England and Colonies

Virginia House of Burgesses

- 1st elected house in Western Hemisphere - created by John Smith (Jamestown) - Authority over taxes and finances

The Navigation Acts

- After the restoration, Charles II adopted 3 navigation acts to regulate colonial commerce - The first of them, closed the colonies to all trade except trade carried in English ships. This law required the colonists to export some items (ex, tobacco) to only England or English possessions - The second act provided that all goods being shipped to Europe from the colonies had to pass through England on the way, which would make it possible for England to tax them. The third act, was made because people claimed to be heading to another English colony, but instead sailed to a foreign port - The third act imposed duties on the coastal trade among the English colonies, and it provided the appointment of customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts.

Chartered companies

- At first, England exported little except raw wool. But new merchant capitalists helped to create a cloth industry that allowed them to market finished goods at home and abroad. - Eventually, merchants joined forces and formed chartered companies on the basis of a charter (grant) given by the king. This gave the company a monopoly for trading in a particular region.

Christopher Columbus

- Born in Italy, most of his early exploration was in service of the portuguese. He wanted to reach Asia by going east but west. Portugal didn't support columbus's plan, so he turned to Spain. The king and Queen of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, supported and funded columbus's voyage - Finally, Amerigo Vespucci, a member of a later portuguese expedition, recognized the Americas as new continents.

The Puritan experiment

- Charles I took the throne after James, and the situation worsened for puritans that remained in England. A group of puritan merchants obtained a land grant in New England for most of the area now comprising Massachusetts and New Hampshire - They got a charter from Charles I (who didn't know they were puritans) to create Massachusetts Bay Company and to establish a colony in the new world. They wanted to create a safe haven for puritans in New England - The owners of the company chose John Winthrop as governor. The colony was self-governed. Unlike the separatist founders of Plymouth, the founders of Massachusetts had no intention of breaking off ties with the Church of England. - However, in every town, the community church chose its own minister and regulated its own church (congregational churches) - The Massachusetts Puritans believed they were a model for the rest of the world, a "city upon a hill"

Massachusetts Bay

- John Winthrop and the Puritans - Royal- Puritan congregational - No slavery - Subsistence farms - Religious freedom

Colonies

- New England: Massachusetts, NH, Maine, Connecticut, RI - Chesapeake (south): Maryland and Virginia, Carolina's, Georgia - Middle colonies: Pennsylvania, NJ, NY, Delaware

New Hampshire

- Some fishers and traders - Initially no official colony type, but eventually royal - Religion: Puritan/congregational - Charles I took it away from MA

Pennsylvania

- William Penn - Proprietary - Freedom of religion - no slavery - holy experiment

Archbishop William Laud

Conservative and told Charles I to persecute the Puritans. Bay Colony Puritans were "swine which rooted in God's vineyard"

Treaty of Tordesillas

Spain gets New World(that includes Caribbean) but no Brasil, Portugal gets Brazil and Africa - Spain would have possession of any unclaimed territories to the west of the line and Portugal would have possession of any unclaimed territory to the east of the line.

Restoration of the stuarts

- After Cromwell's death the monarchy was restored when Charles II of the stuarts took the throne - This resumed the colonization of the new world. Charles II began to reward grants of land in the New World. He issued charters for 4 additional colonies: Carolina, New york, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania - The new colonies were all proprietary colonies like Maryland.

The Dominion of New England

- Charles II attempted to increase his control over Massachusetts (which behaved at times as if its leaders considered it an independent nation) by stripping the colony of its control over New Hampshire, where he chartered a separate royal colony and appointed the governor himself - After the Massachusetts general court refused to enforce the Navigation Acts, Charles revoked the Massachusetts corporate charter and made it a royal colony. When James II took the throne, he created a single Dominion of New England, which combined the government of Massachusetts with the governments of the rest of the New England colonies.

