English Civil War

What differences existed between the Cavaliers and Roundheads?

cavaliers - long hair - fine clothes (feathers) - extravagant materials - liked partying - religous roundheads - increase power of Parl. - metal helmets - tight clothes - serious - limit power of professional monarchy

Cavaliers

supporter of King Charles I in the English Civil War.

Tories

- political party - conservative - Catholic monarchy

Arch Bishop Laud

- Archbishop of Canterbury - against Puritans and Puritan beliefs - tried to end Puritan ideas - made changes to church that Puritans hated - put his followers in power - introduced new prayer book to Scotland

What two groups opposed each other during the war? What issue did they fight about?

- Cavaliers and Roundheads - fought about whether or not Charles I was a fit ruler or not

Triennial Act

- Charles is now in a desperate position, and forced to call Parliament again in November (Charles dismissed Parl. for 11 years) - all disputed taxes abolished - only regular, customary taxes could be levied - Parl. must meet once every three years - Parl. could not be dismissed without its consent

Divine Right

- Idea that God created the monarchy (picked rulers) and that the monarch is God's representation on Earth (they were better than everyone else and celebrities) - An absolute monarch answers to God, not to his or her subjects

Charles II

- King of Scotland - tried to overthrow Cromwell + commonwealth + fled - called back to England after Cromwell died - re-established a monarchy government - brought back House of Lords as 2nd house of Parl. - brought back the Anglican Church - religious tolerance (worked well with Parl. even though Catholic) - signed habeas corpus act + Petition of Right - re-opened taverns, gambling, dancing, etc.

What were the effects of the English Civil War?

- Oliver Cromwell forms a military dictatorship - glorious revolution - Charles was tried and executed - revolution

Grand Remonstrance /19 Proposals

- Parliament was to be responsible for the defense of the country - Parl. was to supervise all foreign policy - strict new laws against Roman Catholics were enforced - Parl. was to supervise the education of royal children and to arrange their marriages

Oliver Cromwell

- Puritan member of Parliament - General of the new model army (Roundheads) - turn the tide of the fighting - captured King Charles - 'Lord Protector' of the Commonwealth

William and Mary

- William (James II nephew) married to Mary (James II oldest daughter) in Netherlands - Protestants with Catholic parents = supported by Parl. - King and Queen of England during Glorious Revolution

Constitutional monarchy

- a king/queen was effectively tied by law to what he/she could do and more particularly what they could not do - no more absolute monarchy - must work with Parliament - leads to stability - other countries have violent revolutions/wars

James II

- believer in absolutism - Catholic = strained relationship with Parliament - appointed Catholic friends to positions in the House of Lords - left England w/out fight (caused Glorious Revolution) - old stuart ways of grandfather (James I) and father (Charles I), unlike his brother (Charles II)

Peter the Great

- centralized government - modernized army + created navy - increased wealth + power of czar - reduced power of Boyars - newspapers and schools - first czar to travel west + cause westernization (Europe as example)

Why did Charles I clash with Parliament and why did he finally agree to sign the Petition of Right?

- clashed bc he always needed money for wars w/ Spain + France (dissolved them) - signed bc Parl. would give him funds

Luis XIV effects

- debt (House of Versailles) - taxes (House of Versailles) - expanded borders of France - art and lit flourished - constant warfare - major military - repealed edict of nantes - weakened power of nobles

King Phillip

- established strong military - expanded borders of Spain - increased wealth - bankruptcy (war w/ England) - armada destroyed - loss of artisans + business owners -inflation - nobles didn't pay taxes - lower classes pay

Did Charles I have a fair trial? Did he deserve to be executed?

- not fair bc wasn't allowed to have a representative - not allowed to be in the room when they discussed the evidence against him or speak - kept Parliament members who supported Charles out of trial - Charles did not deserve to be executed for his crimes bc his trial was not equal

Whigs

- political party - liberals - anti monarchy - pro parliament

Frederick the Great

- strong and powerful army - built canals to increase trade - religious tolerance (fair laws) - banned torture - legal reform - ruler should be like father - helped the Prussian economy - supported the arts

Why did James I clash with Parliament?

- struggled over money - offended Puritan members of Parl. - refused to make Puritan reforms

What activities did the Restoration restore?

- theaters + taverns reopened - gambling - dancing - religious tolerance - monarchy - House of Lords - Anglican Church

English Bill of Rights

- toleration Act of 1689 (granted religious freedom to nearly all groups of Protestantism) - liberty of subjects and rights of monarchy balanced - no more divine right - must work with Parliament

War with Scotland

Archbishop laud introduced a new prayer book to Scotland, and Scottish rebels attacked England during Charles I rule

Absolute Monarch

Ruler who has complete control and wants to spread religion, strengthen government, strengthen military

Why did Parliament invite William and Mary to rule England in 1689?

They were both Protestants with Catholic parents.

Habeas Corpus

a document requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court or judge so that it can be decided whether his or her imprisonment is legal

Puritan

a group of people who sought freedom from religious persecution in England by founding a colony at Massachusetts Bay

Roundheads

a member or supporter of the Parliamentary party in the English Civil War

Westernization

an adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western (especially of European or American) countries

New Model Army

army established during the Civil War by the English parliamentarians, which exercised considerable political power under Cromwell

Petition of Right

document designed to limit the king's power and laid down basic principles of constitutional government

Luis XIV

known as "the sun king", a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France

Identify and explain the causes of the English Civil War. (Religious/ political/ economic)

nb

Describe life for the English and Irish under the rule of Oliver Cromwell.

strict rules such as - No sports allowed on Sundays - No foul language (fines issued or possible prison) - No unnecessary work allowed on Sundays (stockades) - No leisurely walks (fines) - Mandatory fast days every month - Loyal soldiers governed different areas - No make-up/colorful dresses - Banned Christmas celebrations + decorations - Irish children enslaved on sugar plantations - rumored to chop off hands + bash heads

Ship money

tax on the coastal counties to pay for the support of the Royal Navy by Charles I

Glorious Revolution

the bloodless overthrow of the English King James II and his replacement by William and Mary

The Restoration

the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government

How did the Petition of Rights, English Bill of Rights and our own US Bill of Rights compare?

venn diagram

Was life better under James I or Oliver Cromwell?

Life was better under the rule of James because all he did was ask for money from Parliament and did not agree to make Puritan reforms to his Catholic reign. However, Oliver made very strict rules that were unnecessary.

Charles I

King of England who caused English Civil War because of power struggles with Parliament