Engine Block Components

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Rod bearing

A bearing insert located in the big end of the connecting rod.

Casting line

A by-product of the metal casting process that forms a line found on parts that are cast in metal.

Connecting rod

A cast or forged metal rod that connects the engine pistons to the engine crankshaft.

Powdered metal rod

A connecting rod manufactured through the process of heat, compression, and forging of powdered metals into a connecting rod.

Cast rod

A connecting rod that is created by the metal casting process.

Zyglo

A crack detection method used on engine blocks and cylinder heads that uses a liquid fluorescent penetrant and a fluorescent light to find cracks in ferrous metal.

Press-fit pin

A description of how a piston pin is placed inside a connecting rod by pressing the pin into the connecting rod.

Rib

A design feature created in the metal casting/forging process that places extra metal area on a part for strength and durability, yet keeps the weight of the engine block low.

Center bolt

A fastener or bolt found in the middle of the harmonic balancer or cam sprocket that attaches it to the crankshaft or the camshaft.

Woodruff key

A half-round, rectangular key that is placed into a half-round, rectangular opening in the nose of the crankshaft or other round shafts found on the engine.

Flywheel

A heavy metal disc bolted to the crankshaft that is used to smooth out the engine's power pulses and keep the engine moving through the non-power strokes. Also provides the mating surface for the clutch disc and pressure plate.

Ring gear

A large circular gear that is typically mounted on the flywheel or flexplate and mates to the starter gear, for the purpose of cranking the engine over.

Aluminum rod

A lightweight, strong, either cast or forged metal shaft that connects the piston assembly to the crankshaft assembly.

Thrust bearing

A main bearing insert that either has integrated flanges or separate flanges that provide bearing surfaces that prevent forward or lateral movement of the crankshaft assembly.

Main cap girdle

A metal attachment that strengthens and connects all the main bearing caps together. It can be integral from the main bearing caps or separate.

Core plug

A metal cap for the holes that are used to remove core sand used during the casting process.

Lost foam

A metal casting process that uses a foaming process to create the pattern of the part being cast in metal.

Dry sleeve

A metal cylinder that is pressed into an engine cylinder block that does not come in direct contact with coolant. It is held in place with an interference fit.

Dry flanged sleeve

A metal cylinder with a flange embedded into the block pressed into an engine cylinder to give it a new wear surface. The flanged sleeve is held in by the cylinder head.

Girdle

A metal device connected to the bottom of the engine cylinder block to create strength for the main bearing caps.

Oil ring groove

A metal groove cut into the piston head assembly designed to hold the oil control ring, which lubricates the cylinder wall and pistons.

Sintering process

A metal hardening process in which the metal is fused together without melting.

Induction hardening

A metal hardening process that uses an electromagnetic field to quickly heat up the surface of a metal part so it can be quenched to provide an appropriate amount of hardness.

Flexplate

A metal part attached to the rear of the crankshaft that connects to the torque converter in a vehicle with an automatic transmission.

Crankshaft journal

A metal part of the crankshaft that is positioned offset to the main bearing journal on the crankshaft.

Compression ring

A metal ring found inside the grooves on the side of the engine piston.

Piston ring

A metal ring that is placed in a square groove around a piston for sealing purposes.

Balance shaft

A metal shaft attached and located inside the engine cylinder block assembly to counteract crankshaft vibrations.

Garter spring

A metal spring wrapped circularly around the inside of a lip seal to keep it in constant contact with the moving shaft.

Nitriding

A metal surface-hardening process using nitrogen and high temperatures.

Water jacket

A passageway for coolant to flow inside the engine block that is formed when the block is cast.

Metallurgical bonding

A process of sintering metals until they are fused together as one metal.

Interference fit

A process used for holding parts in place where the inside diameter of the outer piece is slightly smaller than the outside diameter of the inner piece.

Tang

A raised or slightly bent corner on some engine bearing shells that fits into a matching recess in the bearing mounting surface to keep the bearing from rotating in the bore.

Web

A reinforced area of a metal part formed during the casting process to create strength and durability.

Wet sleeve

A replaceable steel cylinder installed into the block that provides a wear surface for the piston and rings. It is in direct contact with coolant on its outside surface.

Accessory drive pulley

A round circular metal disc attached to the front of the engine crankshaft with a rubber/fiber belt that helps operate automotive accessories.

Piston pin (wrist pin)

A round circular metal manufactured part that attaches the piston assembly to the connecting rod assembly.

Harmonic balancer

A round metal disc connected to the front of the crankshaft that smoothes out torsional vibrations created by the crankshaft.

Floating pin

A round metal pin that has a very small clearance but is free to float in the piston and connecting rod.

Journal saddle

A semicircular cut located at the bottom of the engine block that is used to support the engine crankshaft.

Fluid dissipater

A silicone fluid component that allows the mass of a fluid type harmonic balancer to rotate at a more constant speed than the crankshaft, to help even out the torsional vibrations of the crankshaft.

