English 332- Jimmerson

Verbal Behavior:

1967; B.F. Skinner; Behavioral Structuralism

There are ___ Liberal Arts.

7

Neoclassic Period.

Age of Reason(Enlightenment)

In 350 BC, _____ mentioned the term conjunction.

Aristotle

What are the Quadriviums?

Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music

Studied the behavior; not why they do it, but what they do.

Behaviorism

Best surviving example of Old English.

Beowulf(1000)

People who followed behind Bloomfield and his use of language; believe language is learned through repetition:

Bloomfield Structuralists; Bloomfieldians

The Printing Press helped make more ___, _____ the language, and ____ literacy rates.

Books, stabilize, increase

A Dictionary of the English Language:

By Samuel Johnson; most comprehensive of all dictionaries written at the time.

How are non-kernel sentences described?

By their transformations

Original habitats of British Isles.

Celtic

Course in General Linguistics is written by:

Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye

American English Grammar:

Charles C. Fries; descriptive; focuses on usage

Wrote book in 1859 that focuses on evolution, change, and scientific ideas:

Charles Darwin

What happened after the Civil War in England?

Charles I was beheaded and there was no king in England for 11 years; the Cromwells and other Puritans kept control of England.

Best example of Middle English:

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales

What flaws did Chomsky point out in Skinner's book?

Children are not always grammatically correct; we don't always repeat what we hear; we are able to read and understand what we have never heard or seen before; there are words that are used all the time that should be among the first words learned by children if Skinner's theory is correct, but they are actually among the last.

Words have to make sense with each other.

Collocation

Unconscious knowledge that a speaker has:

Competence

How did Leonard research usage of language?

Compiled list of a hundred questionable usage problems; sent to various people with backgrounds in language (English Teacher, editors, etc.); he had them identify the questions one of 3 ways; looked at responses, combined research, and compiled books

Jacob Grimm was interested in how we used _____ and compared them with other languages.

Consonants

When Saussere died, two of his students used his notes and published:

Course in General Linguistics

Latin and Sanskrit are both _____ languages.

Dead

Scholars/ linguistics set the rules; everyone else follows the rules:

Deductive Approach

Structural approach; describing language; Europe in the 1900s.

Describing Grammar

Focus is to describe the structure and pattern of language (how people use the language):

Descriptive Grammar

Observe and record how people actually use language:

Descriptive Grammarians

Historical approach:

Diachronic Linguistics

Wrote The Art of Grammar.

Dionysius Thrax

What are the three grammar rules we see from the 1700s?

Do not use double negatives, do not split an infinitive, no preposition at the end of a sentence

Maybe usage should be thought of as appropriate or inappropriate; Good English and Standard English.

Doctrine of Usage

Wrote standard Latin Textbook:

Donatus

Shared habits of a community of speakers; may also include ideas of what a language is:

E-Language (external)

What are the two categories of Modern English?

Early Modern(1500-1850); Late Modern(1800-Present)

Germanic language; Analytic; VO; Infinitive is two words:

English

What did the 4 writers believe needed to happen?

English Language needed to be purified; have a system of rules, and then set it in stone

Professor in Switzerland; taught linguistics; Did not publish much of anything.

Ferdinand de Saussere

What 3 ways were the questions to be labeled by the people who received Leonard's letters?

Formally correct (Literary English); Colloquial (Standard/Every day English); Uneducated (Naïve)

Chomsky came to believe several rules can be supplied ____ or ____.

Generally; Universally

Spoke German; did not speak English; was not concerned about English Academy:

George I of Hanover

Who became king after British Queen Anne?

George I of Hanover (Hanover in Germany)

Spoke more than six languages; believed language, morality, and hygiene all go together:

George Perkins Marsh

Modern English, Its Growth and Present Use:

George Philip Krapp; very descriptive

Romans began to retreat in 436 AD, and in 449 AD _____ invaders arrived in British Isles.

Germanic

Angles, Jutes, Saxons.

Germanic Invaders

Old French was based on both ____ and ____ influences.

Germanic and Latin

Less formal, but not awful:

Good English

1980-Present:

Government and Binding Theory

Study of the classes of words and their functions and relations in sentences; what is preferred and what should be avoided in language.

Grammar

The Solitaires wanted to write a ____ of all the known languages of their day.

Grammar

Brought up the concepts of inflection vs. collocation.

Grammatica Speculativa

Set of principles on how we use consonants in Germanic languages compared to other IE languages:

Grimm's Law

Historians study the history of different languages and compare them:

Historical-grammar approach

Mental knowledge a native speaker has:

I-Language (internal)

Observe good writers, infer how language works; Joseph and George Campbell, minority:

Inductive Approach

What are some of the influences on vocabulary from Late Modern English?

Industrialization; Imperialism (expansion of British Empire); War; Technology

Specific words in specific spots.

Inflection

Believed in behaviorism, influenced Bloomfield.

J.B. Watson

German writer who wrote books about German Grammar and the German language:

Jacob Grimm

Who were the four great writers that believed we needed to set rules?

John Dryde, Daniel DeFoe, Jonathan Swift, Samuel Johnson

Basic sentences; simple; active voice; makes statement; have some phrase structure(ps) rules:

Kernel Sentences

The first wave(1950s-Late 1970s) was more ________, and the second wave(1980-Present) was _______.

Language Specific; Universal Grammar

Italic/Romance language; Synthetic; OV; Infinitive is one word:

Latin

English grammar rules are sometimes based on ______, but it is a ______ language.

Latin, Germanic

Studied German, Sanskrit, Tagalong, Algonquin; focused more on differences than commonalities; came to believe linguistics is a physical science.

Leonard Bloomfield

Educated people studied ______.

