Endocrine Systems Disorders

Treatment of Hyperparathyroidism

treated with biphosphonate drugs to decrease both the resulting bone turnover and hypercalcemia. or if its related to a tumor (excision of the tumor)

signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism

tremor, nervousness, weight loss, fatigue, and palpitations.

Detection of tumors of the thyroid gland

ultrasonography, or ultrasound examination (the use of sound waves to create images of thyroid structures).

glycosylated hemoglobin test

which is capable of measuring glucose control over several months.

A1c blood test

will assess his glucose control by measuring the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in serum. High levels will indicate poor glucose control.

Hypersecretion of ACTH R/T tumor (Linus)

will cause the adrenal gland to produce more cortisol causing Cushing sydrome

Pituitary dwarfism is usually diagnosed during childhood

with radiographic examination of the bones and tests such as radioimmunoassay studies (RIA), a laboratory measure that assesses hormone levels in plasma. The condition is treated by administering growth hormone.

normal lab values for fasting glucose tests

•Normal: 99 mg/dL or lower •Prediabetes: 100 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL •Diabetes: 126 mg/dL or higher

Pheochromocytoma

. It is a benign vascular tumor that causes hypersecretion of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. common disorder of the medulla in the adrenal glandss.

Acromegaly

Acromegaly is a chronic metabolic disorder that involves the gradual enlargement (-megaly) of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremities (acr/o), as illustrated in the photo. Both gigantism and acromegaly can be caused by adenoma, a tumor

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

hypocalcemia;

As a result, muscles and nerves weaken, leading to constant muscle contractions, a condition called tetany

osteitis

Because PTH causes calcium to leave the bones, the bones become fragile

ketoacidosis (DKA).

Because the cells cannot burn glucose, they are forced to burn protein and fat instead. The large quantities of fat that must be burned to replace the lost glucose produce strong acids

Cushing sydrome

Complex of systems caused by hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

panhypopituiatarism

Condition of deficiency in all pituitary hormones (4)

Diabetes Signs and symptoms

Consequently, frequent urination (polyuria), excessive hunger (as the body tries to find energy), and excessive thirst (polydipsia)

Hypersecretion of cortisol

Cushing syndrome, moon face, hump back,

dwarfism and mental retardation. (creatinism)

Early treatment with thyroid hormone may promote normal physical growth, but may not be able to reverse the intellectual deficits.

hyperinsulinism,

Elevation in the amount of insulin,-, may be caused by an insulin-secreting tumor in the islets of Langerhans or by exceeding a prescribed dose of the hormone.

Goiter

Enlargement of the thyroid-occur in conjunction with low iodine levels, which leads to low T3 and T4 levels, which causes secretion of substances to promote more T3 and T4.

insulin pump care

Every two days, the body will begin to reject the cannula, so the site must be changed every 48 hours or so.

hypoglycemia.

Excess secretion of insulin lowers the blood glucose level—

adenoma

Glandular tumor

thyrotoxicosis,

Graves' disease, which indicates a condition of abnormally high or toxic levels of thyroid activity etiology unknown, possible disfunction of the immune system.

hyperparathyroidism

Hypersecretion of PTH

Addison's disease

Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex - all three categories of adrenal steroids—mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens—are deficient.

type 1 diabetes :insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

In type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disease, auto-antibodies work against normal pancreatic islet cells, and so little or no insulin is produced -because insulin replacement is required for life to be sustained.- Type 1 diabetes mellitus usually has its onset during childhood.

thyrocarcinoma diagnosis

Radioactive iodine uptake and the performance of a thyroid scan can help to establish the diagnosis

signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma

Signs of this disorder include severe headache, palpitations, sweating, nervousness, nausea, vomiting, and persistent or intermittent hypertension.

treatment of pheochromocytoma

Surgical excision of the tumor is the usual treatment.

diabetic retinopathy,

The blood vessels of the retina may be affected;resulting in visual loss and blindness. Diabetics are also more likely to develop cataracts and glaucoma.

Treatment of Adrenal Virilism

The condition is managed by suppressing hormone overproduction with medication or by surgically removing the adrenal gland.

NIDDM

The disorder results from tissue unresponsiveness or resistance to insulin, causes of which include hormone receptor defects or too few receptors on the surface of target cell membranes. As a consequence, the insulin that is produced is not effective.

diabetic nephropathy

a common complication, as is the destruction of nerves in the extremities,

exophthalmos,

a condition (-os) characterized by abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs caused by increased deposits of fat in the tissues at the back of the eye socket.