New Netherlands, New York, and New Jersey

- Charles II granted his brother James, the Duke of York, all the territory lying between connecticut and the Delaware Rivers - But much of the territory included what was already claimed by the Dutch, who had established substantial settlement in New Amsterdam - Eventually the Dutch colony surrendered to the British in return for the assurances that the Dutch settlers would not be displaced. James, the Duke of York, his title to New Netherland now clear, renamed the colony New York. New York not only contained the Dutch and English, but also French, german, and more. - So there were many faiths present, but James did not impose his own Roman Catholicism. James remained in England and delegate his powers to a governor and a council. The great Dutch Patroons (large landowners) survived with their economic and political power intact.

William Penn

- Charles II paid his debt, by giving William Penn (Quaker) a grant of territory between New York and Maryland. Penn would have virtually total control over the colony, Pennsylvania - He wanted to create what he called a "holy experiment." He named a city Philadelphia (brotherly love) - Penn believed, like Roger Williams, that the land belonged to the Indians, and he was careful that they were reimbursed for it. Penn agreed to a Charter of Liberties for the colony.

Pontiac's Rebellion

- Chief Pontiac leads tribes and the remaining French in America against the British. All settlements except for 3 West of the Appalachians overrun - It is crushed by giving the Indians blankets from smallpox wards - The rebellion convinced the British to station regulars and stabilize relations with the natives

Anne Hutchinson

- Claimed that many clergy were among the non-elect and had no right to exercise authority over their congregations - Antinomianism: extreme beliefs on predestination, she believed that it didn't matter what people did, for whether they were elect was already decided - She gained many followers including women and merchants. Hutchinson's followers were influential enough to prevent Winthrop's reelection as governor, but the next year he returned to office and put her on trial for heresy. She and her family along with her followers moved to Rhode Island and eventually New Netherland (later New York)

The Great Awakening

- Concerns about declining piety and growing secularism emerged. The result of this was the first major American revival: the Great Awakening - The great awakening brought a new spirit of religious fervor to the colonies. - It was appealing to women and sons of third or fourth generation settlers, who would inherit the least land (uncertain future) - The outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening was the New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards, a deeply orthodox puritan - George Whitefield, another open-air preacher who traveled between colonies. Spreading the revival - He preached traditional puritan ideas, the absolute sovereignty of god, predestination, and salvation by god's grace alone (he could make people cry with his descriptions)

Corporate, royal, and proprietary colonies

- Corporate colonies: colonies designed to make a profit, run as a company; governor appointed by board of directors - Royal colonies: colonies run by the crown for the benefit of the Empire; governor appointed by crown - Proprietary colonies: colonies run by a single proprietor; governor is proprietor or appointed by proprietor

Sir Walter Raleigh / Roanoke

- During Raleigh's expedition, he found an Island called Roanoke and named the entire region Virginia, after the Queen. However, while Queen Elizabeth granted the permission, she did not provide financial assistance, so Raleigh turned to private investors - Raleigh recruited his cousin, to drop off a group of men at Roanoke to establish a colony. FInally when supplies came to the colonists, they boarded ships and left - Raleigh tried again, sending another group of people, but three years later, the Island was found deserted. Some historians think that the Colonists were killed by the Natives, or that they left the settlement and joined native society - This marked the end of Raleigh's involvement in colonization of the New World. When James I took the throne, he was accused of plotting against the king

The Puritan Community

- Each Puritan settlement drew up a "covenant" among its members, binding all residents in a religious and social commitment to unity and harmony. - Residents held a yearly town meeting to decide important matters and to choose a group of "selectman" who governed until the next meeting - Only those residents who could prove their visible sainthood were admitted to full membership. Residents who had not experienced "conversion" could participate in the church through the halfway covenant (so they could still vote in town meetings).