Welch plug

A soft, round, metal disc pressed into the engine block to plug a water jacket or oil passageway.

Engine bearing

A specially designed metal piece that supports circular moving parts.

Timing gear

A sprocket attached to the crankshaft assembly and the camshaft assembly.

Compression ring groove

A square groove found on the outside of the piston skirt in which the piston ring fits.

Piston ring groove

A square-cut groove located on the piston, designed to hold a metal piston ring.

Timing chain

A steel chain connecting the crankshaft assembly to the camshaft assembly.

Forged connecting rod

A strong metal connecting rod hammered into shape by large presses used to connect the piston to the crankshaft.

Soft plug

A thin-walled, metal, cup-shaped disc designed to be pressed into a machined passageway in the block for the purpose of plugging it.

Ridge reamer

A tool used to remove the metal lip on top of the cylinder walls caused by engine wear.

Mallory metal

A tungsten alloy of copper and nickel that is used as a metal substitute added to the crankshaft counterweight for balancing purposes.

Crankshaft

A vehicle engine component that transfers the reciprocating movement of pistons into rotary motion.

Piston assembly

All of the parts of the piston including the piston, piston rings, and piston pin.

Rod journal

Also called the crankshaft rod throw, an area machined to a very smooth finish that contains an oil hole to provide oil to lubricate the surfaces of the crankshaft and rod bearing inserts.

Bimetal

Aluminum, tin, and silicon alloy metals placed together with steel to form one piece of material and used for bearing materials.

Hypereutectic piston

An aluminum piston that is cast with a 16% to 19% silicon content and that has minimal expansion rates.

Magnafluxing

An electromagnetic process used to locate cracks in ferrous engine blocks and cylinder heads and other ferrous metal parts.

Piston slap

An engine noise caused by excessive clearance between the piston skirt area and the cylinder wall.

Horizontally opposed engine

An engine with two banks of cylinders, 180 degrees apart, on opposite sides of the crankshaft. It is also called a flat engine or a boxer engine.

Bearing inserts

Components made out of soft metal materials that are replaceable and come in pairs; also called half-shell bearings.

Starter teeth

Machined teeth located on the ring gear for meshing with the starter drive teeth located in the starter motor.

Main bearing

Metal bearing insert located in the main saddles that support the main journals.

Main bearing caps

Sturdy caps placed over the main journals of the crankshaft assembly and fastened with either two or four bolts.

Moly

The abbreviation for the lubricant called molybdenum disulfide.

Ring land

The area between the piston ring grooves found on the piston head assembly.

Rod beam

The area of a connecting rod between the big and small ends.

Back clearance

The area or space behind the piston rings when the rings are in the piston ring grooves.

Rotating assembly

The assembly of the crankshaft, connecting rod, and piston that is found inside the engine cylinder block.

Reciprocation

The back-and-forth movement of the piston assembly inside the cylinder.

Crimp

The bent shape of the oil ring expander that allows it to provide outward force on the oil rings.

Crankcase

The bottom area of the engine cylinder block where the crankshaft is located.

Ring tension

The built-in force created inside the piston rings; it is caused by the piston rings being made bigger than the cylinder walls in order to generate a scraping action against the cylinder walls.

Gravity pouring

The casting process used for creating metal parts.

Ring gap

The distance between the ends of the piston rings when the rings are seated against the inside of the engine cylinder.

Piston stroke

The distance the piston travels through the engine cylinder from top dead center to bottom dead center and vice versa.

Bearing crush

The force created to seat the bearing by the extra bearing material when the ends of the bearing inserts touch each other and are forced against each other.

Nitridization process

The nitriding metal surfacing process in which nitrogen ammonia gas is used inside a furnace and heated up and then cooled.

Expander

The part of an oil control ring that holds the ring against the cylinder wall.

Throw

The part of the crankshaft that is offset for the connecting rods to mate with; also called the connecting rod journal.

Fillet

The radius portion of an inside corner that reduces stress at the corner.

Crank core

The rough, unfinished crankshaft assembly that has just left the foundry or forging area.

Billet

The roughly shaped steel piece that has been cast or forged but has not undergone its final machining.

Piston

The round metal plug found inside the engine cylinder that moves up and down inside the cylinder.

Main journal

The smooth machined area of the crankshaft assembly that allows the crankshaft to rotate within the main bearings.

Power stroke

The stroke during which combustion is pushing the piston from top dead center to bottom dead center in the cylinder. This stroke is where power is produced.

Deck

The surface area at the top of the engine block against which the cylinder head seals.

Side rail

The thin portion of the oil control ring that is used to scrape oil off the cylinder walls.

Trimetal

The use of three different types of metals to build up a bearing insert to give it long-lasting wear characteristics.

Rod cap

The very bottom part of the connecting rod that retains the rod bearing inserts.

Oil control ring

The widest of the metal rings on the piston head assembly that controls oil flow to and from the cylinder walls.

Second-order vibration

Vibration that occurs at twice the engine rpm.


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