English: Comp Review Grammar

What is a sentence?

-is a group of words -begins with a capital letter -contains a complete subject & a complete predicate -ends with one of three punctuation marks (. ? or !) There are 4 kids: declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, imperative

Two main parts of every sentence: Complete subject Complete predicate

Everything in a sentence that is not the complete predicate, is the complete subject. everything in the sentence that is not the complete subject, is the complete predicate.

Complex Sentence 2nd example (notes)

Ex: One interesting annual event, that is held in the SW, is the intertribal ceremony, which involves many different people. Sub = that is held in the SW / which involves many people Ind = one interesting event is the intertribal ceremony

Gerund pg 152 ex 7

If you put -ing on the end of a verb, you can turn it into a noun, that noun is a gerund. Possessive nouns & pronouns (ones that show ownership) are usually used with gerunds. Subject: Skiing down that slope was fun. Pred Nom: Dads favorite pastime is fishing. Indirect Obj: Give sailing a try. Direct Obj: We enjoyed hiking the mountain. Obj of Preposition: Please sweep the front sidewall after mowing.

Interrogative Sentence

It asks a question, and always ends with a question mark: Is this a picture of when you were a baby? Why do things like this always happen to me? What did you say?

Verbal Phrase Gerund Phrase pg 153 ex 8, 1-5

It consists of a gerund and any modifiers or complements the ground has. The entire phrase is used as a noun. ex: Having a part time job may interfere with your school work (gerund phrase is the subj) ex: The towns people heard the sound clanging of the fire bell. (gerund phrase is the DO of the verb heard)

Predicate

It explains what the subject is doing. ex: The boy walks to school. The boy is the subject. The predicate is, walks to school; it shares what the boy is doing. The most important part of the predicate is the simple predicate which tells us what specific action the boy is taking - walks.

Exclamatory Sentence

It expresses song feeling or emotions and always ends with an exclamation point: I got the highest grade on the math test! I quit! My sister's cat had eight kittens!

Sentence Fragments

It is not quite a whole sentence because it is missing either the subject or the verb. Examples: Slipping down the muddy bank and plopping into the river. Mary, who came all the way from London by plane.

What is the difference between a clause and a phrase?

A clause has a subject and a verb, a phrase does not.

Phrase

A group of related words that is used as a simple part of speech, and doesn't contain both a verb and its subject. ex: verb - could've been hiding prep phrase - in the kitchen infinitive phrase - to go with them ex: my big fat mouth (no verb, just a subj. Its a phrase)

Prepositional Phrases

A group of two or more words that begin with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun called the 'object of the preposition'. Every preposition has an object. Sometimes the object is the very next word, sometimes a few words later. A prepositional phrase includes the preposition, the object of the preposition, and all the words in between.

The Appositive

A noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it. ex: The cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, was the first person in space.

Prepositional Phrase pg 112-113 ex 1 #1-5

A prep phrase includes a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object. A prepositional phrase is either used a an adjective or an adverb

Predicate Adjective

An adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies (refers back to) the subject of the linking verb. A pred adjective contrasts with an attributive adjective which typically sits immediately before the noun it modifies. ex: The shoes look expensive. The shoes - subject; look - linking verb; expensive - pred adjective. 'Expensive' modifies the the subject (the shoes)

Verbal Phrase Appositive Phrase pg 159: ex 13

An appositive phrase consists of an appositive and its modifiers. ex: Officer Webb, one of the security guards, caught the burglar.

Noun Clause

Any clause that functions as a noun; ex: You really do not know the 'ingredients' in Aunt Jane's stew. If we replace the noun, 'ingredients' with a clause we have a noun clause = You really do not want to know 'what Aunt Jane adds to her stew'.

What is and how do you find the complete subject?

It is the person, place, thing, or idea that the sentence is about.It performs the action of the verb.It is usually a noun or a pronoun and ALL the words that go with it. How do you find it? First find the verb (the word that shows the action or bing). Then ask yourself who or what is doing this? Who or what is the sentence about? The answer is the complete subject. Everything else is the complete predicate.

Expository Paragraph pg 512, #3

It is used to inform. The writer seeks to reveal information about a subject. It can: -list facts -show cause & effect -compare & contrast -explain instructions

Simple Subject

It is usually 1 or 2 main words inside the complete subject, without the adjective, adverbs, phrases and the words that go with it. In example below, the complete subject is 9 words long, but the simple subject is one; Complete subject - The tall blonde history teacher on the third floor Simple Subject - teacher Sometimes the complete subject is just one word, so it is also a simple subject; Roslyn used to work for the phone company before she retired to raise puppies.

