Endocrine Structure and Function for AP 2 Lab

This hormone secretes hormones by the adrenal* cortex

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic) , anterior pituitary

The two hormones the posterior pituitary gland stores and releases into the blood that are not synthesized in the posterior pituitary are called what* and what*

ADH and OT Antidiuretic and oxytocin

The blank* is glandular and can be divided into 3 layers, each layer secreting a different hormone. (zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis)

Adrenal cortex

aldosterone, cortisol, androgens are all found in the

Adrenal cortex

The _______ are located on the superior part of the kidneys. They're also known as _________.

Adrenal glands or Suprarenal glands

The blank+ is made up of nervous tissue that is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system to secrete two hormones.

Adrenal medulla

The pituitary gland is composed of the anterior pituitary or _________ and the posteriors pituitary or ____________.

Adrenohypophysis = anterior pituitary Neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary

Blank* is the main hormone of the mineralcorticoids in the zona glomerulosa being secreted

Aldosterone

This hormone decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium and water to the blood

Aldosterone, Adrenal cortex

Blank* are hormones that increase male characteristics.

Androgens

________ is a Hormone in the adrenal cortex that has target cells in the uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in secondary sex characteristics

Androgens (gonadocorticoids)

This hormone is insignificant in makes, but increases sex drive in females

Androgens, adrenal cortex

The blank* is composed of glandular epithelial tissue that makes and secretes seven hormones: hGH TSH FSH LH PRL ACTH MSG

Anterior pituitary gland

This hormone decreases water loss in urine by returning water to the blood

Anti-diuretic, Posterior pituitary

Epinephrine and norepinephrine have target cells located in

Body cells for fight or flight response (sympathetic)

Parafollicular cells are also called

C cells

C cells or Parafollicular cells synthesize and secrete ______

Calcitonin

This hormone decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting* osteoclasts*

Calcitonin, Thyroid gland

Each adrenal gland is surrounded by a blank+ and is composed of an outer cortex and a central medulla.

Capsule ; The cortex and medulla are formed of different tissue types, and therefore produce different types of hormones.

Each adrenal gland is surrounded by a capsule and is composed of a ______ and a _________.

Cortex and medulla ; The cortex and medulla are formed of different tissue types, and therefore produce different types of hormones.

__________ is a Hormone in the adrenal cortex that has target cells in the liver, muscles, and cells involved in body defenses

Cortisol

Blank+ is the main hormone of the zona fasciculata being secreted

Cortisol = zona fasciculata = Glucocorticoid

This hormone increases resistance to stress*, increases blood glucose levels, and decreases inflammation*

Cortisol, adrenal cortex

Exocrine enzymes function in what?

Digestion

The pancreas has both _________ and _________ functions

Endocrine and exocrine functions

The blank has many glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. These chemicals are transported throughout the body in blood and bind to target cells that have cell membrane receptors for a specific hormone.

Endocrine system

The adrenal medulla is made of of nervous tissue that is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system to secrete two hormones called

Epinephrine and NE (Norepinephrine) = adrenal medulla

___________ is are the two hormones in the adrenal medulla called

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE)

These two hormones promotes fight or flight response

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, Adrenal medulla

Other target tissues convert DHEA into testosterone and

Estrogen

These two hormones stimulate development of female sex characteristics and helps regulate the menstrual cycle

Estrogen and Progesterone, Ovaries

Ovaries are also endocrine organs that produce two major hormones called

Estrogen and Progesterone.

_________enzymes are secreted into the duodenum of the small intestine through a duct called the pancreatic duct

Exocrine enzymes

This hormone stimulates sperm production and oocyte production and estrogen secretion

FSH - Follicle stimulating hormones , anterior pituitary

Blank* cells synthesize thyroglobulin, a thyroid hormone precursor stored in blank.

Follicle cells Colloid

The thyroid gland has simple cuboidal or simple columnar cells called _________ cells that from walls.

