Endocrine Structure and Function for AP 2 Lab
This hormone secretes hormones by the adrenal* cortex
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic) , anterior pituitary
The two hormones the posterior pituitary gland stores and releases into the blood that are not synthesized in the posterior pituitary are called what* and what*
ADH and OT Antidiuretic and oxytocin
The blank* is glandular and can be divided into 3 layers, each layer secreting a different hormone. (zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis)
Adrenal cortex
aldosterone, cortisol, androgens are all found in the
Adrenal cortex
The _______ are located on the superior part of the kidneys. They're also known as _________.
Adrenal glands or Suprarenal glands
The blank+ is made up of nervous tissue that is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system to secrete two hormones.
Adrenal medulla
The pituitary gland is composed of the anterior pituitary or _________ and the posteriors pituitary or ____________.
Adrenohypophysis = anterior pituitary Neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary
Blank* is the main hormone of the mineralcorticoids in the zona glomerulosa being secreted
Aldosterone
This hormone decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium and water to the blood
Aldosterone, Adrenal cortex
Blank* are hormones that increase male characteristics.
Androgens
________ is a Hormone in the adrenal cortex that has target cells in the uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in secondary sex characteristics
Androgens (gonadocorticoids)
This hormone is insignificant in makes, but increases sex drive in females
Androgens, adrenal cortex
The blank* is composed of glandular epithelial tissue that makes and secretes seven hormones: hGH TSH FSH LH PRL ACTH MSG
Anterior pituitary gland
This hormone decreases water loss in urine by returning water to the blood
Anti-diuretic, Posterior pituitary
Epinephrine and norepinephrine have target cells located in
Body cells for fight or flight response (sympathetic)
Parafollicular cells are also called
C cells
C cells or Parafollicular cells synthesize and secrete ______
Calcitonin
This hormone decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting* osteoclasts*
Calcitonin, Thyroid gland
Each adrenal gland is surrounded by a blank+ and is composed of an outer cortex and a central medulla.
Capsule ; The cortex and medulla are formed of different tissue types, and therefore produce different types of hormones.
Each adrenal gland is surrounded by a capsule and is composed of a ______ and a _________.
Cortex and medulla ; The cortex and medulla are formed of different tissue types, and therefore produce different types of hormones.
__________ is a Hormone in the adrenal cortex that has target cells in the liver, muscles, and cells involved in body defenses
Cortisol
Blank+ is the main hormone of the zona fasciculata being secreted
Cortisol = zona fasciculata = Glucocorticoid
This hormone increases resistance to stress*, increases blood glucose levels, and decreases inflammation*
Cortisol, adrenal cortex
Exocrine enzymes function in what?
Digestion
The pancreas has both _________ and _________ functions
Endocrine and exocrine functions
The blank has many glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. These chemicals are transported throughout the body in blood and bind to target cells that have cell membrane receptors for a specific hormone.
Endocrine system
The adrenal medulla is made of of nervous tissue that is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system to secrete two hormones called
Epinephrine and NE (Norepinephrine) = adrenal medulla
___________ is are the two hormones in the adrenal medulla called
Epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE)
These two hormones promotes fight or flight response
Epinephrine and norepinephrine, Adrenal medulla
Other target tissues convert DHEA into testosterone and
Estrogen
These two hormones stimulate development of female sex characteristics and helps regulate the menstrual cycle
Estrogen and Progesterone, Ovaries
Ovaries are also endocrine organs that produce two major hormones called
Estrogen and Progesterone.
_________enzymes are secreted into the duodenum of the small intestine through a duct called the pancreatic duct
Exocrine enzymes
This hormone stimulates sperm production and oocyte production and estrogen secretion
FSH - Follicle stimulating hormones , anterior pituitary
Blank* cells synthesize thyroglobulin, a thyroid hormone precursor stored in blank.