Imperative Sentence

It makes a request or gives a command. It ends with a period if a polite or mild request; ends with an exclamation point if there is strong emotion: Open your test booklets now. Put that chicken down now! The subject of all imperative sentences is YOU, because it is understood that the writer/speaker is giving you an order, but you is not usually put in the sentence. (You) put that chicken down!

Declarative Sentence

It makes a statement, declares a fact, or gives information, and always ends with a period: Thursday is my gerbil's birthday. There will be a grammar test tomorrow. You have a banana in you ear.

Direct Objects

It will follow a transit verb (type of action verb) It can be a noun, pronoun, phrase or clause. Identify the subject & the verb in a sentence, then the direct object is easy (if one exists). Formula: Subject + Verb + what? or who? = Direct Object ex: Ted and Joe played soccer with an apple pulled from a backyard tree. Ted & Joe - subject + played - verb + what - soccer = direct object. ex: Ted accidentally kicked Joe in the shin. Ted - subject + kicked - verb + who? - Joe = direct object.

Examples of Predicate Adjectives

Lee seems happy. seems - linking verb; happy - pred adjective ex: Everything is funny as long as it is happening to somebody else. is - linking verb; funny - red adjective ex: If you look good, you don't need a purpose in life. look - linking verb; good - red adjective ex: What can you say about a society which say that God is dead, and Elvis is alive? Is - linking verb in both cases; dead and alive - red adjectives

Six Troublesome Verbs

Lie and Lay. Lie: to rest, to recline, or remain in a lying position. It does not take an object, meaning nothing receives the action of lie. Lay: to put or place something somewhere. It generally does take an object. Base form- lie lay present Participle - (is) lying; (is) laying Past - lay laid Past Participle - (have) lain (have) laid

Pronoun - Antecedent Agreement

The antecedent is the word the pronoun (she, it, they, etc) refers to or replaces. Often an antecedent is the word, phrase, or clause that you replace with one of these 3rd person personal pronouns: ex: Mary bit her lip. Mary = antecedent; her = pronoun. ex: When Kris sprained his ankle, Coach Ames replaced him with Jasper, a much slower runner. Kris = antecedent; him = pronoun

Past tense verbs add; -d, or -ed Irregular verbs in past tense are different

Today I... Yesterday I... I have... (present) (past) (past participle) begin began begun drink drank drank fly flew flown shake shook shaken speak spoke spoken take took taken wear wore worn

Compound Prepositions

Two or more words working together like a one word preposition. Ex: according to, ahead of, along with, as for, away from, because of, by way of, due to, except for, in addition to, in back of, in case of, in front of, in regard to, in spite of, instead of, out of, up to, with the exception of.

Examples of Adverb Clause pg 175, ex 8

ex: After I finish painting my bookcase, I will call you. (The adverb clause tells when I will call) ex: I have more work to do today, because I didn't paint yesterday. (Tells why I have more work)

How do you use a noun clause? 3) As an Object of a Preposition

ex: Allie is the owner of that blue car. Ask: Allie is the owner of what? The blue car is the object of the preposition.

Example of Predicative Nominative

ex: Before the announcement, they were the favorites to win the contest. They = subject; favorites = nominative; were = verb Once you identify the verb, ask whether the verb was done to someone or something. For example: Did They do something? No, they just were. What they were is favorites, making favorites the predicate nominative.

How do you use a noun clause 3) As a Subject Complement

ex: Carly's problem was that she didn't do the wash. What was Carly's problem? Ans: She didn't do the wash. The noun clause answers the question and relates to the subject, - Carly's problem. ex: Darla's TV was a 60 inch screen. What was Darla's TV? Asn: A 60 inch screen. The subject is the TV.

Pronoun - Anticedent Agreement More Examples

ex: Eating with your mouth closed has several benefits. Most importantly, it keeps people from turning away in disgust. Eating with your mouth closed = phrase as antecedent; it = personal pronoun. ex: Karen hopes that her roommates remember to walk the new puppy. It will mean less urine to mop up when she gets home. That her roommates remember to walk the new puppy = clause as antecedent; it = personal pronoun

How do you use a noun clause 2) As the Object of a Verb

ex: She didn't know that the directions were wrong. Ask yourself, "What didn't she know?"; "that the directions were wrong" = noun clause. ex: They now understand that you should not cheat on a test. Ask, "what do they now understand?"; "you should not cheat on a test" = noun clause as an objective a verb

Direct Objects ( examples when phrases or clauses)

ex: Sue hates biting her fingernails. Sue - subject + hates - verb + Biting her fingernails (a gerund phrase) = direct object. ex: Even worse, Sue hates when Mom lectures her about hand care. Sue - subject + hates - verb + When Mom lectures her about hand care (a subordinate clause) = direct object.

