English 221 Test 2
One thing is certain, though. Heroes posses: ____- which means virtue or excellence. Aristocrats are supposed to have this. It's a virtue trying to fulfill your ___, what you were put on this earth to do.
ARETE!!, end
Theseus sailed from Naxos to Delos, From Delos he sailed to Athens, forgetting to change his sails from black to white, the signal to Aegeus that he had been successful. When Aegeus saw the black sails he threw himself into the sea, which was thenceforth called the ___Sea, and Theseus became king of Athens. Daedalus was punished for telling Theseus how to slay the minotaur so he was trapped in a ____ on the edge of Crete with a little boy. Hes an inventor so he made wings from seagulls ---> IN OVID
Aegean, tower
Theseus: ___ , king of Athens, was father of Theseus by ___ (mother of Theseus), daughter of Pittheus, king of Troezen, where Theseus spent his childhood. Aegeus left a sword and pair of sandals under a rock as tokens by which he could recognize his son. When he was strong enough to lift the rock, Theseus recovered the tokens and set out for Athens.
Aegeus, Aethra
The _____ mysteries were based off of Demeter's secret.
Alecenian
Flying past the coast of the Levant (or, some say, Ethiopia, that is, the part of Africa lying to the south of Egypt), Perseus saw a young woman chained to a rock, threatened by a sea monster. She was ___ , daughter of King CEPHEUS and Queen ___. CASSIOPEIA had boasted that Andromeda was more beautiful than the ___ (sea nymphs) , and Poseidon punished her pride by flooding the kingdom of Cepheus and sending the sea monster to ravage it. An oracle of Zeus told Cepheus that he could appease the monster only by chaining his daughter to the rock. Perseus killed the monster with the scimitar of Hermes and was rewarded with Andromeda as his wife.
Andromeda, Cassiopeia, Nereids
____'s birth was her fall but doesn't have to suffer. ____ loses his wife/mother, and he killed his dad. _____ has the BIGGEST fall out of all of them. ____ liked Antigone, and Aristotle said that the play is weakened because of this.
Antigone's, Oedipus, Oedipus, Sophocles
At Knossos, Theseus, was helped by ___ (half brother of the Minotaur). Some say Ariadne gave Theseus the wreath to illuminate the Labyrinth, but others say she gave him a thread by which to find his way out of the Labyrinth. Daedolus told Theseus the secret to the Labyrinth. Thus Theseus slew the Minotaur and emerged from the Labyrinth. He sailed from ___ with ___, whom he ___ on the island of ___. She was rescued by Dionysus, who took her wreath and set it in the heavens as the constellation Corona, making Ariadne his wife. Aegus told Theseus to change his sails from black to white.
Ariadne, Crete, Ariadne, deserted, Naxos
____ analyzed the great tragedies. He explained why they were great. The great tragedies ____ something about what life is like. The situation might be fictional, but it's believable.
Aristotle, teach
At the Dionysia- festival in ____, the tragedies would be performed and also a party, where people would drink ____. There was a warning in being too involved in drinking too much.
Athens, alot
Oedipus continues on his way and gets to Thebes and solves the riddle of the Sphinx and he then becomes ____ Oedipus _____ of the city. He's then taken to meet the queen and the queen says until the king arrives we will give you a reward. As time passes, the Hero aka ____ marries queen ____. The faithful servant tells her the king was killed by a band of men to cover up the fact that it was only one person. The servant is released to become a shepherd in the wilderness.
Hero, Savior, Oedipus, Jocasta
Antigone and Creon BOTH make a mistake called the _____.
Homartia
The king finds out and throws ___ out and curses him. The curse is this " You will have a son who kills his father". He returns to ___ and now he is ____ King Laius and this is what starts all the sadness in the story of ____. He goes home and doesn't tell his wife ___, eventually she becomes pregnant and has a son.
Laius, Thebes, cursed, Oedipus, Jocasta
Back Story of Oedipus: King ____ goes to a neighboring city state, he's welcomed by the king but Laius broke a very important Greek idea called ____- which means kindness to people on the road. While he was there, Laius rapes the son named ____ and this is what's called the Rape of Chrysippus.
