MGT 6615 CHAPTER 3
Jim is a district manager of Wendy's in west Michigan. When he hires people, the most important thing he looks for is whether people are good problem solvers.
Jim is using the Mumford skills model
Developed the three-skill model of leadership.*
Katz
________ developed the three skill model of leadership.
Katz
The knowledge competency in the skills model is most similar to
Katz's conceptual skill
Additional research completed by Mumford, Campion, and Morgeson used a four skill model to assess cognitive, interpersonal, business, and strategic skills in managers at junior and senior levels of an organization. The research findings in this study were most similar to
Katz's hierarchical three skills model
Social judgment skill is similar to
Katz's human skill
Which is not a social judgment skill?
Knowledge acquisition
Leadership skills are defined in the chapter as
Knowledge and competencies to accomplish goals
The skills approach is
Leader-centered
The skills approach takes a _____________ on leadership, like the trait approach.
Leader-centered perspective
Mumford's Skills Model includes which of these main components?
Leadership outcomes
Tamika uses her ability to sense and perceive her staff's emotions every day to help them feel comfortable in the workplace. She is very knowledgeable about day-to-day operations and also is quite successful at anticipating problems and sharing ideas for improvements up the chain of command. Applying Katz's skills model, at what level of management is Tamika?
Middle management
Which of the components on Blake & Mouton's Leadership Grid has medium concern for interpersonal relationships and task accomplishment?
Middle of the road
Your boss tries to create a positive work environment while also instructing employees about what tasks to do and when they should be completed. This is an example of
Middle-of-the road leadership
I am the lead barista at a local coffee shop managing four staff. I assign tasks each work shift and check back regularly to see that work has been done. I do not spend much time talking with my staff about things other than getting the job done. My behavior would plot on the Blake & Mouton leadership grid at what point?
9,1
The ideas and mental abilities people learn through experiences can best be described as*
A) Crystal cognitive ability
Performance outcome is measured by*
A) Standard external criteria.
Human skills are the
Ability to work cooperatively with others
According to Katz's skills model, which two skills are most important for mid-level managers to be successful leaders?
All three skills are equally important for supervisory level management
Which of the following is not an example of an internal environmental influence that can affect leadership outcomes?
An economic recession
The research Mumford et al. completed used a sample of
Army officers
Which of the components on Black & Mouton Leadership Grid has low concern for impersonal relationships and high concern for task accomplishment?
Authority compliance
Which of the components on Blake & Mouton's Leadership Grid has low concern for interpersonal relationships and high concern for task accomplishment?
Authority compliance
A leader who places high emphasis on job requirements and low emphasis on people is displaying
Authority compliance behaviors
You are required to report directly to your supervisor every morning. Upon arrival he gives you a large list of tasks to be completed by the end of the day; he states he will be checking in after lunch to see your progress. This is an example of
Authority compliance management
Bill is in charge of hiring a new manager for the first shift on the production line. According to Katz's model, Bill should be looking for a person with*
B) Cognitive ability
Which of the following is not a competency?*
B) Cognitive ability
In the skills model, which of these is a general cognitive ability?*
B) Information processing
In the skills model, crystallized knowledge refers to*
B) Intellectual ability acquired over time
Which of the following presents a competency-based approach to leadership?*
B) Skills approach
Skills approach helps us best identify our*
B) Strengths and weaknesses
I am able to identify task and relationship types of behaviors in my leader. I am applying the main focus of which leadership theory?
Behavioral
I am doing a training program for staff to help them understand how to integrate both task and relationship behaviors in the workplace. I am applying the main components of which approach in this training session?
Behavioral
Which approach describes how leaders act?
Behavioral
Katz describes conceptual skill as
Being able to shape the ideas of an organization
By including such a large number of components, the skills approach and its model are criticized for
Being too similar to previously detailed approaches to leadership Stressing the value of developing specific skills The range of skills extending beyond the boundaries of leadership Not being consistent with aspects of leadership education programs Not being readily available to all
Grid seminars are training and developing programs that make use of the styles approach. These seminars are done through the use of __________ findings.