Follicle cells Colloid
The thyroid gland has simple cuboidal or simple columnar cells called _________ cells that from walls.
Follicular cells
This hormone increases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver to break down glycogen into glucose
Glucagon, Pancreas gland
The alpha cells (A cells) in the pancreatic islets secrete Blank# and the beta cells (B cells) secrete Blank#
Glucagon= Alpha Beta=insulin
The zona fasciculata secretes
Glucocorticoids
Follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones both have target cells in the ________ Gland=
Gonads: Testes and ovaries, anterior pituitary
Blank cause changes in activity in these target cells and direct a variety of cellular activities to keep the body in homeostasis.
Hormones
Like the posterior pituitary gland, the chemicals secreted by this nervous tissue , the adrenal medulla, are called _______, because they are secreted and travel to another part of the body to target cells.
Hormones
Location of target cells: Cartilage, bone, skeletal muscle, liver, and other body tissues Gland =
Human Growth Hormone (hGH) , anterior pituitary
What another name for the pituitary gland?
Hypophysis
The blank is an important component of both the Nervous and Endocrine systems and couples these two systems together
Hypothalamus
The blank* is the stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland and contains a direct blood supply to the pituitary.
Infundibulum
______ is a Hormone in the pancreas that's in most body cells
Insulin
This hormone decreases blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into the body cells
Insulin , Pancreas gland
The pituitary gland has something called an _______________ that is present in the fetus during pregnancy but withers away during fetal development
Intermediate lobe
Aldosterone has target cells in the
Kidneys
The antidiuretic hormone has target cells in the _____________
Kidneys
The thyroid gland has a striking microscopic structure with large blanks* that are filled with a protein called _________, it large insoluble molecules.
Large follicles A protein called colloid in the thyroid gland
Glucagon is a Hormone in the pancreas that has target cells in the
Liver
This hormone stimulates secretion of testosterone and triggers* ovulation and stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone
Luteinizing Hormone , anterior pituitary
In males and females, the zona reticularis mainly secretes ___________, which has ______ effects
Male Androgens = DHEA (dehydroepiandosterone) = (gonadocorticoids) Weak hormonal effects
Prolactin Hormone has target cells in the Blank# Gland=
Mammary Gland , anterior pituitary
This hormone darkens skin pigmentation
Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH), anterior pituitary
The pineal gland secretes Blank# in darkness and to a lesser degree in the daytime, which helps set the body's biological clock
Melatonin
This hormone helps to set the biological clock
Melatonin, Pineal gland
Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are
Mineralcorticoids Glucocorticoids Gonadocorticoids (Androgens)
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) are found in
Most body cell
And calcitonin is found in
Osteoclasts
________ are female gonads that not only produce and house the ova as they mature.
Ovaries
This hormone stimulates uterine contractions* and milk ejection during suckling
Oxytocin, Posterior pituitary gland
This hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating* osteoclasts* to break down bone matrix
PTH , parathyroid hormone , Thyroid gland
The _________ is composed of a head , body, and tail
Pancreas; it's head is cradled in a curvature of the duodenum, and the body and tail are inferior and posterior to the stomach near the spleen
Endocrine cells, called Blank#, are located in little islands among the clusters of acini cells.
Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
Located between the follicles are blank* cells that synthesize and secrete calcitonin
Parafollicular cells
Embedded in the posterior* surface of the thyroid gland* are typically four small, round _________
Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Hormone is found in the __________, and has target cells in
Parathyroid hormone, osteoclasts
Name the ten major Endocrine gland
Pineal gland (body) Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Thymus Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovaries (gonad) Testers (gonad)
The _____ is a small, cone shaped gland that is located in the brain posterior to the thalamus and superior to the cerebellum
Pineal gland or pineal body
Melatonin is located in the blank* gland and has target cells in the _________
Pineal gland; brain
This gland is regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus, is considered the "master gland"
Pituitary gland
The antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are both in the ___________ Gland
Posterior pituitary gland
The two types of epithelial cells that are found in the parathyroid glands are blank* cells and blank* cells. What are they?