Laius, Xenia, Chrysippus
The ____ and Bacchants, mostly the Bacchants (women) would have a _____- staff with a pine cone wrapped in leaves. They would worship, drink wine, and play the tambourine, beat on drums and pipes and during the height of this "ceremony", they would become frenzied and would rip apart a live animal and this is called _____. They would then eat the flesh while worshiping Dionysus and a lot of good came from the worship of him.
Maenads, thyrsus, sparagmos
Thus equipped, he flew to the GORGONS, who lived on the edge of the world . Two of the Gorgons were immortal; the third, ___, was ___. Those who looked on their faces were turned to stone. Guided by Athena, Perseus, looking at the Gorgon's reflection in the shield, beheaded Medusa and put her head in the bag. Medusa had been loved by Poseidon, and from her body sprang their children, CHRYSAOR ("golden sword"), and the winged horse, ___ .
Medusa, mortal, pegasus
Theseus' most important myth is the killing of the ___ ( child of Qeen Pasiphone and bull of Posedion), the monstrous son of MINOS and PASIPHAË, which was shut up in the ___ in the palace of Minos at KNOSSOS. While visiting Athens, Androgeos, son of Minos, was killed by the Athenians, and Minos attacked Athens , in a war of revenge. As a result, the Athenians agreed to send fourteen girls and boys every seven years to be devoured by the Minotaur, and Theseus volunteered to go.
Minotaur, Labyrinth
Orpheus (IN OVID): _____ is the god of arts, her son was ____ and he inherited his "god like" voice, He could make rocks cry and was also his weapon. Animals, trees, everybody loved Orpheus. He was one of the ____. Orpheus went to the bottom of the underworld to talk to Hades and Persephone to ask for his wife back and as he was going by, he went through all the traditional sinners of the underworld and he was signing along his way. ____ was one of the sinners who chopped up his son and tried to feed it to the gods and was punished in the underworld by being starving with a pool of water and grapes and every time he would try to eat or drink, it would go away.
Muse, Orpheus, Arganots, Tantalas,
____ ____- came from prehistory and were formed around certain gods which dealt with ____ and after life but were also very ____. Mystery religions focused on one particular ___/___ and participation in this religion was believed to gain a personal relationship and the god would then recognize the follower in the ___ life.
Mystery Religions, mystery, secret, god/goddess, after
___ ____ to ____- developed tragedy, and this was the origin of tragedy. ____- was the most complicated religion ("immortality of the soul").
Mystery Worship Donysus, Orphism
____ religions were widespread, but you could participate in ___ than one religion, they weren't exclusive. The ____ religion was the longest religion and the most widespread , it lasted ____ years and also lasted into the Christian Era.
Mystery religions, more, Eleusinian, 2,000
____ is the highest in position because he's a good king and also a hero. The second highest in position is ____ she's a princess and the third highest in position is ____- at the end he lost his son,wife,niece, and now he has to live with guilt knowing his son died hating him.
Oedipus, Antigone, Creon
At the same time, ____ is heading away from ____ and Oedipus and king Laius meet in a narrow road. King Laius hits him on the head to knock him out of the way. ____ feared for his life and fought king Laius and his men, and in self-defense, kills ____ and the men EXCEPT for the faithful servant. The servant recognizes Oedipus and goes back to Thebes by another way.
Oedipus, Corinth, Oedipus, Laius
_____ calls ____ to help him find the murder. Tiresias knows the truth but withholds information. Sophocles also uses ____- the audience knows something but the actors don't.
Oedipus, Tiresias, irony
_____- these were the places of prophecy (ex: Zeus had Dedona). Greeks thought they could go and seek help here.
Oracles
People in the underworld began to weep. ____ is all about the immortality of the soul. ___ was orphic so he wrote a lot about the immortality of the soul.
Orphism, Plato
____- is the grain stored under the earth after the harvest (symbolic). Persephone goes back to Hades in the ____, but comes back/reborn in the ____. This is a crop cycle myth.
Persephone, winter, spring
The sheperd says it's an answer to the prayers from his king and queen and gives it to him. The shepherd takes the baby, still not knowing where/who he's from or belongs to. The shepherd gives the baby to king ___ and Queen ___, but saw that he had weird wounds on his ankles, so they named him ____- meaning swollen foot.