Black and Mouton's
I am doing a training program for staff to help them understand how to integrate both task and relationship behaviors in the workplace using the Leadership Grid. I am using the results from which set of researchers?
Blake and Mouton
Which scholar(s) created the Leadership Grid?
Blake and Mouton
The abilities that help a leader to work effectively with subordinates, peers, and superiors to accomplish the organizational goal.*
C) Human skills
Jim is a district manager of Wendy's in west Michigan. When he hires people, the most important thing he looks for is whether people are good problem solvers.*
C) Jim is using the Mumford skills model.
_______ are what leaders can accomplish, whereas __________ are what leaders are.*
C) Skills and traits
The individual attributes factor in the skills model suggests
C) That the skills model is not just a competency-based model.
By including such a large number of components, such as two types of intelligence, the skills approach and its models are criticized for
C) The range of skills extending beyond the boundaries of leadership
Pat Smith is personnel director for a large bank. Her major goal is to find a person who can adapt his or her leadership to different types of people and situations. Pat is basing her selections on*
C) The skills approach
You recently received a promotion to a higher level of management within your organization. This is your third promotion with your department. What best represents this type of promotion and its outcomes?
Career experiences
Bill is in charge of hiring a new manager for the first shift on the production line. According to Katz's model,Bill should be looking for a person with
Cognitive Ability
In the skills model, which of these is a crystallized cognitive ability?
Comprehending complex information
Comparing the Skills-Based Leadership Model to Katz's model, what is Problem-solving skills translate to?
Conceptual Skill
The abilities that help a leader shape organizational goals are
Conceptual Skills
The structure of the skills approach is
Consistent with leadership education programs
Your boss listens to employees' personal problems and tries to create a positive work environment by being agreeable, eager to help, comforting, and uncontroversial. This is an example of
Country club leadership
Which of the following is not an example of an internal environmental influence that can affect leadership outcomes?*
D) An economic recession
You recently received a promotion to a higher-level of management within your organization. This is your third promotion with your department. What best represents this type of promotion and its outcomes?*
D) Career experiences
Which of the following attributes begins to decline in later adulthood?*
D) General cognitive ability
Developed a capability model that includes individual attributes, competencies, and leadership outcomes.*
D) Mumford et al.
What best explains the comparison of the skills approach to sports such as golf and tennis?*
D) People can improve their skills through practice and instruction.
According to Katz, the most important leadership skills for lower-levels of management are :*
D) Technical and human skills
Within an organization, the employees within the IT department are crucial for the success of the organization due to their*
D) Technical skills
Conceptual Skill
Dealing with ideas; the ability to work with ideas and concepts; knowledge about and ability to work with ideas; works easily with abstractions and hypothetical notions. Most important at top management levels
Human Skill
Dealing with people; knowledge about and ability to work with people. Being aware of one's own perspective on issues, and the perspectives of others. Important at all three levels of management (lower, middle, and upper)
Technical Skill
Dealing with things; knowledge about and proficiency in a specific type of work or activity; technical skills involve hands-on activity with a basic product or process within an organization. Most important at lower and middle levels of management
The behavioral approach explains
Describing leader behaviors
The behavioral approach works by
Describing major components of leader behaviors
The skills approach is primarily
Descriptive
The environmental influences listed are all internal, with the exception of*
E) Flooding of the office
All of the following environmental influences are external, except*
E) Inexperienced followers
The skills approach takes a __________________ on leadership, like the trait approach.
E) Leader-centered perspective
What are 2 factors of Leadership Outcomes in the Skills-Based Leadership Model
Effective Problem Solving, Performance
What two types of leadership behavior were identified by the program of research at the University of Michigan?
Employee orientation and product orientation
A leader's ability to solve complex organizational problems depends primarily on inherent traits, not skills.
False
General cognitive ability refers to our ability to learn over a lifetime.
False
Human skills grow in importance as one moves up Katz's managerial/leadership hierarchy.
False
In the skills model, environmental influences can be both internal and external.
