FSH - stimulates ovarian follicle growth b. calcitonin - inhibits osteoblast activity c. estrogen - provides protection against osteoporosis d. All of the above are matched correctly.

b

Which of the following is the best evidence that Tanya has Type 2 (not Type 1) diabetes mellitus? a. She feels thirsty all the time b. She is 50-years old and out of shape c. She is experiencing vision problems d. She has lots of sugar in her blood, but her cells are starved for sugar

b

Which portion of the adrenal gland secretes hormones that regulate blood pressure? a. Medulla b. Zona glomerulosa c. Zona fasciculata d. Zona reticularis

b

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? a. directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome b. phosphorylates a protein c. activates a protein kinase d. acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

d

Blood levels of which substance are regulated by secretion from parathyroid gland? a. Epinephrine b. Androgen hormones (testosterone and estrogens) c. Glucose d. Calcium

d

High levels of cortisol would normally provide negative feedback to the _______. a. anterior pituitary b. posterior pituitary c. hypothalamus d. the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus e. the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

d

Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome is _______. a. physician induced b. often referred to as "steroid diabetes" c. a result of treatment with glucocorticoid hormones d. All of the above are correct.

d

The release of ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland causes the _______. a. gonads to release sex hormones b. mammary glands to secrete milk c. melanocytes to secrete melanin d. adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids

d

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty? a. insulin b. cortisol c. thyroid hormone

c

A decrease in the level of thyroxine would increase the secretion of _______. a. both TSH and TRH b. TRH c. neither TSH nor TRH d. TSH

a

Glucose remains in the bloodstream as a result of _______. a. type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus b. diabetes insipidus c. type 2 diabetes mellitus d. type 1 diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus e. type 1 diabetes mellitus

a

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor? a. tyrosine kinase receptors b. intracellular receptors c. G proteins

a

Name two hormones that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland a.antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin b. prolactin (PRL) and oxytocin c. releasing and inhibiting hormones d. growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

a

Replacement therapies for which two hormones were tested in this experiment? a. estrogen and calcitonin b. FSH and calcitonin c. FSH and estrogen d. saline and estrogen e. saline and calcitonin

a

Tropic hormones include which of the following? a. both ACTH and CRH b. ACTH c. cortisol, ACTH and CRH d. CRH e. cortisol

a

What is the function of the atrial natriuretic peptide hormone (ANP), a hormone produced by the heart? a. decreasing blood volume and pressure b. increasing blood volume and pressure c. promoting normal cell metabolism and helping the body resist long-term stressors d. increasing water and sodium absorption by the kidney

a

What is the function of the hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas? a. raising blood glucose b. raising blood calcium c. helping the body resist long-term stressors d. lowering blood glucose

a

What stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland? a. TSH secreted by the anterior pituitary b. ACTH secreted by the anterior pituitary c. Blood levels of TH d. Neural stimulation via the vagus nerve

a

What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane? a. water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine b. lipid-soluble hormones, such as thyroid hormones and cortisol

a

Which gland is the target of the releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus? a.anterior pituitary gland b. posterior pituitary gland c. parathyroid glands d. pineal gland

a

Which hormone affects the smooth muscle of the ductus deferens and uterus? a. OXT b. FSH c. PRL d. ADH

a

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with its primary secreting organ? a. FSH - ovaries b. estrogen - ovaries c. calcitonin - thyroid gland d. All of the above are matched correctly.

a

Which of the following showed the greatest improvement in vertebral bone density for the rats? a. estrogen b. saline c. FSH d. calcitonin

a

Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum? a. IP3 b. DAG c. cAMP d. tyrosine kinase

a

Body cells that respond to insulin include a. Liver cells only. b. Muscle cells only. c. Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. d. Liver cells and muscle cells only. e. Intestinal cells only.

c

If a hormone is secreted by the cell indicated by the red arrow, what is its most likely function? a. Control of blood sugar b. Regulation of blood calcium concentration c. Stimulation of the thyroid gland d. Secretion of oxytocin

c

Inhibiting osteoclast activity would prevent _______. a. osteoporosis b. ovariectomy c. osteopenia and osteoporosis d. osteopenia

c

Propylthiouracil injections resulted in goiter formation in _______. a. the normal rat and the hypophysectomized rat b. the thyroidectomized rat c. the normal rat d. the hypophysectomized rat

c

The baseline T score for the rats was indicative of _______. a.osteoporosis, because their anterior pituitary was removed b. osteopenia, because their anterior pituitary was removed c. osteoporosis, because their ovaries were removed d. osteopenia, because their ovaries were removed e. osteoporosis, because they were postmenopausa

c

The injection of TSH resulted in goiter in _______. a. the hypophysectomized rat b. the normal rat c. the normal rat and the hypophysectomized d. the thyroidectomized rat

c

The target cells for the hormone ACTH are located in the _______. a. anterior pituitary b. posterior pituitary c. adrenal cortex d. hypothalamus

c

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? a. Intestinal cells. b. Muscle cells. c. Liver cells. d. Liver cells and cells in the pancreas. e. Cells in the pancreas.