Liberal Arts

Born in US, later moved to England; best-selling author in early 1800s, wrote 11 textbooks:

Lindly Murray

English Grammar, Adapted to the Different Classes of Learners:

Lindly Murray

The scientific study of language and its structure.

Linguistic

What is spoken; not why; language is learned by repetition.

Linguistic Behaviorism

What are the Triviums?

Logic, Rhetoric, Grammar

The Printing Press was located in _____.

London

How did Fries research the usage of language?

Looked at over 3,000 letters people had written to the government, took into account their educational level and occupations; and then identified the people in one of three way; then combined research and wrote books

Where is Chomsky a professor at?

MIT

Which two organizations sponsored linguistics studies in the United States?

MLA; NCTE

People became interested in grammar during this time.

Middle Ages (500-1500)

The mixture of Old French and Old English is called:

Middle English

Chomsky came to believe that the ___ is an important part; that we have in our ____ the ability to process language.

Mind; brain

MLA:

Modern Language Association; 1883

People living and working during 1250-1350 that studied grammar.

Modistae

Study of the forms of things.

Morphology

NCTE:

National Council of Teachers of English; 1911

Many American English words are based on _______ words.

Native American

Most influential in American Linguistics:

Noah Chomsky

Who wrote a response to Skinner's book?

Noah Chomsky

An American Dictionary of the English Language:

Noah Webster

When William the Conqueror conquered the Anglo Saxons, it was known as ____, and they spoke ______.

Norman conquest; A version of Old French

In 1204, ____ was lost to France.

Normandy

In 850 when Northern European, Norse (Norway), invaders came to the British Isles, they brought ____.

Northern Germanic Language

Language Angles, Jutes, Saxons spoke when they invaded (brought Western Germanic Language).

Old English

What are the three English Languages?

Old(500-1100), Middle(1100-1500), Modern

The breaking down of sentences (function and part of speech).

Parsing

Between 500 BC- 500 AD, the classical period introduced _____.

Parts of Speech

What happened during the Neoclassic Period?

People reading more; they started thinking differently; Age of scientific discovery and exploration; significant political chaos occurred

Actual production of sentences:

Performance

Study and classification of speech sounds.

Phonetics

In 400 BC, _____ mentioned the concept of noun and verb.

Plato

Based on Latin; pre means before; placed BEFORE a noun.

Preposition

Approach to grammar that is based on a system of rules; given by teachers and followed by students.

Prescriptive Grammar

Idea of the system of rules; do's and don'ts; originated in England in 1700s.

Prescriptive Grammar

Includes judgments on socially correct usage; based on Latin; but sometimes based on personal preference:

Prescriptive Grammar

Prestigious dialect of the language; manners or etiquette.

Prescriptive Grammar

Modern English:

Pronunciation different than Middle English, Great Vowel Shift: vowels start being used at front of mouth, silent E, etc.

What is the English Academy?

Regularity oversight over the language; Dryden appointed to establish it; Swift wrote letter to the treasurer hoping it would get funded; Academy never happened

Table Alphabeticall:

Robert Caudrey; 1st English dictionary

_____ invaded British Isles in 55 BC and stayed there for awhile.

Romans

After the tough times, what are people looking for?

Rules, logic, guidelines; see desire to regulate and control language

What was anthropologist Edward Sapir's hypothesis?

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Whether the way a person speaks affects how they see the world.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Concerned with the meaning of words.

Semantics

Who was one of the biggest contributors to Early Modern English and added many vocab words to the English Language?

Shakespeare (1564-1616)

By Robert Lowthe; intended to be used as a textbook; wrote many rules on personal preferences.

Short Introduction to English Grammar

Judge from the late 1700s; lived and worked in India; compared Latin and Sanskrit; British:

Sir William Jones

Group of men who went to live at Port Royal School in France.

Solitaires

How grammar mirrored nature; from Latin word speculum.

Speculative Grammar

Classroom; more correct and formal:

Standard English

Thoughtful and proper use of the language used by educated people.

Standard English

What three ways did Fries label the people whose letters he researched?

Standard English; Common English; Vulgar English

1950s-late 1970s; Chomsky's theory:

Standard Theory

Current English Usage:

Sterling Leonard; Descriptive; focuses on usage

Studying language as an independent system:

Synchronic Language

The arrangement of words and phrases into well-formed sentences.

Syntax

Rebirth of culture and scholarship in Europe in 1500-1650, interest in arts and music.

The Renaissance

Made English the language of Court and Parliament.

The Statute of Pleading

What all did the Greeks create?

The alphabet, conjugation, declension, parsing

When Old French and Old English were brought to the same place, what things might happen?

They would combine, both would die, or both existed

Who wrote Grammatica Speculativa in 1300?

Thomas of Erfurt

Divided words into 8 categories or 8 parts of speech.

Thrax

Lived in Alexandria(Egypt) which was established by Greeks.

Thrax

Biological approach; Interested in mind; Unconscious knowledge; Mid 20th century.

Transformational- Generative

There may be some _________ no matter what language you may study.

Universal Features

Every day(ordinary) languages.

Vernacular

What is the primary difference between early modern and late modern English?

Vocabulary

First English printer in 1476.

William Caxton

Professor at Yale; lived in 1800s; Professor at Sanskrit; wrote textbooks for Sanskrit, English, German, French; one of the first to consider sociological influences of language(who is using the language):

William Dwight Whitney

In 1066, ______(Duke of Normandy) invaded and conquered the Anglo Saxons.

William the Conqueror

Professor at U of Penn; Structuralist; had Chomsky as a student:

Zellig Harris

Institutiones Grammatical:

by Priscian; also used the 8 parts of speech

For every bit of communication we do, you must:

consider your audience and purpose

To plus a verb; based on Latin:

infinitive