Signs of ketoacidosis

abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and a fruity odor of the breath. If left untreated, ketoacidosis can lead to coma and, ultimately, death.

tetany

abnoral muscle contractions

adrenal virilism.

abnormal condition of the adrenal gland: -This disorder involves the expression, in women, of male secondary sexual characteristics, including deepening of the voice and hair growth (hirsutism) on the face and body

neoplasm

abnormal growth of new tissue, malignant or benign

hitsutism

abnormal hair growth

endocrine urine studies

assess the presence of glucose, ketone, and urinary microalbumin.

fasting blood sugar (FBS) test, orfasting plasma glucose (FPG),

assesses blood glucose levels after an 8- to 10-hour period of fasting to diagnose both diabetes and prediabetes conditions. In prediabetes, blood glucose is higher than normal, but not high enough for a diabetes diagnosis.

type 2 diabetes. non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), is diagnosed in adults 35 years of age and older.

atherosclerosis related to Hypothyrodism

because deficiency of the thyroid hormone allows an increase of lipids, or fats, in the bloodstream.

hypoparathyroidism

calcium remains in the bones and is unable to enter the bloodstream

Diagnosis of adenomas, gigantism, and acromegaly

computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate the tumor. Treatment involves irradiation or excision of the neoplasm.

Hypothyroidism

condition of a deficient activity of the thyroid gland: These include the surgical removal of the gland, decreased secretion of hormones that affect the thyroid, atrophy of the gland, and endemic goiter.

CGMS

continous glucose monitoring system that a needle is inserted into the arm to measure blood glucose in the interstitial fluid every minute all day long.

Hypersecretion of growth hormone

during childhood—before puberty (prepubertal)—results in gigantism, a condition characterized by excessive size and stature.

hypercalcemia

elevated levels of calcium in the blood

ophthalm/o - combining form

eyeballs

. Blood cultures and blood analyses (for endocrine functions)

focus mainly on growth hormones and growth factors, prolactin, gonadotropin, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and cortisol.

continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS)

for type 1 may be necessary, Such a system senses and records blood glucose levels continuously.

-palsm

formation

Symptoms of the Addisons disease

include weakness, fatigue, bronzed pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes caused by increased levels of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and anorexia.

ADH Signs of the hypersecretion

include weight gain, vomiting, nausea, muscle weakness, and irritability.

Diabetes Mellitus

insufficiency of insulin

Panhypopituitarism

is a condition of deficiency of all pituitary hormones. As with growth hormone abnormalities, the onset of panhypopituitarism may be pre- or postpubertal.

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

is a condition that is caused by excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, leading to abnormal retention of water.SIADH may develop secondary to tumors, infectious diseases, pathologic reactions to drugs, or trauma, such as head injury.

Cretinism

is a congenital condition associated with severe hypothyroidism. -Characteristics of this disorder include dwarfism and mental retardation

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)

is a hereditary disorder characterized by a number of adenomas and carcinomas that can occur throughout the endocrine system.

. An oral glucose tolerance test (GTT)

is used to diagnose both prediabetes and gestational diabetes.

Pituitary dwarfism

is usually diagnosed during childhood with radiographic examination of the bones and tests such as radioimmunoassay studies (RIA studies), a laboratory measure that assesses hormone levels in plasma. Administering growth hormone treats the condition.

colloid

jelly like substance in the gland.

hyperglycemia

long-term effects of high levels of blood glucose,

Endocrine system disorders

mainly occur related to hypersecretion ( over productions of hormones) or hyposecretion ( under production of hormones

nodular or adenomatous goiter—

may occur in the presence of hyperthyroidism, the excessive secretion of the thyroid hormones.

-pan

means all

glycosylated Hemoglobin test

measures glucose control over several months

FPG

measures the blood glucose levels after 8-10 hours of fasting

myx/o

mucus

neo

new

exo

out or away from

Treatment of hyperthyroidism

partial or total removal of the thyroid gland or administration of drugs such as radioactive iodine (RAI) to suppress thyroid hyperactivity.

Hyposecretion of growth hormone

produces pituitary dwarfism. With this condition, the body is properly proportioned, but growth is stunted and height typically does not exceed 4 feet

Treatment of Addison disease

replacement of adrenal hormones and management of the underlying cause of the illness.

Hyperparathyroidism

resulting high levels of circulating PTH—leads to an excessive amount of calcium in the bloodstream.

Hyposecretion of ADH

results in a condition known as diabetes insipidus (DI). Because of the insufficient levels of ADH, the kidney—its target organ—fails to reabsorb needed salts and water, a problem evidenced by the urinary condition

endocrine tests

serum and urine tests can measure a number of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances to assess a number of endocrine functions.

gestational diabetes,

sometimes develops during pregnancy because of overall hormonal changes at that time. Typically, this condition resolves after childbirth but, in a number of cases, recurs years later as type 2 diabetes.

fibrosa cystica,

subject to the development of cysts, In addition, because the kidneys are unable to absorb the excess calcium, kidney stones can form.

Myxedema

swelling related to mucoid build up.( is the most severe form of hypothyroidism.) Persons with this disorder experience swelling of the hands, face, and feet.

Detection of Graves' Disease

thyroid function tests (TFT) —laboratory methods that measure the levels of thyroid hormones in the blood. One test of thyroid function, radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU), involves administering iodine and assessing the amount absorbed by the gland-exophthalmometry, measures the forward displacement of the eyes

Detection of Hyperthyroidism

thyroid scan.