Polylous, Merope, Oedipus
Oedipus becomes the King of ____ and he still doesn't know. Time passes, Jocasta and Oedipus have 4 children (brothers/sisters/children) has 2 sons and 2 daughters. Then there's a new plague of Thebes. Oedipus is a very ____ king and he's upset about the plague. He says " I sent Creon to Delphi". ____ is royalty, he's a trusted adviser to go to _____ to ask how to get rid of the plague.
Thebes, good, Creon, Delphi
Here are a few characteristics of the tragic hero: 1. He must be ___ (noble in actions and also, preferably, in birth; often shown by his/her speech), but she/he's not perfect (that wouldn't be believable). The hero is trying to do right. 2. He must make a ___ ( ____ - often an error of judgment). 3. He must have a fall (sometimes called a ___) going from good fortune to bad fortune, that is from a good life situation to an awful life situation. 4. He ideally should have a ___, in which he realizes what had gone wrong (what his mistake or error in judgment was) or that he was seriously ___ about life. 5. The recognition comes too late for the tragic hero to stop disaster from happening - it's sad. That's why it's a tragedy!
good, mistake, hamartia, reversal, recognition, decieved
The ____ are trying to teach the audience when performing.
tragedians
The ___ were performed at the festival of ____ in Athens. All Greek writers would come from all over the ___ and show their plays off in front of everyone and the people would vote and determine the winners.
tragedies, Dionysus, Mediterranean
A ____ is a MIMGis--> ____ meaning "mirror" "portrayal" of life. The tragedy tells the tale of a good person, who through ____ particular mistake causes his/her own downfall! So sad! Tragic!
tragedy, mimesis, one
Oedipus freaks out about the news from the oracle and decides to leave ____ to never return to get away from this oracle. Meanwhile in _____, there's a big problem because the city is being tormented by the ____ (plague, death, illness) which was a horrible monster that had a beautiful face, a body of a lion, and a tail of a dragon. The ___ wouldn't let anyone into ____ unless they could answer the riddle, and this is what's called the ____ of the _____.
Corinth, Thebes, Sphinx, Sphinx, Thebes, Riddle, Sphinx
Oedipus then becomes Prince Oedipus of ____. He grows up good and holy. One night there's a big banquet at the palace where there's lots of wine and a drunk guest tells Oedipus that he's not a prince, he's just a ____ (someone that's found) and says "You're just a foundling bastard".
Corinth, foundling
_____ and ____'s faults are: Pride, but more particularly, stubborn/hardheaded.
Creon, Antigone's
When ___ returns he is told by ____ that " the murderer of Laius is living in Thebes". So Oedipus sets out to find the murderer. Oedipus is in the ____ but he has sight.
Creon, Apollo, dark
Now ____ has to be the king again of a city state torn by war, the government has fallen apart, and is very fragile. Because of this, Creon establishes ____ ____- establishes order after war is over to keep order and to ensure safety of the citizens and he says that Etocles defended Thebes so he gets a proper military burial with all the honors so he can go to the underworld, but ____ is a traitor therefore he remains unburied to be left out on the side of a hill.
Creon, Martial Law, Polynieces
Back story to ANTIGONE: ____ is now the fall back king. ____ and ____ (Oedipus' sons) are given rule of Thebes by Creon and are joint rulers. Of course there's a power struggle. ____ took the throne and banished ____. Polynieces was very angry and went to a nearby city state called Argos and built/hired an army to march on his own city to gain the crown back. _____ fought back and a civil war broke out. ____ attacks and kills his own neighbors and friends. After a long time, Etocles meets Polynices face to face and they fight in hand to hand combat and both kill each other.
Creon, Polynieces, Etocles, Etocles, Polynieces, Etocles, Polynieces
The myth of Demeter is where the ____ religion came from. _____ (ceres) god of grain, had her daughter _____ and one day she was out in the field and vanished. Demeter couldn't find her, she searched in sadness for ___ days (which makes her a ___ goddess). After 9 days, ____ (the son) told her that ___ had kidnapped her with permission of Zeus and Demeter was PISSED. So, she started wondering the earth and quit working, and because of this, the crops started dying.