Peace of Paris

- Ends the French and Indian War - The French get 2 islands near Newfoundland and its sugar islands - British get Canada and land East of Mississippi River and Florida - Spanish get Philippine Islands and Cuba back in exchange for Florida. Also they get lands West of Mississippi

The English in Ireland

- England began colonization first in Ireland. Colonists moved to Ireland, captured territory. And attempted to subdue the native population - The English felt that the Irish were "savages" so they could not be assimilated into English society. So, they would be suppressed and isolated, eventually they might be civilized - This was thought by many leaders, including Sir Walter Gilbert

WIlliam Pitt

- English Secretary of State (and future prime minister), began to transform the war effort in America by bringing it for the first time under British control - Pitt himself began planning military strategy for the North American conflict, appointing military commanders and issuing orders to the colonists - The colonists resented these new impositions and firmly resisted at times. Finally, Pitt agreed to reimburse the colony's for all the supplies the army took, he returned control over military recruitment back to the colonial assemblies, and gave additional troops to America - Finally, the battle began to turn in England's favor. Fort Duquesne fell Quebec eventually fell, and ultimately, Montreal fell

Virginia

- Founded by London Company - Corporate but eventually royal colony - Religion: Anglican - Not much slavery initially but then large scale tobacco plantations formed - Purpose: economic

The French in America

- France found its permanent settlement in America at Quebec. The French population grew slowly because few French Catholics wanted to come and French Protestants were excluded - Unlike the English, the French forged close, direct ties with natives deep inside the continent - Fur trade

The headright system

- Headrights were 50 acre grants of land, which new settlers could acquire in a variety of ways - Those who already lived in the colony got 100 acres each. Each new settler received 50 acres for himself or herself. This system encouraged family groups to migrate together - Additionally, any settler who paid for the passage of other immigrants to Virginia, would receive an additional headright for each new arrival

The Dutch in America

- Henry Hudson, sailed up what's now the Hudson river in New York state. His explorations led to a permanent Dutch presence in the New World - The Dutch West India Company actively encouraged settlement not just from Holland, but from other parts of Europe as well. The result was the colony of New Netherland and its principal town, New Amsterdam, on Manhattan Island

Education

- In Massachusetts, laws were passed that required every town to support a public school - The Quakers operated church schools - Harvard was established by the General Court of Massachusetts - Colleges offered many courses along with theology

Patroon system

- In NY land (patroonship) was granted to those who would bring over and settle 50 ppl on their land - More land was given to those favored by governor, king - Created aristocratic atmosphere/characteristics - A wannabe feudal system

Plymouth Plantation

- It was illegal to leave England without the consent of the king. However a congregation of separatists left for Laden, Holland, where they could worship without interference. Some of the separatists decided to move again. They got permission from the Virginia company to settle in the New World.

The English Civil War

- James I's son, Charles I dissolved parliament and ruled as an absolutist monarch, steadily alienating a growing number of his subjects including members of the powerful Puritan community - Finally, Charles I called parliament back into session and asked it to levy new taxes. But he dismissed them again. Some of them organized a military challenge to the king, launching the English Civil War. The conflict between the Cavaliers (the supporters of the king) and the Roundheads (the forces of parliament that were mainly puritan) lasted seven years - Finally the parliament's forces won and they beheaded the monarch. Oliver Cromwell, the roundhead leader, was elected to replace him

John Smith

- Jamestown - John Smith introduces private property - "who does not work does not eat" - Divides the settlement into 11 boroughs. Each borough had a representative, and all the representatives met at the Virginia House of Burgesses

John Locke, Montesquieu, and Adam Smith

- John Locke: People are endowed to life, liberty and property - Montesquieu:Believed in democracy and separation of powers. Balanced government/checks and balances - Adam Smith: minimizing the role of government intervention and taxation in the free markets, and the idea that an "invisible hand" guides supply and demand (economic theory)

The Carolinas

- Like Maryland, Carolina was also carved from the original Virginia grant. Charles awarded the territory ton a group of 8 court favorites, all prominent politicians - The proprietors used a headright system to collect annual payments. Although they were committed Anglicans, they welcomed anyone they could get - The colony's charter granted freedom of religion to all christians. The proprietors also promised some political freedom: laws were to be made by a representative assembly - The earl of Shaftesbury convinced his partners to finance migrations from England, these new people established a settlement and founded Charlestown. With the aid of John Locke, the Earl drew up the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina.

