English 332- Jimmerson
Verbal Behavior:
1967; B.F. Skinner; Behavioral Structuralism
There are ___ Liberal Arts.
7
Neoclassic Period.
Age of Reason(Enlightenment)
In 350 BC, _____ mentioned the term conjunction.
Aristotle
What are the Quadriviums?
Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music
Studied the behavior; not why they do it, but what they do.
Behaviorism
Best surviving example of Old English.
Beowulf(1000)
People who followed behind Bloomfield and his use of language; believe language is learned through repetition:
Bloomfield Structuralists; Bloomfieldians
The Printing Press helped make more ___, _____ the language, and ____ literacy rates.
Books, stabilize, increase
A Dictionary of the English Language:
By Samuel Johnson; most comprehensive of all dictionaries written at the time.
How are non-kernel sentences described?
By their transformations
Original habitats of British Isles.
Celtic
Course in General Linguistics is written by:
Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye
American English Grammar:
Charles C. Fries; descriptive; focuses on usage
Wrote book in 1859 that focuses on evolution, change, and scientific ideas:
Charles Darwin
What happened after the Civil War in England?
Charles I was beheaded and there was no king in England for 11 years; the Cromwells and other Puritans kept control of England.
Best example of Middle English:
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales
What flaws did Chomsky point out in Skinner's book?
Children are not always grammatically correct; we don't always repeat what we hear; we are able to read and understand what we have never heard or seen before; there are words that are used all the time that should be among the first words learned by children if Skinner's theory is correct, but they are actually among the last.
Words have to make sense with each other.
Collocation
Unconscious knowledge that a speaker has:
Competence
How did Leonard research usage of language?
Compiled list of a hundred questionable usage problems; sent to various people with backgrounds in language (English Teacher, editors, etc.); he had them identify the questions one of 3 ways; looked at responses, combined research, and compiled books
Jacob Grimm was interested in how we used _____ and compared them with other languages.
Consonants
When Saussere died, two of his students used his notes and published:
Course in General Linguistics
Latin and Sanskrit are both _____ languages.
Dead
Scholars/ linguistics set the rules; everyone else follows the rules:
Deductive Approach
Structural approach; describing language; Europe in the 1900s.
Describing Grammar
Focus is to describe the structure and pattern of language (how people use the language):
Descriptive Grammar
Observe and record how people actually use language:
Descriptive Grammarians
Historical approach:
Diachronic Linguistics
Wrote The Art of Grammar.
Dionysius Thrax
What are the three grammar rules we see from the 1700s?
Do not use double negatives, do not split an infinitive, no preposition at the end of a sentence
Maybe usage should be thought of as appropriate or inappropriate; Good English and Standard English.
Doctrine of Usage
Wrote standard Latin Textbook:
Donatus
Shared habits of a community of speakers; may also include ideas of what a language is:
E-Language (external)
What are the two categories of Modern English?
Early Modern(1500-1850); Late Modern(1800-Present)
Germanic language; Analytic; VO; Infinitive is two words:
English
What did the 4 writers believe needed to happen?
English Language needed to be purified; have a system of rules, and then set it in stone
Professor in Switzerland; taught linguistics; Did not publish much of anything.
Ferdinand de Saussere
What 3 ways were the questions to be labeled by the people who received Leonard's letters?
Formally correct (Literary English); Colloquial (Standard/Every day English); Uneducated (Naïve)
Chomsky came to believe several rules can be supplied ____ or ____.
Generally; Universally
Spoke German; did not speak English; was not concerned about English Academy:
George I of Hanover
Who became king after British Queen Anne?
George I of Hanover (Hanover in Germany)
Spoke more than six languages; believed language, morality, and hygiene all go together:
George Perkins Marsh
Modern English, Its Growth and Present Use:
George Philip Krapp; very descriptive
Romans began to retreat in 436 AD, and in 449 AD _____ invaders arrived in British Isles.
Germanic
Angles, Jutes, Saxons.
Germanic Invaders
Old French was based on both ____ and ____ influences.
Germanic and Latin
Less formal, but not awful:
Good English
1980-Present:
Government and Binding Theory
Study of the classes of words and their functions and relations in sentences; what is preferred and what should be avoided in language.
Grammar
The Solitaires wanted to write a ____ of all the known languages of their day.
Grammar
Brought up the concepts of inflection vs. collocation.
Grammatica Speculativa
Set of principles on how we use consonants in Germanic languages compared to other IE languages:
Grimm's Law
Historians study the history of different languages and compare them:
Historical-grammar approach
Mental knowledge a native speaker has:
I-Language (internal)
Observe good writers, infer how language works; Joseph and George Campbell, minority:
Inductive Approach
What are some of the influences on vocabulary from Late Modern English?
Industrialization; Imperialism (expansion of British Empire); War; Technology
Specific words in specific spots.
Inflection
Believed in behaviorism, influenced Bloomfield.
J.B. Watson
German writer who wrote books about German Grammar and the German language:
Jacob Grimm
Who were the four great writers that believed we needed to set rules?
John Dryde, Daniel DeFoe, Jonathan Swift, Samuel Johnson
Basic sentences; simple; active voice; makes statement; have some phrase structure(ps) rules:
Kernel Sentences
The first wave(1950s-Late 1970s) was more ________, and the second wave(1980-Present) was _______.
Language Specific; Universal Grammar
Italic/Romance language; Synthetic; OV; Infinitive is one word:
Latin
English grammar rules are sometimes based on ______, but it is a ______ language.
Latin, Germanic
Studied German, Sanskrit, Tagalong, Algonquin; focused more on differences than commonalities; came to believe linguistics is a physical science.
Leonard Bloomfield
Educated people studied ______.
