English Comp Mid-Term Review

Indefinite Pronouns or Quality Words with Singular/Plural verb+

(*all, any, most, part, half, none, and some*) may be either singular or plural, depending on the nouns they refer. ex: *Some* of the students *were* missing. (*Students*, the noun that *some* refers to, is plural; therefore, the pronoun *some*is considered plural, and the plural verb *were* is used to agree with it.

Indefinite Pronouns with Plural Verbs-

(*both, few, many, most, and several*) are plural; they require a plural verb. ex: *Few are* offered the opportunity to study abroad. *Most take* advantage of opportunities closer to home.

Searchable list of resources on various topics

Indexes

To put a whole passage in your own words

Paraphrase

Expresses past action that continued over time. It is formed by combining *was* or *were*. ex: In 1900, my great-grandparents *were farming*

Past Progressive tense

The introduction or introductory paragraph should accomplish what three main things?

engage the reader, establish a direction, and state the thesis or claim

A sentence outline:

is a more formal method of arrangement in which you state each main point and essential detail as a sentence

Apostrophes are used:

to show ownership and to connect words into contractions.

Possessive case

to show possession or ownership: *my, mine, our, ours, his, her, hers, their, its, your, yours* acts as an adjective ex: That coat is *hers*., This coat is *mine*, *your* coat is lost. Singular -1st- *my, mine*, 2nd- *your, yours*, 3rd- *his, her, hers, its* Plural -1st- *our, ours*, 2nd- your, yours*, 3rd-their, theirs*

Indefinites Pronouns with Singular Verbs-

*someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything; no one, nobody, nothing, everyone, everybody, everything; each, either, neither, one, this* serving as subjects require a singular verb Ex: *Everybody is* welcome to attend the chancellor's reception. -*No one was* sent an invitation

______________________ - (AKA subordinate clause) does NOT present a complete thought and CANNOT stand alone (make sense) as a sentence. NEEDY - has to be attached to an independent clause to complete its meaning. • By itself = INCOMPLETE- Fragment Sentence Example:• Beyoncé grabbed the mic stand and delivered an astounding performance. Beyoncé grabbed the mic stand = independent clause• Could be its own sentence. delivered an astounding performance = dependent clause. CANNOT stand alone by itself as a sentence.- WHO delivered an astounding performance?

A Dependent Clause

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement - Definition and Identification The bear protected ____ cubs when she saw the hunter approach. *her*

A pronoun must agree in number, person, and gender with it's antecedent is the word to which the pronoun refers. Used with singular pronoun (*each, either, neither, one, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, somebody, another, nobody, and a person*. Ex: *Each* of the maintenance vehicles has *their* doors locked at night (incorrect) *Each* of the maintenance vehicles has *its* doors locked at night (correct): Both *each* and *its* are singular *Somebody* left *his or her* (not their) vehicle unlocked- correct. Plural pronoun- (*they, their*) is mistakenly used with a singular indefinite pronoun (such as *everyone* or *everybody*), you may correct the sentence by replacing their or they with optional pronouns (*her or his* or *he or "she*)

Summaries of resources; a collection of summaries in a specific subject area

Abstracts

Question marks are used

After direct questions, after quotations that are questions, to show uncertainty, and sometimes for questions within parentheses or dashes

Are materials housed within the library, including books and electronic materials, periodicals, reference materials, and special collections

Collection

____________________ is the verb including all the words used to modify or explain the action, and any objects or complements. Example :• Today's workforce requires employees to have a range of skills.

Complete Predicate

____________________ - is the simple subject and the words that describe or modify it. Example :• Thirty years ago, *reasonably well-trained* mechanics could fix any car on the road.

Complete Subject

_____________________- contains on independent clause (bolded) and one or more dependent clauses (underlined). Examples :• When I can, I get eight hours of sleep. • When I get up on time, and if someone hasn't used up all the milk, I eat breakfast.

Complex Sentence

_______________________ contains two or more independent clauses (in bold) and one or more dependent clauses (underlined). Examples :• If I'm not in a hurry, I take leisurely walks, and I try to spot some wildlife. I saw a hawk when I was walking, and other smaller birds were chasing it.