Elusinian, Demeter, Persephone, 9, suffering, Helios, Hades
Hermes and Athena advised Perseus how to perform the task, telling him first to go to the three ___ (ALA the ___ Hags) and sisters of the Gorgons, who between them had but one eye and one tooth. Perseus got hold of the eye and tooth, and gave them back only when the sisters told him the way to certain ___ ___ who possessed three magic objects. From them he received a knapsack (kibisis) to safely contain Medusa's head. Zeus (or Hermes) gave him an adamantine sword (the scimitar) and Hades' helm of darkness to hide. Hermes lent Perseus winged sandals to fly, while Athena gave him a polished shield. Perseus then proceeded to the Gorgons' cave.
Graeae, gray, stygian nymphs
There were 2 festivals every year: The ___ and The ____. The ____ was in the spring (when persephone would come). The ____ was in the fall (preparing for Persephone to go to the underworld). People would make long journeys to ____ to initiate. These festivals would last ___ days that consisted of praying, singing, fasting, sacrifices, and the last day is when the secrets would be revealed and a ___ would surround the revealing of the secrets. The fast would be broken and they would drink ____. This gave meaning to their lives, and hope for the ____ life.
Greater, Lesser, Lesser, Greater, Elesus, 9, performance, kykaeon, after
___ ____- alters that were built to bring offerings, which were open air alters for the gods. Ritual sacrifices were made. Cities were built in honor of the gods. Greek people believed they were created by a god, and their religion was a part of their everyday life.
Greek Panthenon
The Labors of Theseus. On his journey from Troezen to Athens, Theseus performed six labors: 1. He killed a son of Hephaestus, PERIPHETES , from the club that was his weapon. 2. He killed ___ ("pine-bender"), by tying him to two bent trees, which he then released; this had been the way in which Sinis killed his victims. 3. He killed the monstrous Sow of Crommyon. 4. He killed ___, who kicked travelers on the narrow path on the sea-cliffs into the sea, where a huge turtle devoured them. Theseus killed him in the same way. 5. He wrestled to the death with CERCYON at Eleusis. 6. He killed ___ ("the ___"), who would kill travelers by making them lie on a bed. He would hammer out those who were too short, until they ___ the bed, and he would shorten with a saw those who were too long. Theseus killed him by his own methods.
Sinis, Sciron, Procrustes, stretcher, fitted
The myth of Oedipus is an ancient myth. ___ is considered the best and is known best for Oedipus the King.
Sophocles
_____'s talent is that there's a lot of light and dark imagery in his plays. There's a holy seer in Thebes called _____ and he is a very well respected ____ prophet, but he lives in the _____ whereas Oedipus lives in the ____.
Sophocles's, Tiresias, blind, light, dark
Homer---->then _____ "Tragedy dudes"wrote about Oedipus and Antigone. Time period from ___-___ B.C.---> then ____ "philosopher dudes" (lived after the Golden age) and he wrote the poetics from ___ to ___ B.C.
Sophocles, 500-400, Aristotle, 400-300
____ added the 3rd actor. ____ said that Oedipus the King was the best tragedy ever written and it is still considered the best today. ___ said that years after ____ died.
Sophocles, Aristotle, Aristotle, Sophocles
Other mythographers find different patterns. Joseph Campbell describes his Hero's Journey as: 1. Call to ____ 2. Helper 3. Crossing 4. Tests/Helpers 5. Supreme ___ 6. Flight 7.Return 8. Boon.
adventure, ordeal
Aristotle's Poetics: In the ___ century B.C, Aristotle wrote a work on literature called the ___, in which he tried to suggest what made literature successful. Aristotle's Poetics remains the most influential work of literary criticism every written. In the Poetics, Aritstotle wrote mostly about ___ and often used Oedipus the King as a good example.
fourth, Poetics, tragedy,
The riddle of the sphinx goes " what has 4 legs in the morning, 2 legs at noon, and 3 legs at night"? and the answer is ____ (starts out as a baby, then starts to walk on 2 legs, and then needs a cane as humans gets older). ____ wants to get rid of the ____ so he and his men go to the oracle in which the ____ servant is with him, to ask how to get rid of the sphinx.
man, Laius, sphinx, faithful
What happens when we die? How does one live? These questions were typically answered by the Greeks in the ___. Greek people wondered what happens when we die.