False
Katz states that human skills are most important for middle and top management levels.
False
Katz states that technical skills are most important at the level of middle management.
False
Mumford's research studied business leaders.
False
Perspective taking is a type of social judgment skill.
False
Technical skills grow in importance as one moves up the managerial hierarchy.
False
The skills approach is not very useful for leadership-training programs.
False
The environmental influences listed are all internal, with the exception of
Flooding of the office
What are 4 factors of the Individual Attributes section of the Skills-Based Leadership Model?
General Cognitive Ability, Crystallized Cognitive Ability, Motivation, Personality
Information processing is part of which component of the skills model?
General cognitive ability
The classic article "Skills of an Effective Administrator" by Katz was published in the
Harvard Business Review
Comparing the Skills-Based Leadership Model to Katz's model, what is Social Judgement skills translate to?
Human Skill
The basic premise of the skills approach is to
Identify the skills of leaders
A leader who is indifferent and apathetic is displaying
Impoverished behaviors
The director of your department attends one weekly meeting. The director is seldom at the office outside of the meeting and rarely responds to e-mails when you send questions pertaining to the organization. This is an example of
Impoverished management
A chief operating officer of the company who applies the level of administrative skills to the degrees delineated in Katz's model
Incorporates the entire staff in the process of shaping the company's goals
What are the 5 factors of the skills-based leadership model?
Individual Attributes, Competencies, Leadership Outcomes, Career Experiences, External Environment
Which part of the skills model supports people as they apply their leadership competencies?
Individual attributes
All of the following environmental influences are external except
Inexperienced followers
In the skills model, which of these is a general cognitive ability?
Information processing
In the skills model, crystallized knowledge refers to
Intellectual ability acquired over time
In the skills model, general cognitive ability refers to
Intelligence quotient
Paternalism/maternalism refers to a leader who
Is a benevolent dictator
The breadth of the skills approach, which includes motivation, critical thinking, and personality
Is a weakness of this approach
A supervisory-level manager of a company who applies the level of administrative skills to the degrees delineated in Katz's model
Is more "hands-on" with producing the company's product than interacting with staff
Mumford et al.'s model is characterized as a capability model because
It examines the relationship between knowledge and skills and leader performance
A strength of the skills approach is that
It makes leadership available to everyone
Jeoly is the manager of a thriving fast-food restaurant. When she hires people, the most important thing she looks for is whether people have excellent customer service skills.
Jeoly is using the Mumford Skills Model.
I am the lead barista at a local coffee shop managing four staff. I love to chat with them regularly, work with them on schedules that fit their needs, and work to develop camaraderie amongst all. I do assign tasks and hold them accountable for the work, but that is my secondary concern. My behavior would plot on the Blake and Mouton leadership grid at what point?
Moderately low task, moderately high relationship
I am the lead barista at a local coffee shop managing four staff. I love to chat with them regularly, work with them on schedules that fit their needs, and work to develop camaraderie amongst all. I do assign tasks and hold them accountable for the work, but that is my secondary concern. My behavior would plot on the Blake & Mouton Leadership Grid at what point?
Moderately low task; moderately high relationship
I am doing a training program for staff to help them understand how to integrate both task and relationship behaviors in the workplace. I am applying the main components of which approach in this training session?
Situational Behavioral Path-goal Leader-member exchange
Which of the following presents a competency-based approach to leadership?
Skills approach
In Mumford's Skills Model, knowledge is defined as
The accumulation of information and the mental structures to organize the information
In Mumford's Skills Model, social judgment skill is defined as
The capacity to understand people and social systems
Research data on Mumford et al models was tested on military personal. Which of the following is true?
The model cannot be effectively applied to leadership skills in startup businesses
Pat Smith is personnel director for a large bank. Her major goal is to find a person who can adapt his or her leadership to different types of people and situations. Pat is basing her selections on
The skills approach
Which of the following is a strength of the behavioral approach?
The wide range of research on leadership behaviors gives it credibility
Which of the following is a strength of the behavioral approach?
The wide range of research on leadership behaviors gives it credibility.