Compound - Complex Sentence

________________- is composed of two or more verbs, all the words used to modify or explain those actions, and any objects or complements. Example :• Engineers analyze problems and calculate solutions.

Compound Predicate

___________________- consists of two independent clauses. The clauses must be joined by a semicolon, by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS), or by a semicolon followed by a conjunctive adverb (besides, however, meanwhile, then, therefore) and a comma. Examples :• I take good care of myself; I get enough sleep. I had eight hours of sleep, so why am I so exhausted? I still feel fatigued; therefore, I must need more exercise.

Compound Sentence

_____________ is composed of two or more simple subjects joined by a conjunction and sharing the same predicate(s). Example :• Today, *mechanics* and *technicians* would need to master half a million manual pages to fix every car on the road. • Dealerships and their service departments must sometimes explain that situation to their customers.

Compound Subject

___________________express two circumstances. The completion of one circumstance depends upon the completion of another. The words *if, when, or unless* are often used in the dependent clause. ex: *If* you practice a few study-reading techniques, college reading loads will be manageable. - *When* I manage my time, it seems I have more of it. - Don't ask me to help you *unless* you are willing to do the reading first.

Conditional

__________________ make statements. These types of sentences inform about a person, place, thing, or idea. Ex: In 1955, Rosa Parks refused to follow segregation rules on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama.

Declarative

In sentences that begins with *There is, There was, or Here is* the subject follows the verb. Ex: There are 70,000 *fans* in the stadium. The subject is *(fans)*; *are* is the verb . *There* is an expletive-empty word. - Here is a *problem* for stadium security. *problem* is the subject, *here* is an adverb.

Delayed Subject

________________ is the part of the predicate that receives the action of an active transitive verb. makes the meaning of the verb complete. Example :• Marcos visited several campuses. - Campuses = direct object (receives the action of the verb visited by answering the question: Marcos visited what?)

Direct Objects

references that provide contact information for people, groups, and organizations

Directories

Collective Noun -

Do not change in form when they used as plural. Using a singular noun (its), a plural noun (their) Class: names a group or unit- singular form Class: (individual members) plural

Is a key part of the address because it indicates what type of organization created the site and gives you clues about its goal or purpose. (.com, .gov, .org, .net, .mil, .biz, .info)

Domain name

Induction

From specific information toward general conclusion deductive reasoning-from general principle towards specific applications.

Expresses future action that will be completed by a specific time but (as with other perfect progressive tenses) stresses the action's continuous nature. It is formed using *will have been along* Ex: I *will have been researching* the project for three weeks by the time it's due.

Future perfect progressive tense

Express future action that will be completed by a specific time .Ex: By 10:00pm, I *will have completed* my research project.

Future perfect tense:

Express action that will be continuous in the future Ex: I *will be working* for the park distinct at North beach

Future progressive tense

Expresses action that will take place in the future. ex: Next summer I *will work* as a lifeguard.

Future tense

First person singular and plural form (VERB)

I think (singular) We think (plural) 2nd person singular and plural form You think (singular) and (plural) 3rd person singular and plural form he/she/it thinks (singular) they think (plural)

________________ give commands. They often contain an understood subject (you). -Read chapters 6 through 10 for tomorrow.

Imperative

An _____________________ contains at least one subject and one predicate (or verb), presents a complete thoughts, and can stand alone as a sentence. ex: Beyoncé sings from her soul. She sings.

Independent Clause

__________________ is the word(s) that tells to whom/to what OR for whom/for what something is done. Example : • I wrote them a note. • I gave the instructor and a few classmates my email address.

Indirect Objects

Nouns showing measurement, time, and money-

Mathematical phrases and phrases that name a period of time, a unit of measurement, or an amount of money take a singular verb. ex: Three and Three *is* six. Eight pages *is* a long paper on this topic. In my opinion, two dollars *is* a high price for a cup of coffee.