philosophies
Perseus and Andromeda flew back to Seriphos, leaving a son, Perses, to inherit the kingdom of Cepheus. At Seriphos, Perseus found Danaë and Dictys being threatened by Polydectes, whom he turned to ___. Leaving Dictys as king, he returned to Argos with Andromeda and Danaë (whom he had released), and gave the winged sandals, the kibisis, and the Cap of Invisibility to Hermes (who returned them to the nymphs), along with the scimitar. To Athena he gave the Gorgon's head, which she placed in the middle of her aegis or shield.
stone
The Greeks were very religious, they believed that different gods gave them different ____.
skills
Perseus: Acrisius was the King Of Argos. An oracle foretold that the son of ___ , the only child of Acrisius, would kill her father. Acrisius shut Danaë up in a dungeon (or tower), but Zeus "got" to her anyway, entering in the form of a shower of gold. Their child was ___ , whom Acrisius discovered after four years from the noise the child made by playing. He placed Danaë and Perseus into a chest, which he put into the sea. It floated to Seriphos, where it was found by ___. (his brother is ___, the King of Seriphos), Dictys rescued Danaë and her son and gave them shelter in his home. Meanwhile, Polydectes fell in lust with Danaë, who refused him. Perseus wanted to protect his ma from creepy Polydectes. Later, Polydectes ordered the men of Seriphos (including Perseus, now grown) each to give him a horse. When Perseus said, "I can as easily give you the Gorgon's head," Polydectes ordered him to perform this task, expecting to get rid of Perseus.
Danae, Perseus, Dictys, Polydectes
Oedipus was very upset by the remark from the drunk guest and asks his parents, but his parents tell him not to listen to drunk people. Oedipus was still disturbed by this comment and he then sets out to ____ to ask the oracles about what the drunk guest said, and this was the ____ thing to do. The oracle tells him " You will kill your ___ and marry your ___ ".
Delphi, right, father, mother
____ is the god of inspiration and excess.
Dionysus
____ is also called the twice born god. He is the god of all body fluids, wine, sexual fluids, which happen to do with his birth. He had to be taken away from Hera so he was raised in the area of ____ raised by ____- (nature deity) and goats. Because of his upbringing, Dionysus is a wild child. His tutor is ____ and he helped in raising him too. Dionysus discovered the grape vine and created wine and set off to show people about wine.
Dionysus, Nysa, Satyrs, Selenus
____ (Bacchus) god of wine. Considered a two sided god. ____ vs. ____. The only god who's mother was a mortal named ____ and his father is Zeus. Hera got jealous and disguised herself and told Semele to test Zeus by proving himself and Zeus revealed himself and ended up catching her on fire. Zeus couldn't save her, but he plucked ____ from her womb so Zeus saved him to his thigh (close to wiener and bizalls).
Dionysus, Temperance, excess, Semele, Dionysus,
Three Influential Religions were ____ mysteries, Mystery worship (___) to ____, & ____. If you participated in these religions, you would become ____ and a full member of the mystery religions and then you would learn the ____.
Eleusinian, Cult, Dionysus, Orphism, initiated, secrets
Demeter is still very angry and wandered to the town of ____ and disguised herself as an old tired ____. She sat at the well and king _____ and Queen ____ took her into their palace, in which Demeter told them she was looking for her daughter. Queen Metaniera offered her a job as a _____ of the Queen's son ____. As a gift, Demeter made Demophoon ____.
Eleusis, hag, Celeus, Metaniera, nanny, Demophoon, immortal
How does a myth drive mystery religions, why were myths formed?
The personal relationship and understanding of the suffering servant (God) is to help them in the after life.
Demeter would feed Demophoon _____ and placed him in the fire. Time passes, the queen becomes suspicious and started questioning Demter, she starts doubting her. At night, the queen hides and saw her putting the baby in the fire and freaks out and snatches Demophoon. Demeter reveals herself and spills with ____ and smells of _____ and Demeter tells the queen that her son won't be immortal, and the queen immediately falls down in _____.
ambrosia, life, flowers, worship
Upon Jocasta giving birth, Laius tells her of the curse and they decide to get rid of the baby boy by nailing him to a board through his ___ and call a faithful servant to leave the baby in the ____. The faithful servant goes out to ___ ___ and feels pity, but low and behold there's a shepherd from ___ and the servant tells the shepherd that he found a baby, but doesn't tell him where from. This is where the servant broke ___.