Maryland

- Lord Baltimore - Proprietary colony - Anglican + some catholic - More indentured servants than slaves

"Starving Time"

- Many of the new settlers became sick before winter. The winter was especially severe, a period known as the "starving time." By then the natives knew the colonists were a threat and stopped them from moving farther inland onto native lands - Eventually, relief expeditions began to arrive and new settlements began lining the river above and below Jamestown - There settlers discovered tobacco. John Rolfe began cultivating the crop in Virginia. Tobacco was the first profitable crop in the new colony and it encouraged farmers to keep moving farther inland onto the native's land as tobacco wears soil.

Maryland and the Calverts

- Maryland was the dream of George Calvert, the first lord of Baltimore and a recent convert to the catholicism. He envisioned establishing a colony as a retreat for English Catholics, many who felt oppressed by the Anglican establishment in England. He died before he could get a charter from the king, but his son, Cecilius, the second Lord Baltimore got a charter from the king that gave him a large area. He and his heirs would have proprietary rule, and would only have to acknowledge the sovereignty of the king paying an annual fee to the crown - Act of Toleration: The Calverts needed to attract more settlers, so they had to encourage the immigration of protestants. They granted freedom of worship to all Christians, because the protestants outnumbered the Catholics - Due to labor shortages, Maryland established a headright system like Virginia. Maryland became a center of tobacco cultivation like Virginia and planters worked their land first with indentured servants, but eventually slaves

Carolinas

- N. Carolina founded by the Virginians and formally split from S. Carolina - Carolina was founded by 8 nobles, and was a proprietor then a royal colony - N. Small subsistence farms and S. Plantations

Bacon's Rebellion

- Nathaniel Bacon purchased a substantial farm and won a seat on the governor's council - The new influential western landowners were soon squabbling with the leaders of the tidewater region in the east. They disagreed on many issues, but above all, on policies toward the natives - The backcountry settlements were in constant danger of attack because many of them had been established on lands reserved for the tribes by treaty - Nathaniel Bacon raises an army of 500. He then goes killing some Indians, goes to Jamestown to make governor legitimize his authority, goes kills more Indians then burns Jamestown. Then he dies. Then the British navy shows up and stops the rebellion

New Hampshire and Maine-New England

- New Hampshire became a separate colony from Massachusetts in 1679, Maine remained part a part of Massachusetts till 1820.

North and South Carolina

- North Carolina: the northern settlers were mainly backwoods farmers, getting by through subsistence agriculture (farm to feed your family, not for selling goods). They had no social aristocracy and imported virtually no slaves. - South Carolina: In the south fertile lands and the good harbor at Charlestown promoted a prosperous economy and an aristocratic society. Settlements grew rapidly and the colonists established a flourishing trade - The king eventually divided them into two royal colonies

Georgia

- Oglethorpe - Proprietary then Royal - All christians but catholics - A lot, after initial ban revoked - Purpose: Buffer between Carolinas and Spanish Florida\

Jamestown

- Once King James I issued his charters, the London Company moved quickly to launch a colonizing expedition in Virginia. 144 men sailed on three ships, but only 104 survived the journey - They sailed into the Chesapeake, establishing the colony on a peninsula. They chose this setting because they believed it would provide security from the natives. But they chose poorly, the site as swampy and surrounded by woods. The colonists were vulnerable to local diseases like malaria - The colonists focused less on growing food and building community and more on searching for gold. Community was impossible because they brought no women with them - The natives showed the colonists their agricultural technologies and canoe building

The Commercial Incentive

- Only a few years after columbus's voyages, England began to think of planting colonies in the New World - The people of Tudor England suffered from frequent and costly european wars, from constant religious strife, and the economic transformation of the countryside (the enclosure movement)

Massachusetts bay colony theocratic society

- Only church members could vote or hold office - As the population grew, more people arrived in Massachusetts who were not Puritan "saints" so they could not vote. Newcomers had a choice of conforming to the religious practices of the colony or leaving

The Quaker Colonies

- Pennsylvania like Massachusetts was established to provide a home for another group of English Protestants, the Quakers, also known as The Society of Friends) - Unlike the Puritans, the Quakers rejected the concepts of predestination. They believed that all people had divinity within themselves known as "Inner Light" which could guide them, and all who cultivated that divinity would attain salvation - The Quakers granted women a position in the church generally equal to that of men, as they both could become preachers and define church doctrine. They had no church government, only meetings of representatives of congregations - They had no paid clergy and refused to fight in wars. A few migrated to New England and others to North Carolina, but the Quakers wanted a colony of their own.