Primary resources

Original sources which means they give firsthand information on a topic. Sources includes (diaries, people, events) inform you directly about the topic, rather than through other people's explanation or interpretation. The most common forms are observation, interviews, surveys, experiments, and analyses of original documents and artifacts

- Express action that was completed at a particular time in the past ex A hundred years ago, more than 75 percent of laborers *worked* in agriculture

Past Tense

Express a past action but stresses the continuing nature of the action. it is formed by using *had been*. ex: They *had been eating* the olives all afternoon.

Past perfect progressive tense

Express an action in the past that was completed at a specific time before another past action occurred. ex: By the time we sat down for dinner, my cousins *had eaten* all the olives.

Past perfect tense

A ________________ - is a group of related words that functions as a single part of speech. lacks a subject, a predicate (or verb), or both. Cannot be used as a sentence ex: Examples of *technology can be found in ancient civilization.* *of technology* (prepositional phrase that function as an adjective; no subject or predicate) *can be found* (verb phase-all of the words of the verb; no subject) *In ancient civilization* (prepositional phrase that functions as an adverb; no subject or predicate)

Phrase

Expresses an action that begin in the past but stresses the continuing nature of the action. it is formed by combining auxiliary words (* have been or has been*) and present participles. Ex: She *has been taking*them since she was six years old.

Present perfect progressive tense:

Expresses action that began in the past and has recently been completed or that continues up to the present time. ex: My sister *has taken* four years of swimming lessons.

Present perfect tense

Expresses action that is happening continually, in an ongoing fashion at the present time; it is from by combining *am, are, is* and the present particle (*ending in ing*) of the main verb ex: More women than ever before *are working* outside the home.

Present progressive tense

Secondary sources

Present second hand information on your topic-information at least once removed from the original. This information has been complied, summarized, analyzed, synthesized, interpreted, or evaluated by someone studying primary sources such as, Journal articles, documentaries, and nonfiction book

Tertiary Sources

Present thirdhand information on your topic. They are essentially reports of reports of research and, therefore, are distant from original information. Example would be articles in popular magazines, and entries in Wikipedia. -This should not be used in college research projects and should not appear in works-cited or reference list.

A word-for-word statement or passage from an original source.

Quotation

Identify personal pronouns

Refers to a specific to, a specific person or thing -I, me, my, mine, we, us, ours, you, yours, they, them, their, theirs, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its.

Plural•.

Refers to more than one person, place, thing, or idea Apples Tests Schools Activities Syllabi

Singular• .

Refers to one person, place, thing, or idea Apple Test School Activity Syllabus

Are systems and services to help you find what you need. They include online catalogs, print indexes and subscription databases, and internet access to other libraries and online references

Research tools

Use ______________ to join two or more closely related independent clauses that are not connected with a coordinating conjunction. (it can stand alone as a separate sentence). Ex: I was thrown out of college for cheating on the metaphysics exam; I looked into the soul of the boy next to me.

Semi-Colon

_______________ is the complete verb without the words that describe or modify it. This can consist of more than one word. Example :• Today's workforce requires employees to have a range of skills.

Simple Predicate

_________________ - contains one independent clause. The independent clause may have compound subjects and verbs, and it may also contain phrases. Examples :• *My back aches*. - single subject (back; single verb (aches)• My memory and my logic come and go. - compound subject (memory and logic); compound verb (come and go) My teeth and my eyes hurt. - compound subject (teeth and eyes); single verb (hurt)

Simple Sentence

_______________- is the subject without the words that describe or modify it. Example :• Thirty years ago, reasonably well-trained *mechanics* could fix any car on the road.

Simple Subject

Plural nouns with singular meaning-

Some nouns that are plural in form but singular in meaning take a singular verb: *mumps, measles, news, mathematics, economics, robotics,* ex: *Economics is* sometimes called "the dismal science." The economic *news is* not very good *the most common exceptions are scissors, trousers, tidings, and pliers. ex: The *scissors are* missing again. - *Are* these *trousers* prewashed

Are additional options to help you complete research, including interlibrary loan, "hold" and "reserve" services, the reference desk, photocopies, CD burners, scanners, and presentation software.