ankles, fields, Mount Cithareon, Corinth, order
Demeter refused food because she was fasting but asked for a drink, and she made it out of fermented ___ (beer), water, & ____ and this is called _____- it's the sacred drink of the ____ religion.
barley, mint, Kykaeon, Eleusian
If anyone attempting to bury Plynieces, that person will be put to ____. Creon wanted to bring Thebes under order. Creon was in full rights to put this martial law into place. Creon is Polynieces uncle. Creon is acting as the ___/____. ____ hears the law of Creon but doesn't care because god's law is to bury their family. Antigone is going to be really brave. Creon has to act as the king, he has to be the government.---> ____ vs. The ____.
death, state/government, Antigone, Individual, State
Dionysus left his homeland and roams the earth showing people how to make wine. His followers believed when they would drink wine, Dionysus would be in them, and this is called ___- meaning enthusiasm, god within. This allowed them to write the ___/___. Males would ritualistically get together and drink wine and share ideas.
emntheos, tragedies/plays
Here are a few of his conclusions: Tragedy is intended to be an imitation (___) of a significant action that is normally fictional but that does illustrate something about what life is like. The action includes the fall from good circumstances to awful circumstances of a tragic hero because of his ___ (mistake). The fall of the hero from good to bad circumstances causes the audience to feel ___ and fear, and then a ___ (purging or clarification?) of those emotions: pity for the good hero, fear that his tragedy might happen to them. This pity and fear seems to be dependent upon the audience's ability to ___ with the tragic hero, who is a good person trying to do right.
mimesis, hamartia, pity, catharsis, identify
The following is from Lord Raglan. 1. The hero's ___ is royal, a virgin, or both. 2. His ___ is a king. 3. The circumstances regarding his conception and birth are ___. 4. He is reputed to be the son of a ___. 5. At birth, an attempt is made to ___ him. 6. He is spirited away, and 7. He is reared by foster-parents in a ___ country. 8. On reaching manhood, he travels to (returns) to his ___ kingdom. 9. He often makes a ___ to the Underworld, has a conquest of death, or the shades visit him. 10. After he triumphs over the king and/or giant, dragon, or beast, 11. He marries a ___, and 12. He becomes a King. 13. Eventually, he loses favor with his subjects (or the gods) and 14. He meets an unusual/mysterious death. 15. He has ___ children to succeed him. 16. His body is not buried, but 17. He has one or more holy sepulchres.
mother, father, unusual, god, kill, far, future, journey, princess, no
The tragedy writers did not invent the ___, they took them and turned them into plays.
myths
All the mystery religions (i.e. Eleusinian, Mystery worship, & Orphism) grew from the ____ of these gods. ____ grew from the Elesinian mysteries, ____ grew from Mystery worship, and ____ grew from Orphism.
myths, Demeter, Dionysus, Orpheus
When this happens the audience should feel ___ (for the proper hero, a good person trying to do the right thing) and ___ because his fall (if it could happen to that good person, it could happen to me!) and then the audience experiences a ___. What catharsis is is difficult to ascertain. Some consider it a purging or cleaning of emotions, some consider it more of a learning experience - a moment of self-realization. Aristotle never says. The best tragedy, however, is one where the hero (due to his own mistake) falls the ___. The most tragic is the biggest fall - from the highest to the lowest.
pity, fear, catharsis, farthest
Greek _____ permeated Greek life, the myths teach where people come from.
religion
All these gods (i.e. Demeter, Dionysus, & Orpheus) share something in common which is the characteristics of the " _____ gods", the ones that had to deal with some event that makes them ____. These gods deal with dying and coming back to ___, life after death.
suffering, relatable, life
In Campbell's cycle, the hero is separated from his familiar surroundings and goes on a journey alone. He undergoes trials/tests as a sort of initiation, during which he grapples with ___ forces or powers and gains a new understanding of himself in relation to his community and to the gods. He returns to share the new vision with his fellows.
supernatural,
Demeter then makes the queen and king build her a ____ and she gave them the secrets. This is how the mystery started in ____. People were starving because Demeter stopped working, so Zeus realized that everybody would starve to death so he told ____ to release Persephone. Hades fed Persephone ____ seeds and let her free. Her mother greeted her joyfully and she asked Persephone if she had eaten anything and she said yes, which meant that for the part of every year, she would have to go back to see Hades.
temple, Elesis, Hades, pomegranate