Which point on the leadership grid is proven to be the best form of leadership?
There is no best style
Collectively among all the research on the Behavioral Approach, what is one consistent finding from the research?
There was no universal style determined to be best
Collectively among all the research on the behavioral approach, what is one consistent finding from the research?
There was no universal style determined to be best
Katz started the research focus on skills during a time when
There was still disagreement about leader traits in the literature
Mumford et al.'s research tried
To explain the elements of an effective performance
The main goal of Mumford et al.'s research was
To explain the elements of effective performance
Top Management Middle Management Supervisory Management For Three Skills Approach
Top Management: Technical< Human =Conceptual Middle Management: Technical=Human=Conceptual Supervisory Management: Technical =Human> Conceptual
Ashlyn focuses her energy at her car manufacturing company on assessing market fluctuations and shaping the goals of the organization for the future. She communicates well with her staff and enjoys the social aspect of work with the people around her. She leaves the details and daily operations primarily to other capable staff in the organization. Applying Katz's skills model, at what level of management is Johanna?
Top management
Jonathan has equally high skills in managing relationships with the employees he supervises and in helping the firm shape the vision for growth. Applying Katz's skills model, at what level of management is Jonathan?
Top management
All of the following environmental influences are internal, except
Traffic
Career experience is a strong influence on a leader's competencies.
True
Mumford's research studied military personnel rather than business and organizational leaders.
True
The skills approach suggests that many individuals have the potential for leadership.
True
Uses of Skills Approach
Uses: -Allows for assessment of strengths and weaknesses -Is design of extensive leadership programs -Way to delineate skills of leader and leaders at all levels can use it.
Skills-based Model
Wanted to identify leadership factors that create exemplary performance -Five components: competencies, individual attributes, leadership outcomes, career experiences, and environmental conflicts
The behavioral approach describes
What leaders do
Technical skills are the
ability to work with things
Skills Approach to Leadership
approach takes a leader-centered perspective on leadership, but with a focus on skills and abilities that can be learned and developed; focused on the leader's capabilities
The research Mumford et al completed used a sample of
army officers
The structure of the skills approach is
consistent with leadership educational programs
The ideas and mental abilities that people learn through experiences can best be described as
crystal cognitive ability
The problem solving component of the skills model
demonstrates ability to construct organizational solutions
The Ohio State studies identified the behaviors of consideration and initiating structure as
distinct and independent
Crystallized cognitive ability refers to one's innate intellectual ability or intelligence.*
false
Katz states that human skills are most important for middle and top management levels.*
false
Motivation and personality fall within the competencies component of Mumford's skills model.*
false
Social judgment is an individual attribute in the skills model.*
false
Technical skills grow in importance as one moves up the managerial hierarchy.*
false
The lack of high-speed Internet access in a company is an external environmental influence that can affect leadership outcomes.*
false
The skills approach is not descriptive.*
false
Leadership skills research attempts to
identify competencies that can be acquired by leaders
The basic premise of the skills approach is to
identify the skills of leaders
A leader who is indifferent and apathetic is displaying
impoverished behaviors
I am really not interested in interacting with my staff nor do I put much emphasis at all on how the team performs. I am using
impoverished leadership
A CEO of the company who applies the level of administrative skills to the degrees delineated in Katz's model
incorporates the entire staff in the process of shaping the company's goals
All of the following environmental influences are external except
inexperienced followers
All of the following environmental influences are external, except -Dial-up Internet -Traffic -Computer network crash -Unplowed parking lot -Inexperienced followers
inexperienced followers
Paternalism/maternalism refers to a leader who
is a benevolent dictator
The skills approach takes a _______ on leadership, like the traits approach.
leader-centered perspective
Your boss tries to create a positive work environment while also instructing employees about what tasks to do and when they should be completed. This is an example of
middle of the road leadership
The skills approach is
not suitable for application across leadership contexts
Human skills are about working with
people
You tell your staff how and when to do their jobs. You are using
process behaviors task behaviors relationship behaviors directing behaviors
Mia expressing interest in her employees personal and professional lives. She is employing
relationship behaviors
Before the inception of the behavioral approach, leadership was treated exclusively as a
set of skills
Individual leader attributes can affect leaders skills, but it is the ______ themselves that are most important in addressing organizational problems.