Follicular cells

This hormone increases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver to break down glycogen into glucose

Glucagon, Pancreas gland

The alpha cells (A cells) in the pancreatic islets secrete Blank# and the beta cells (B cells) secrete Blank#

Glucagon= Alpha Beta=insulin

The zona fasciculata secretes

Glucocorticoids

Follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones both have target cells in the ________ Gland=

Gonads: Testes and ovaries, anterior pituitary

Blank cause changes in activity in these target cells and direct a variety of cellular activities to keep the body in homeostasis.

Hormones

Like the posterior pituitary gland, the chemicals secreted by this nervous tissue , the adrenal medulla, are called _______, because they are secreted and travel to another part of the body to target cells.

Hormones

Location of target cells: Cartilage, bone, skeletal muscle, liver, and other body tissues Gland =

Human Growth Hormone (hGH) , anterior pituitary

What another name for the pituitary gland?

Hypophysis

The blank is an important component of both the Nervous and Endocrine systems and couples these two systems together

Hypothalamus

The blank* is the stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland and contains a direct blood supply to the pituitary.

Infundibulum

______ is a Hormone in the pancreas that's in most body cells

Insulin

This hormone decreases blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into the body cells

Insulin , Pancreas gland

The pituitary gland has something called an _______________ that is present in the fetus during pregnancy but withers away during fetal development

Intermediate lobe

Aldosterone has target cells in the

Kidneys

The antidiuretic hormone has target cells in the _____________

Kidneys

The thyroid gland has a striking microscopic structure with large blanks* that are filled with a protein called _________, it large insoluble molecules.

Large follicles A protein called colloid in the thyroid gland

Glucagon is a Hormone in the pancreas that has target cells in the

Liver

This hormone stimulates secretion of testosterone and triggers* ovulation and stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone

Luteinizing Hormone , anterior pituitary

In males and females, the zona reticularis mainly secretes ___________, which has ______ effects

Male Androgens = DHEA (dehydroepiandosterone) = (gonadocorticoids) Weak hormonal effects

Prolactin Hormone has target cells in the Blank# Gland=

Mammary Gland , anterior pituitary

This hormone darkens skin pigmentation

Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH), anterior pituitary

The pineal gland secretes Blank# in darkness and to a lesser degree in the daytime, which helps set the body's biological clock

Melatonin

This hormone helps to set the biological clock

Melatonin, Pineal gland

Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are

Mineralcorticoids Glucocorticoids Gonadocorticoids (Androgens)

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) are found in

Most body cell

And calcitonin is found in

Osteoclasts

________ are female gonads that not only produce and house the ova as they mature.

Ovaries

This hormone stimulates uterine contractions* and milk ejection during suckling

Oxytocin, Posterior pituitary gland

This hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating* osteoclasts* to break down bone matrix

PTH , parathyroid hormone , Thyroid gland

The _________ is composed of a head , body, and tail

Pancreas; it's head is cradled in a curvature of the duodenum, and the body and tail are inferior and posterior to the stomach near the spleen

Endocrine cells, called Blank#, are located in little islands among the clusters of acini cells.

Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

Located between the follicles are blank* cells that synthesize and secrete calcitonin

Parafollicular cells

Embedded in the posterior* surface of the thyroid gland* are typically four small, round _________

Parathyroid Glands

Parathyroid Hormone is found in the __________, and has target cells in

Parathyroid hormone, osteoclasts

Name the ten major Endocrine gland

Pineal gland (body) Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Thymus Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovaries (gonad) Testers (gonad)

The _____ is a small, cone shaped gland that is located in the brain posterior to the thalamus and superior to the cerebellum

Pineal gland or pineal body

Melatonin is located in the blank* gland and has target cells in the _________

Pineal gland; brain

This gland is regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus, is considered the "master gland"

Pituitary gland

The antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are both in the ___________ Gland

Posterior pituitary gland

The two types of epithelial cells that are found in the parathyroid glands are blank* cells and blank* cells. What are they?