Special services:

To condense in your own words the main points in a passage

Summarize

Singular subjects with Or or Nor-

Takes a singular verb ex Neither *textbook* nor a *notebook is required* for this class. When the subject nearer a present-tense verb is the singular pronoun *I* or *you*, the correct singular verb does NOT end in *s* ex: Neither *Marcus* nor *I feel* (not feels) right about this. -Either *Rosa* or *you have* (not has) to take notes for me, -Either *you*or *Rosa has* to take notes for me.

______________ which contains the verb, is the part of the sentence that either tells what the subject is doing, tells what is being done to the subject, or describes or renames the subject.

The Predicate

It is NOT stated in the sentence, but a reader clearly understands what the subject is. Occurs in demand (imperative sentence) ex: *(YOU)* park on this side of the street. (the subject *you* is understood).

Understood Subject

Indicated time of action or state of being . -Present tense- expresses action happening at the present time or regularly ex: In the United States, more than 75 precent of workers *hold* service jobs.

Verb tense

Singular/Pleural Subjects:.

When one of the subjects joined by *or* or *nor* is singular and one is plural, the verb must agree with the subject nearer verb. (if one of the antecedents joined by *or* or *nor* is singular and one is plural, the pronoun is made to agree with the nearer antecedent) EX: Neither *Ravi* nor *his friends* want to spend *their* time studying. Neither *his friends* nor *Ravi* want to spend time studying

Common Noun -

a general name for a person, place, thing, or idea. (Not capitalized)

Personal Pronouns 1st, 2nd and third (PRONOUNS) Nominative case

a pronoun in the nominative case is used as a subject EX: *I, you, he, she, it, we, they* -*He* found an old map in the trunk. - My friend and *I* went biking. 1st, 2nd, 3rd person singular -1st- *I*, 2nd- *you*, 3rd- *he, she it* Plural -1st- *we*, 2nd *you*, 3rd- *they*

Proper Noun -

a specific person, place, thing, or idea. (Always capitalized)

Periods are used

after complete sentences (or independent clauses), after an author's initials, after abbreviations, and as decimal points.

A graphic organizer:

allows you to arrange main points and essential details in an appropriate diagram or chart.

Abstract Noun -

an idea, feeling, or condition. (cannot be touched)

Adjectives Examples:. The puppy ran by the lake. The one-eared, fluffy puppy ran by the lake. The one-eared, fluffy puppy ran by the glistening lake.

are words that describe or modify a noun or pronoun. The articles a, an, and the are adjectives

Rhetorical Question

aren't meant to be answered. They're asked for effect Ex: Who would want to be caught in an earthquake?

Interrogative means to? Ex: Do you think Ms. Parks knew she was making history?

ask questions

Quotation marks are used to:

before and after the written words of another author being quoted or when showing dialogue.

Theoretical question

call for organization and explanation of an entire field of knowledge. ex: What might cause a sudden fracturing of Earth's crust along fault lines?

Objective Case

can be used as the direct object, indirect object, object of preposition, or object complement: *me, you, him, her, it, us, them* Singular -1st- *me*, 2nd- *you*, 3rd- *him, her, it* Plural -1st- *us*, 2nd- *you*, 3rd- *them*

Transitional sentences

can show location and time, compare and contrast, emphasize a point, conclude and summarize, and add or clarify information.

Use a __________ between independent clauses that are joined by coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so). Use _________ to separate individual words, phrases, or clauses in a series ex: Many college students must balance studying with*taking care of a family, working a job, getting exercise, and finding time to relax*. (Do not use_____________ when all the items in series are connected with or, nor, or and. ex: Hmm... should I study or do laundry or go out?

comma

A __________________ is a mistake made when two independent clauses are connected (or spliced) with only a comma. The comma is NOT enough! A period, semicolon, conjunction, or editing to the sentence is needed. ex: People say that being a stay-at-home mom or dad is an important job, their actions tell a different story. -corrected People say that being a stay-at-home mom or dad is an important job, *but* their action tell a different story. (the coordinating conjunction *but*, added after the comma.

comma splice

Exclamatory

communicate strong emotion of surprise. Often punctuated with exclamation points! Ex: I simply can't keep up with these long reading assignments!