The Enlightenment

- People began to believe, with the aid of scientists and other thinkers, that reason (not just faith) could create progress - The Enlightenment slowly helped undermine the power of traditional authority (like the Great Awakening). However, the enlightenment encouraged people to look to themselves, not to god, for guidance on how to live their lives - More focus on education and government

Zenger Case

- Peter Zenger's newspaper criticizes William Cosby → sues Zenger for seditious libel - Zenger wins → sets precedent for freedom of the press/speech - Court case between Gov. William Cosby and Chief Justice Morris - Crosby did not pay Morris what Morris felt that he should have been paid - He goes to Peter Zenger and creates newspaper to mock Cosby - Cosby sues and court sides with Morris/Zenger for freedom of speech - Main Point- the freedom of the press is thought to have its roots here- an original American right

The Charter of Liberties

- Religious freedom - The Charter of Liberties established a representative assembly, which greatly limited the authority of the proprietor - The Charter also permitted the "lower counties" to have their own representative assembly. This resulted in a separate colony: Delaware (had the same governor as Pennsylvania until the American Revolution

Rhode Island

- Roger Williams - Self governing - freedom of religion - no slaves - Purpose: total freedom of religion

Rhode Island/Roger Williams

- Roger Williams, a conformed separatist, argued that the Massachusetts church should abandon all allegiance to the church of England - He called for a complete separation of church and state to protect the church from the corruption of the secular world - The colonial government banished him. During that winter WIlliams resided with the natives - The following spring he bought land from them and, with a few followers, created the town of Providence. Other communities followed him to what became Rhode Island - Williams obtained a charter from parliament allowing him to establish a government. Rhode Island's government gave no support to the church and allowed religious freedom.

Plymouth

- Separatists - Royal Colony but landed in the wrong place - Religion: Puritan Separatists (calvinism) - No slavery - Subsistence farms - Came for religious freedom

Establishment of New Jersey

- Shortly after receiving his charter, James II (the duke of york) gave a large portion of his land to other proprietors. However, New Jersey eventually became a Royal colony.

Suppression of the Powhatan Indians

- Sir Thomas Dale led unrelenting assaults against the Powhatan and in the process kidnapped the chief's daughter, Pocahontas, who later converted to christianity and married John Rolfe - The Powhatan attacked the English but eventually backed down - By then the Virginia Company had gone bankrupt, so James I revoked their company's charter and Virginia came under the control of the crown

Virginia's westward expansion

- Sir William Berkeley arrived in Virginia as the Governor appointed by King Charles I - Berkeley suppressed an Indian uprising, and agreed to prohibit English settlement west of a line he negotiated with the tribes - Virginia's population increased rapidly, and as the choice lands along the tidewater became scarce, new arrivals and indentured servants completing their terms moved westward

Other incentives of the Virginia Company

- Skilled workers, ironworkers, and women came to the colonies - The company promised the colonists the full rights of Englishmen and even a share of self government - In the Jamestown church, delegates from various communities met at the House of Burgesses (this was the first meeting of an elected legislature in the colony - Later, some Africans came, but they were thought of more like servants, as the colonies still used European servants, but this was the first mark towards enslavement for large scale plantations

Delaware

- Swedes - Proprietary. Merged with PA with same governor but separate assembly

Fort Necessity

- Tensions between the English and French increased. The governor of Virginia sent a militia under George Washington into the Ohio Valley to challenge French expansion - Washington built Fort Necessity not far from the larger French outpost, fort Duquesne. After Virginians staged an unsuccessful attack on a French detachment, the French assault Fort necessity, trapping Washington and his soldiers inside, eventually he surrendered - This marked the Beginning of the French and Indian War, the American part of the much larger 7 years war that spread through Europe at the same time.