Liberal Arts
Born in US, later moved to England; best-selling author in early 1800s, wrote 11 textbooks:
Lindly Murray
English Grammar, Adapted to the Different Classes of Learners:
Lindly Murray
The scientific study of language and its structure.
Linguistic
What is spoken; not why; language is learned by repetition.
Linguistic Behaviorism
What are the Triviums?
Logic, Rhetoric, Grammar
The Printing Press was located in _____.
London
How did Fries research the usage of language?
Looked at over 3,000 letters people had written to the government, took into account their educational level and occupations; and then identified the people in one of three way; then combined research and wrote books
Where is Chomsky a professor at?
MIT
Which two organizations sponsored linguistics studies in the United States?
MLA; NCTE
People became interested in grammar during this time.
Middle Ages (500-1500)
The mixture of Old French and Old English is called:
Middle English
Chomsky came to believe that the ___ is an important part; that we have in our ____ the ability to process language.
Mind; brain
MLA:
Modern Language Association; 1883
People living and working during 1250-1350 that studied grammar.
Modistae
Study of the forms of things.
Morphology
NCTE:
National Council of Teachers of English; 1911
Many American English words are based on _______ words.
Native American
Most influential in American Linguistics:
Noah Chomsky
Who wrote a response to Skinner's book?
Noah Chomsky
An American Dictionary of the English Language:
Noah Webster
When William the Conqueror conquered the Anglo Saxons, it was known as ____, and they spoke ______.
Norman conquest; A version of Old French
In 1204, ____ was lost to France.
Normandy
In 850 when Northern European, Norse (Norway), invaders came to the British Isles, they brought ____.
Northern Germanic Language
Language Angles, Jutes, Saxons spoke when they invaded (brought Western Germanic Language).
Old English
What are the three English Languages?
Old(500-1100), Middle(1100-1500), Modern
The breaking down of sentences (function and part of speech).
Parsing
Between 500 BC- 500 AD, the classical period introduced _____.
Parts of Speech
What happened during the Neoclassic Period?
People reading more; they started thinking differently; Age of scientific discovery and exploration; significant political chaos occurred
Actual production of sentences:
Performance
Study and classification of speech sounds.
Phonetics
In 400 BC, _____ mentioned the concept of noun and verb.
Plato
Based on Latin; pre means before; placed BEFORE a noun.
Preposition
Approach to grammar that is based on a system of rules; given by teachers and followed by students.
Prescriptive Grammar
Idea of the system of rules; do's and don'ts; originated in England in 1700s.
Prescriptive Grammar
Includes judgments on socially correct usage; based on Latin; but sometimes based on personal preference:
Prescriptive Grammar
Prestigious dialect of the language; manners or etiquette.
Prescriptive Grammar
Modern English:
Pronunciation different than Middle English, Great Vowel Shift: vowels start being used at front of mouth, silent E, etc.
What is the English Academy?
Regularity oversight over the language; Dryden appointed to establish it; Swift wrote letter to the treasurer hoping it would get funded; Academy never happened
Table Alphabeticall:
Robert Caudrey; 1st English dictionary
_____ invaded British Isles in 55 BC and stayed there for awhile.
Romans
After the tough times, what are people looking for?
Rules, logic, guidelines; see desire to regulate and control language
What was anthropologist Edward Sapir's hypothesis?
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Whether the way a person speaks affects how they see the world.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Concerned with the meaning of words.
Semantics
Who was one of the biggest contributors to Early Modern English and added many vocab words to the English Language?
Shakespeare (1564-1616)
By Robert Lowthe; intended to be used as a textbook; wrote many rules on personal preferences.
Short Introduction to English Grammar
Judge from the late 1700s; lived and worked in India; compared Latin and Sanskrit; British:
Sir William Jones
Group of men who went to live at Port Royal School in France.
Solitaires
How grammar mirrored nature; from Latin word speculum.
Speculative Grammar
Classroom; more correct and formal:
Standard English
Thoughtful and proper use of the language used by educated people.
Standard English
What three ways did Fries label the people whose letters he researched?
Standard English; Common English; Vulgar English
1950s-late 1970s; Chomsky's theory:
Standard Theory
Current English Usage:
Sterling Leonard; Descriptive; focuses on usage
Studying language as an independent system:
Synchronic Language
The arrangement of words and phrases into well-formed sentences.
Syntax
Rebirth of culture and scholarship in Europe in 1500-1650, interest in arts and music.
The Renaissance
Made English the language of Court and Parliament.
The Statute of Pleading
What all did the Greeks create?
The alphabet, conjugation, declension, parsing
When Old French and Old English were brought to the same place, what things might happen?
They would combine, both would die, or both existed
Who wrote Grammatica Speculativa in 1300?
Thomas of Erfurt
Divided words into 8 categories or 8 parts of speech.
Thrax
Lived in Alexandria(Egypt) which was established by Greeks.
Thrax
Biological approach; Interested in mind; Unconscious knowledge; Mid 20th century.
Transformational- Generative
There may be some _________ no matter what language you may study.
Universal Features
Every day(ordinary) languages.
Vernacular
What is the primary difference between early modern and late modern English?
Vocabulary
First English printer in 1476.
William Caxton
Professor at Yale; lived in 1800s; Professor at Sanskrit; wrote textbooks for Sanskrit, English, German, French; one of the first to consider sociological influences of language(who is using the language):
William Dwight Whitney
In 1066, ______(Duke of Normandy) invaded and conquered the Anglo Saxons.
William the Conqueror
Professor at U of Penn; Structuralist; had Chomsky as a student:
Zellig Harris
Institutiones Grammatical:
by Priscian; also used the 8 parts of speech
For every bit of communication we do, you must:
consider your audience and purpose
To plus a verb; based on Latin:
infinitive