Principal cells and oxyphil cells found in the parathyroid gland
Blank* cells in the parathyroid gland produce PTH and are more numerous and smaller than _______* cells, whose specific function is unknown.
Principal cells produce PTH*/parathyroid hormone The function of oxyphil cells* is unknown.
This hormone stimulates production and secretion of milk
Prolactin, anterior pituitary
Colloid is a
Protein found in thyroid gland follicles
Blank* or inhibitory hormones secreted by the hypothalamus either stimulate or inhibit secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
Secretory/inhibitory hormones
The melanocyte-stimulating Hormone has target cells in the Blank# Gland=
Skin, anterior pituitary
The adrenal medulla's nervous tissue is stimulated by the __________
Sympathetic nervous system
The two hormones produced from thyroglobulin is
T3 and T4 Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine
These two hormones in the thyroid gland increase metabolism and basal metabolic rate (BMR)
T3 and T4, Thyroid gland
This hormone stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and secretion of its hormones
TSH - Thyroid-stimulating hormone , anterior pituitary
Hormones act by changing
Target cell activity
The ________ are male gonads that produce sperm and a special hormone called
Testes Testosterone, which is an androgen
Some of the peripheral target issues of DHEA convert this hormone to a more powerful hormone called
Testosterone (powerful androgen)
This hormone stimulates development of make sex characteristics; stimulates make sex drive; regulates sperm production
Testosterone, Testes
The antidiuretic hormone and the oxytocin hormone of the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized within ____m______ of _____m____, are packaged into _____m_____, and travel down ___m___ that pass down __m___that travel through the infundibulum* to the posterior pituitary gland.
The antidiuretic hormone and the oxytocin hormone of the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized within the cell bodies of hypothalamic neurons, are packaged into vesicles and travel down axons that travel through the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary gland. cell bodies of hypothalamic neurons Packaged into vesicles Axons
The __________* or acini (grape-like) cells vastly outnumber the _________* cells
The exocrine or acini cells vastly outnumber the endocrine cells
The Blank* is composed of nervous tissue that stores and releases into the blood two hormones that are not synthesized inside it.
The posterior pituitary
The _____... is the outmost layer whose cells are arranged in little columns in the adrenal cortex
The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
The main hormone produced by the thymus is
Thymosin
This hormone has its target cells located in T cells - white blood cell involved in immune response- and is located in the thymus gland.
Thymosin
The Blank# plays a role in immune function and is located anterior and superior to the heart This gland is much larger in babies and children and regresses in size as a person ages
Thymus
This hormone promotes the maturation of T cells for the immune response
Thymus
Follicle cells synthesize blank*, a thyroid* hormone precursor stored in colloid
Thyroglobulin
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are two hormones produced by ____________
Thyroglobulin
Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin are all in the Blank* Gland
Thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Location of target cells is: Gland:
Thyroid gland , anterior pituitary
The hypothalamic hormones and several of the anterior pituitary hormones are called blank* hormones because they target another endocrine gland, contributing to a hormonal cascade.
Tropic hormones
The thyroid gland has two ______ with connecting _______ and lies on both sides of the trachea near the thyroid cartilage or ________ of the larynx
Two lobes with and isthmus Adam's apple of the larynx
Oxytocin has target cells in the
Uterus and mammary glands
The blank* is the middle layer of the adrenal cortex; it has long cords and is the largest layer
Zona fasciculata
The blank* is the innermost layer and has branching cords
Zona reticularis
The adrenocorticotropic Hormone or ACTH , has target cells in the Gland=
adrenal cortex, anterior pituitary
This hormone stimulates secretion of hormones that stimulate body growth and metabolism
hGH - anterior pituitary
This zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex secretes _________
mineralcorticoids (aldosterone is the main)