New Jersey

- The Duke of York gave it to his two friends (berkeley + carteret) - Royal Colony - No slaves

New York

- The Duke of York received land grant from Charles I - Also the Dutch had previously settled there - Royal colony - Anglican

The End of the Dominion

- The Glorious Revolution: the opposition to King James Ii was so great that eventually parliament voted to force him out of the throne. His daughter Mary II and her husband William of Orange of the Netherlands--both protestants replaced him - When Bostonians heard of the overthrow of James II, they moved quickly to unseat Edmund Andros - The new sovereigns recognized that the colonists had put an end to the Dominion and restored the separate colonial governments. However, they combined Massachusetts and Plymouth and made it a royal colony - The new charter restored the Massachusetts general court, but it gave the crown the right to appoint the governor. It also replaced church membership with property ownership as the basis of voting and running for office. It required all puritan leaders of the colony to tolerate Anglican worship.

The old lights and new lights

- The Great Awakening led to the division of congregations between "new light" revivalists and "old light" traditionalists. Some revivalists denounced book learning as a hindrance of salvation, but others saw it as a means on furthering religion and led schools for the training of "new light" ministers

The first English Settlements

- The first successful English settlement was Jamestown, Virginia. But 30 years before, English merchants attempted to create colonies in America - Philip II, the spanish king, assembled the Spanish Armada, to bring England under the control of the catholic church. However, England defeated Spain, ending Spain's domination of the Atlantic, so they felt that could establish themselves in the New World - The pioneers of colonization were Sir Humphrey Gilbert (expedition to Newfoundland failed-ship sank) and Sir Walter Raleigh (failed-Roanoke)

The Founding of Georgia

- The founders of Georgia were a group of unpaid trustees led by James Oglethorpe, a member of the parliament - They were interested in economic success but were driven by primarily military motives. They wanted to create a military barrier against the Spanish lands - They also wanted to provide a refuge for the impoverished to start anew.They needed a military buffer between South Carolina and the Spanish Settlements in Florida. - Eventually the ban on slavery was lifted and rum was allowed. Georgia returned to the control of the king.

Reorganization of Jamestown

- The london company (now named Virginia Company) obtained a new charter from the king, which increased its power and enlarged its territory. It offered stock in the company to planters who were willing to migrate at their own expense - The Virginia Company provided free passage to Virginia for poorer people who would agree to serve the company for seven years

The enclosure movement

- The worldwide demand for wool was growing rapidly. So, many landowners wanted to make more profit by converting their lands from fields for crops to pastures for sheep. - This increased the wool trade greatly. But that meant land that was worked by serfs and later rent-paying tenant farmers started to become enclosed for sheep runs and taken away from farmers

Connecticut

- Thomas Hooker - Self governing - Freedom of religion - no slavery

Connecticut colony

- Thomas Hooker, a minister of Newtown (Cambridge), left Massachusetts government with other dissatisfied Puritans and led his congregation to establish the town of Hartford\ - Four years later, the people of Hartford and two other towns established a colonial government of their own and a constitution known as the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (legislature elected by popular vote, people get to choose governor)

Proclamation of 1763

- Tries to fairly resolve tensions w/ Indians and prevent further attacks like Pontiac's rebellion by preventing colonist settlement beyond the Appalachian mountains - This angers all the colonists off and they ignore it

The Mayflower Compact

- When the settlers landed in Plymouth they realized that Plymouth laid outside the London's Company's territory, and that the settlers had no legal basis for staying there - So, 41 male passengers signed a document, the Mayflower Compact, which established a civil agreement and claimed their allegiance to the king - William Bradford became the governor of Plymouth - The pilgrims were always a poor community, but they believed that God put them in the New World to live as a christian community

Puritan discontent

- grew rapidly after the death of Elizabeth, the last of the Tudors, and the crowning of James I (Catholic) - James believed kings ruled by divine right. He increased taxation for puritans, refused to get rid of bishops, favored English Catholics in granting charters - The puritans and other nonconformists began to look for places outside of the kingdom

What are the lessons of Roanoke

1. Need resources 2. Permanent settlements are a must 3. Need attention + support from crown

The Salem Witch Trials

As adolescent girls began to exhibit strange behavior, people started accusing other women of witchcraft. The histeria spread throughout Salem, and hundreds of people were accused. The accused witches were mainly middle-aged women, often widowed, with few to no children. Many accused witches were of low social position or who inherited substantial property which challenged Puritan beliefs.