c

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? a. Receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it. b. transcription factors c. chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

c

What stimulates the secretion of posterior lobe hormones from the pituitary? a. Posterior lobe hormones are controlled directly by humeral stimulation: As levels of these hormones decline in the blood, hormone secretion is stimulated. b. Releasing and inhibiting hormones produced and secreted in the hypothalamus stimulate secretion of posterior lobe hormones. c. Hypothalamic neurons stimulate the release of stored hormones from their axon terminals located in the posterior lobe. d. The hypophyseal portal vessels carry releasing and inhibiting hormones to the posterior lobe of the pituitary.

c

What two hormones are produced by the thyroid a. aldosterone and cortisol b. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) c. thyroid hormone and calcitonin d. thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid hormone

c

When blood glucose levels are low a.The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. b. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. c. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. d. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. e. Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen.

c

Which hormone secreted by the pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones? a. GH b. MSH c. TSH d. ACTH

c

Which hormone stimulates the breakdown of polymerized glucose? a. glycogen b. insulin c. glucagon d. plant starch

c

Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins? a. activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of phospholipase C, activation of DAG and IP3 b. activation of a G protein, tyrosine kinase receptor, phosphorylation of intracellular proteins c. activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP

c

Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels? a. alpha 2 receptors b. alpha 1 receptors c. beta receptors

c

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? a. epinephrine b. insulin c. cortisol

c

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism? a. TSH b. TRH c. oxytocin d. thyroxine

c

Which of the following is NOT characterized by high levels of cortisol in the blood? a. Cushing's syndrome b. Cushing's disease c. Addison's disease d. iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome

c

Which portion of the adrenal gland secretes hormones in response to short term stress? a. Zona fasciculata b. Zona glomerulosa c. Medulla d. Zona reticularis

c

Which rat(s) was euthyroid without any injections? a. the hypophysectomized rat b. the thyroidectomized rat c. the normal rat d. the normal rat and the hypophysectomized rat

c

Why are Tanya's cells starved for sugar (glucose) if there is so much glucose in the blood? a. Tanya's pancreas is not making insulin b. Tanya's cells are insensitive to the glucagon produced by her pancreas c. Tanya's cells don't recognize the messages telling them to let the glucose inside d. Tanya ate too much glucose and the high levels have poisoned her cells

c

Why did the TSH have NO effect on the BMR of the thyroidectomized rat? a. The metabolism of the rat is already too high. b. The rat is missing its pituitary gland. c. The rat is missing its thyroid gland. d. The metabolism of the rat is already too low.

c

What stimulates the secretion of anterior lobe hormones from the pituitary? a. Anterior lobe hormones are controlled directly by humeral stimulation: As levels of these hormones decline in the blood, hormone secretion is stimulated. b. The hepatic portal vessels carry releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. c. Hypothalamic neurons stimulate the release of stored hormones from their axon terminals located in the anterior lobe. d. Releasing and inhibiting hormones produced and secreted in the hypothalamus stimulate secretion of anterior lobe hormones.

d

When blood glucose levels are high a. The pancreas releases glucagon. b. The liver releases glucagon. c. The pancreas releases glucose. d. The pancreas releases insulin. e. The liver releases insulin.

d

Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone? a. phospholipase C b. adenylate cyclase c. protein kinase C d. phosphodiesterase

d

Which of the following improved the vertebral bone density of the rats? a. saline b. FSH c. calcitonin d. both calcitonin and estrogen e. estrogen

d

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with its secreting organ? a. TRH - hypothalamus b. thyroxine - thyroid gland c. triiodothyronine - thyroid gland d. TSH - posterior pituitary

d

Which organ is influenced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? a. Adrenal gland b. Ovary and testis c. Uterus d. Kidney

d

A liver cell responds to insulin by a. Releasing glucagon. b. Releasing insulin. c. Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. d. Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. e. Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

e

An abnormally high level of which of the following will result in goiter? a. either TRH or TSH b. either thyroxine or TRH c. TRH d. thyroxine e. TSH

e

Peptide hormones include which of the following? a.estrogen b. calcitonin c. follicle-stimulating hormone and estrogen d. follicle-stimulating hormone e. follicle-stimulating hormone and calcitonin

e

Thyroxine is a _______. a. slow-acting hormone b. hormone that works through a second-messenger system c. slow-acting hormone that works through a second-messenger system d. hormone that enters the nucleus e.slow-acting hormone that enters the nucleus

e