skills
I am meeting my new team, which I will directly supervise for the first time. I introduce myself and jump right into the agenda items for the jobs each team member will be responsible assigned. I am using
task behaviors
Larry dislikes giving instructions to employees. He is uncomfortable with
task behaviors
You tell your staff how to do their jobs. You are using
task behaviors
Within an organization, the employees in the information technology department are crucial for the success of the organization due to their
technical skills
Katz started the research focus on skills during a time when
there was still disagreement about leader traits in literature
Career experience is a strong influence on a leader's competencies.*
true
Environmental influences are factors in a situation that lie outside the leader's competencies, characteristics, and experiences.*
true
Human skills are important at all levels of management.*
true
Mumford's research studied military personnel rather than business and organizational leaders.*
true
Skills approach provides a structure consistent with leadership education programs.*
true
The skills approach is relatively new and has not been widely used in training and development.*
true
The skills approach suggests that many individuals have the potential for leadership.*
true
How Does Skills Approach Work?
-Describes leadership from skills perspective -Katz shows importance of certain leadership skills varying on management hierarchy -Skills approach provides a map for how o reach effective leadership in an organization
Strengths of Skills Approach
1) Leader centered: important for developing certain skills 2) Intuitively appealing: makes it available to everyone, can learn 3) Provides an expansive view of leadership and incorporates many components - captures intricacies and complexities 4) Provides a structure that helps frame curricula of leadership education and development programs
Criticisms of Skills Approach
1) Skills approach addresses more than leadership (ex.personality): less precise in explaining leadership performances 2) Weak n predictive value: does not explain how to lead to effective performance 3) Major component includes individual attributes which are trait-like: shifts from being strictly skills 4) May not be suitably applied other contexts of leadership
The Five Components to the skill-based models
1)Competencies: key factors to effective performance ->problem-solving: -Leader's creative ability to solve new and unusual organizational problems -Include defining problems and constructing solutions ->Social judgment skills: capacity to understand people and social systems -Delineated into: a) Perspective taking b) Social perceptiveness c) Social performance -Being sensitive to how your ideas fit in with others -People skills needed to advance change ->Knowledge: related to application and implementation of problem solving skills -Knowledge is accumulation of info and mental structures (schema used to organize the info) -Emerges from fact sand how we apply the, -Have positive impacts on how leaders engage in problem-solving - allows people to use prior cases to plan for change 2)Individual Attributes -> General cognitive ability - person's intelligence, linked to biology. -Perceptual processing, reasoning skills, memory -Fluid, grows up to adulthood, declines with age -> Crystallized cognitive ability: -Intellectual ability learned overtime -Increase leadership pt. overtime through experience -> Motivation: -Three aspects for leaders willingness, dominance (influence), social good -> Personality -Has an impact on development of leadership skills -Openness, curiosity, confidence are examples 3)Leadership Outcomes: when they exhibit this, this increases competencies ->Effective problem solving -Competencies as problem solving lead to effective problem solving as leadership outcome -Involves creating solutions that are logical, effective, and unique 4)Career Experiences: -Impact characteristics and competencies of leaders -Experiences acquired improve knowledge and skills for complex probs. -Develop higher conceptual capacity if problems are complex 5)Environmental Influences: -Factors that lie outside of leader's competencies, characteristics and experiences that affect leader's performance -Internal: technology, facilities, subordinates, and communication -External: economic, political, social issues, and natural disasters -Not usually under control of leader
Paternalistic and maternalistic use both ______ and ______ but never combine the two
1,9 and 9,1
I am the lead barista at a local coffee shop managing four staff. I love to chat with them regularly, work with them on schedules that fit their needs, and work to develop camaraderie amongst all. I do assign tasks and hold them accountable for the work, but that is my secondary concern. My behavior would plot on the Blake & Mouton Leadership Grid at what point?