Richard Hakluyt's argument for colonies

Author of "discourses of Western Planting" - Argued that colonies would create new markets for English goods and would decrease poverty and unemployment by sending people to the New World from the surplus population - A new source for tax revenues - More jobs available in colonies for the people - England can get products from its own new territories that it previously had to buy from other countries (ex. Gold, silver, lumber)

General Court

Elected governing body of Mass. Bay Colony's government

Mercantilism

Five practices of Mercantilism: 1. Bullionism: nation's wealth consists of its holdings in precious metal (Spain found the El Dorado with its mines in Mexico and South America) 2. Favorable Balance of trade: country sells more in value of goods than it buys -- difference made up in gold and silver 3. Promotion of manufacturing: value of goods shipped out goes up (these goods cost more) - penalize competition with tariffs on imports (like wool and iron because the colonies and Britain already make them so they don't want people to buy them from other countries) - promote specific exports by granting monopolies 4. Promotion of shipping: -"carrying trade" cost of shipping would be added to the price of goods (adds to the number in the favorable balance of trade) - penalize / even forbid foreign shipping 5. Planting of colonies: Potential for precious metals - Source for raw materials and agricultural products not grown at home - a new market for manufactured goods

John Winthrop

John Winthrop leads the first wave of Puritans to America. His "City on a Hill" sermon said that Boston was a beacon in the darkness. It was a model holy society

London/Plymouth Co.

Joint-Stock companies that wanted profit from colonising America. Both were part of the larger Virginia Company. London: gets southern parts Board of Richard Hakluyt and John Smith Inferior council in colony, superior council in England Was the company that started Jamestown Plymouth-Bristol Group gets northern parts

Edmund Andros

King James II appointed a single governor, Edmund Andros, to supervise the entire Dominion of New England - Andros was an able administer, but liked because of his rigid enforcement of the navigation acts, his dismissal of the colonist's claims of "the rights of Englishmen" and his attempts to strengthen the Anglican Church.

What colonies did New England consist of?

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maine, and New Hampshire

Puritans

Most puritans resisted separatism - They wanted to simplify Anglican forms of worship - They wanted to reduce the power of the bishops, who were appointed by the crown and were corrupt - They also wanted to reform the local clergy, for many had no interest in theology

Indirect Trade Schemes

New England-Brought sugar from islands, made rum, sold to England, got weapons, sold weapons to Africa, got something in exchange

Charles I

Puritans began to gain support from Parliament, but Charles I dismisses it. Puritans are persecuted leading to the Puritan Migration

Puritan separatists

Radical puritans. The separatists were determined to worship as they pleased in their own independent congregations which was against English law. Many separatist sects (ex. quakers) permitted women to serve as preachers

Salutary neglect

Salutary neglect was the policy where the British government did not really enforce (neglected) its laws that governed the commerce of the colonies in the Americas - Looking the other way as the Dutch smuggled items into the colonies

The Massacre of Manganhela

The British fleet failed to prevent the landing of large French reinforcements in Canada. General Edward Braddock failed to retake the crucial cite at the forks of the Ohio River where Washington had lost the battle at Fort Necessity

The French and Indian War

The French and Indian War lasted almost 9 years

King Philip's War

The Wampanoags, under the chieftain known to the white settlers as King Philip and among his own people as Metacom. He rose up to resist the English. For three years, the natives--well organized and armed with guns terrorized a string of Massachusett towns. But eventually, the white settlers fought back and prevailed.

Puritan Migration

Waves of Puritans go to New England and West Indies bc Charles I persecutes them

Visible Sainthood

You show that you are predestined through your daily life and experiences .Needed to join Puritan Church

Economic Marginality-Puritans

people work to have enough to survive. Surplus or wealth is frowned upon. This is to show that God's mercy keeps them alive

Albany Plan of Union

proposed by Ben Franklin to make a colony-wide army — it fails, because states refuse outside taxation

Doctrine of Covenant

purpose of government was to enforce God's laws upon all, non-believers and believers alike.