To summarize means to:

condense into your own words the main point(s) of the passage or article.

Describe Coordinating conjunction

connect a word to a word, a phrase to a phrase, or a clause to a clause. ex: Civilization is a race between education *and* catastrophe and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.

Conjunctions are words that

connect individual words or groups of words together ex: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

Adverbs

describe or modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a whole sentence. These words answer questions such as HOW, WHEN, WHY, HOW OFTEN, or HOW MUCH/MANY.

A _______________sentence is a phrase or dependent clause* used as a sentence Is NOT a sentence. -It lacks a subject, a verb, or another essential part of the sentence. ex: Pete gunned the engine*.* Forgetting that the boat was hooked to the truck. corrected; Pete gunned the engine*,* forgetting that the boat was hooked to the truck.

fragment

A thesis statement

identifies the central idea for the piece of writing. It usually highlights a special condition or feature of the topic, expresses a specific claim about a topic, or takes a stand.

Number Verb

indicates whether a verb is singular or plural. The verb and its subjective both must be singular, or they both must be plural ex: My college *enrolls* high schoolers in summer programs (singular) Many colleges *enroll* high schoolers in summer programs (plural)

Person Verb

indicates whether the subject of the verb is first, second, or third person. The verb and its subject must be in the same person.

Open Question

invite brainstorming and discussion ex: How might a major earthquake affect this urban area

Basic Essay Structure

is composed of an opening section or introduction, the middle or main section(s), and the ending section or conclusion.

The topic sentence:

is located in the beginning of each paragraph and lets the reader know what the topic of the paragraph will be.

The opening paragraph (or introductory paragraph):

is one of the most important elements in any composition. It should engage the reader, establish a direction, and get to the point or claim.

The conclusion:

is very important for tying up loose ends, clarifying key points, or signing off with the reader.

The middle section (main sections) of the essay

is where the writer conducts the "heavy lifting" by developing the main points and sub-points that support the thesis or claim.

Concrete Noun -

names a tangible item. (see, touch, taste, smell, hear)

The Subject

names the person or thing either performing the action, receiving the action, or being described or renamed. most often a noun or pronoun.

Using a _______________to end a sentence that makes a statement, request something, or gives a mild command.

period

To paraphrase means to

put a few sentences (at most) into your own words.

A __________________ is when two (or more) independent clauses (or complete sentences) are joined without adequate punctuation or a connecting word. Ex: The Alamo holds a special place in American history it was the site of an important battle between the United States and Mexico. -corrected; The Alamo holds a special place in American history *because* it was the site of an important battle between the United states and Mexico. (A subordinating conjunction is added to fix this sentence. Making the second clause dependent).

run-on sentence

Closed Question:

seek a limited response and can be answered with "yes", "no" or simple fact ex: Would I feel an earthquake measuring 3.0 on the Richter scale?

A colon is used to

separate one independent clause and one dependent clause, to indicate a list is about to be made, or to clarify a specific sentence with another sentence following the colon.

A semi-colon is used to

separate two independent clauses that are directly related and to sometimes list specific item

Commas are used to:

separate two independent clauses, to separate multiple items in a list, and to offset phrases that could be edited out of the sentence.

Verbs Ex: Ms. Littlefield *recorded* the video. The students *are* excited for class. Big Brother *is* watching us. The students *study* for the final exam.

show action, link words, or accompany another action verb as an auxiliary or helping verb.

Number indicates whether the

subject and verb are both singular or plural.

Subject-Verb agreement can be defined as when:

the subject and verb of any clause are in agreement in both person and number

Person indicates whether

the subject of the verb is first, second, or third person.

An ellipsis is used

to omit a word, phrase, line, paragraph, or more from a quoted passage

To annotate means to

underline or highlight important passages in a text and make notes in the margins for later use.

Prepositions are

words (or groups of words) that show the relationship between its object (a noun or pronoun following the preposition) and another word in the sentence.

Interjections are

words or phrases that communicate strong emotion or surprise. Punctuation, often a comma or an exclamation point, are often used to set off the interjection from the rest of the sentence content.