Principal cells and oxyphil cells found in the parathyroid gland

Blank* cells in the parathyroid gland produce PTH and are more numerous and smaller than _______* cells, whose specific function is unknown.

Principal cells produce PTH*/parathyroid hormone The function of oxyphil cells* is unknown.

This hormone stimulates production and secretion of milk

Prolactin, anterior pituitary

Colloid is a

Protein found in thyroid gland follicles

Blank* or inhibitory hormones secreted by the hypothalamus either stimulate or inhibit secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

Secretory/inhibitory hormones

The melanocyte-stimulating Hormone has target cells in the Blank# Gland=

Skin, anterior pituitary

The adrenal medulla's nervous tissue is stimulated by the __________

Sympathetic nervous system

The two hormones produced from thyroglobulin is

T3 and T4 Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine

These two hormones in the thyroid gland increase metabolism and basal metabolic rate (BMR)

T3 and T4, Thyroid gland

This hormone stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and secretion of its hormones

TSH - Thyroid-stimulating hormone , anterior pituitary

Hormones act by changing

Target cell activity

The ________ are male gonads that produce sperm and a special hormone called

Testes Testosterone, which is an androgen

Some of the peripheral target issues of DHEA convert this hormone to a more powerful hormone called

Testosterone (powerful androgen)

This hormone stimulates development of make sex characteristics; stimulates make sex drive; regulates sperm production

Testosterone, Testes

The antidiuretic hormone and the oxytocin hormone of the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized within ____m______ of _____m____, are packaged into _____m_____, and travel down ___m___ that pass down __m___that travel through the infundibulum* to the posterior pituitary gland.

The antidiuretic hormone and the oxytocin hormone of the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized within the cell bodies of hypothalamic neurons, are packaged into vesicles and travel down axons that travel through the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary gland. cell bodies of hypothalamic neurons Packaged into vesicles Axons

The __________* or acini (grape-like) cells vastly outnumber the _________* cells

The exocrine or acini cells vastly outnumber the endocrine cells

The Blank* is composed of nervous tissue that stores and releases into the blood two hormones that are not synthesized inside it.

The posterior pituitary

The _____... is the outmost layer whose cells are arranged in little columns in the adrenal cortex

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

The main hormone produced by the thymus is

Thymosin

This hormone has its target cells located in T cells - white blood cell involved in immune response- and is located in the thymus gland.

Thymosin

The Blank# plays a role in immune function and is located anterior and superior to the heart This gland is much larger in babies and children and regresses in size as a person ages

Thymus

This hormone promotes the maturation of T cells for the immune response

Thymus

Follicle cells synthesize blank*, a thyroid* hormone precursor stored in colloid

Thyroglobulin

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are two hormones produced by ____________

Thyroglobulin

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin are all in the Blank* Gland

Thyroid gland

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Location of target cells is: Gland:

Thyroid gland , anterior pituitary

The hypothalamic hormones and several of the anterior pituitary hormones are called blank* hormones because they target another endocrine gland, contributing to a hormonal cascade.

Tropic hormones

The thyroid gland has two ______ with connecting _______ and lies on both sides of the trachea near the thyroid cartilage or ________ of the larynx

Two lobes with and isthmus Adam's apple of the larynx

Oxytocin has target cells in the

Uterus and mammary glands

The blank* is the middle layer of the adrenal cortex; it has long cords and is the largest layer

Zona fasciculata

The blank* is the innermost layer and has branching cords

Zona reticularis

The adrenocorticotropic Hormone or ACTH , has target cells in the Gland=

adrenal cortex, anterior pituitary

This hormone stimulates secretion of hormones that stimulate body growth and metabolism

hGH - anterior pituitary

This zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex secretes _________

mineralcorticoids (aldosterone is the main)