3, 8
I am the lead barista at a local coffee shop managing four staff. I chat often with the staff and enjoy joking with them but only after I have assigned the tasks and they have accomplished them. My behavior would plot on the Blake & Mouton Leadership Grid at what point?
5, 5
The individual attributes factor in the skills model suggests
That the skills model is not just a competency-based model.
__________ refers to a leader's desire to express dominance and exert his or her leadership.
Motivation
Developed a capability model that includes individual attributes, competencies, and leadership outcomes.
Mumford et al.
Who developed the Skills Model of leadership
Mumford et. al.
Which research group labeled task behaviors "initiating structure"
Ohio State studies
Which research group labeled task behaviors "initiating structure"?
Ohio State studies
Which study analyzed questionnaires taken by followers as they described their leader behaviors?
Ohio State studies
Which leadership style, according to Blake and Mouton, includes rewards and approval for people in return for their loyalty and obedience?
Paternalism/maternalism
Which best explains the comparison of the skills approach to sports such as golf and tennis?
People can improve their skills through practice and instruction
Openness, tolerance for ambiguity, and curiosity are expressions of which individual attribute in the skills model?
Personality
Which of the following is an individual attribute in Mumford's Skills Model?
Personality
What are 3 factors of the Competencies section of the Skills-Based Leadership Model
Problem Solving Skills, Social Judgement Skills, Knowledge
Which of the following is a leadership outcome in the Skills Model?
Problem solving
Daily meetings, open communication, face-to-face interaction, and accessibility are all behaviors of which type of leader?
Relationship
I am meeting my new team, which I will directly supervise for the first time. I introduce myself and invite each team member to share some interesting facts about themselves unrelated to work. I am using
Relationship behaviors
Jamal enjoys interacting with the team members he supervises. He is employing
Relationship behaviors
Before the inception of the behavioral approach, leadership was treated exclusively as a(n)
Sets of skills
Three-Skills Approach (KATZ)
Skills leaders can accomplish whereas traits are innate -Technical skills- knowledge about and proficiency in a specific type of work. Hands on. -Human skills -knowledge about and ability to work with people. Abilities that help leader work effectively with others -Conceptual skills: ability to work with ideas and concepts. Leader will understand companies' vision and goal well and intricacies involved. Creating a strategic plan is an example.
Skill in persuasion and communicating change describes which social judgement competency?
Social performance
Skill in persuasion and communicating change describes which social judgment competency?
Social performance
Effective problem solving is measured by
Solutions that go beyond given information
Performance outcome is measured by
Standard external criteria Original solutions to problems Solutions that go beyond given info Follower reaction to leader behavior Leaders own perspective
Performance outcome is measured by
Standard external criteria.
Skills approach helps us best identify our
Strengths and Weaknesses
Johanna is excellent at applying tax law and other accounting principles in her job as a manager in her accounting firm. She has equally high skills in working with the employees she supervises but does not have as much skill in helping the firm shape the vision for growth. Applying Katz's skills model, at what level of management is Johanna?
Supervisory management
Researchers studying the behavioral approach determined that leadership is composed of two general kinds of behaviors:
Task and relationship
I am meeting my new team, which I will directly supervise for the first time. I introduce myself and jump right into the agenda items for the jobs each team member will be assigned. I am using
Task behaviors
Which of the components on the Blake & Mouton's leadership grid has high concern for both interpersonal relationships and task accomplishment?
Team
I get involved with my team and create a positive environment while directing daily operations and keeping results of the team high. I am using
Team leadership
Comparing the Skills-Based Leadership Model to Katz's model, what is Knowledge translate to?
Technical Skill
Employees who help other staff troubleshoot computer software problems are using
Technical Skills
According to Katz, the most important leadership skills for lower-levels of management are
Technical and human skills
According to Katz skills model, which two kills are most important for supervisory (low) level managers to be successful leaders?
Technical skill and human skill
What are the skills in Katz's three-skills approach model?
Technical, Human, Conceptual