How do you use a noun clause? 4) As an Adjective Complement

ex: The group is happy that Meg returned home. Why is the group happy? ex: The child is sad that his stomach hurts. Ask: Why is the child sad?

Adjective Clause Examples

ex: Whose big brown eyes pleaded for another cookie Whose - relative Pronoun + eyes - subject + pleaded - verb. ex: That bounced across the kitchen floor That - relative pronoun functioning as subject + bounced - verb. ex: Who hiccuped for seven hours afterwards Who - relative pronoun functioning as subject + hiccuped - verb

Verbal Phrases Infinitive Phrase

Consists of an infinitive together with its modifiers and complements. The entire phrase may be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. ex: To be a good gymnast, takes hard work. ex: I'm going to shop for new shoes.

Complex Sentence (notes)

Contains one independent clause and at least one subordinate (dependent) clause. ex: When I hear classical music, I think of Aunt Sofia. Sub = When I hear classical music Ind = I think of Aunt Sophia

Simple Sentence (notes)

Contains one independent clause and no subordinate clause. ex: A good rain will help the farmers. ex: The dog and the kitten lay there and napped.

Compound Sentence (notes)

Contains two or more independent clauses and no subordinate clause. Usually joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet) or a semicolon. ex: Kathy's scene is in the last act of the play, so she must wait for her cue.

Compound - Complex Sentences (notes)

Contains two or more independent clauses, and at least one subordinate clause. ex: The band began to play and Clarissa was pulled onto the floor for a dance that was starting. Ind = The band began to play and Clarissa was pulled onto the floor for a dance Sub = that was starting

Nominative Case Pronouns

Nominative Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, they, and we. they are usually the subject of a sentence, and they do the action in the sentence. Not nominative Pronouns: me, them, her, him, us. They are being affected by the subject and the verb. They are NOT the subject in the sentence!

How do you use a noun clause 1) As the Subject of a Verb

1st remember they are DEPENDENT Clauses. ex: What Alicia said made her friends cry. When there is a verb in the sentence, you must find the subject. 1st ask "What made?" & the answer is "What Alicia said". Therefore "What Alicia said" is the subject of the verb.

Adjective Clause

1st will contain a subject & verb; next it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which], or a relative adverb [when, where, or why]; finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions - What kind? How many? or Which one? Two patterns: Relative Pronoun or Adverb + Subject + Verb OR Relative Pronoun as Subject + Verb

Helping verbs

23 common helping verbs (auxiliary verbs): do, does, did have, has, had may, must, might be, being, been was, were should, could, would, shall, will am, are, is can

Adverb Clause

A subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb. They answer the questions: How?, When? Where? Why? To what extent? How much? What conditions? ex: With great bravery, Jason battled a fierce dragon. They begin with subordinate conjunctions; after, because, though, although, before, unless, as, how, until, as if, if, when, as long as, in order, that, where've, as much as, since, & where

The Infinitive

A verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. An infinitive = to + a verb. ex: To succeed, is my goal. ex: The place to meet tomorrow.

Participial pg 148 ex 4, 1-5

A verb form that can be used as an adjective. Two types: Present participial ends in -ing ex: Mr. Sanchez rescued 3 people from the burning building. Past Participial usually ends in -d or -ed. Some are irregular. ex: Discouraged, the fans went home.

Subject - Verb Agreement pg 202, ex 1, 1-13 pg 203, ex 2, 1-11

A verb should agree in number (single/plural) with its subject. A single subject, takes a single verb. ex: Jane begins her vacation today. A plural subj takes plural verbs. ex: Cheetas run fast. Most plural nouns end in -s, but a single verb will end in -s. If you have a verb phrase, the subj agrees with the 1st helping verb

Clause

A word group that contains a verb and its subject, and that is used as a sentence or part of a sentence. -Not all clauses express complete thoughts. ex: Until I turn sixteen. (subj. is I, and verb is turn, but it is incomplete. Called a dependent [or subordinate] clause because it is dependent on something else to make it complete).

Adjective

A word that describes (or modifies) a noun or pronoun. Modify means to qualify or limit the meaning of something. An adjective usually answers one of three questions about the noun it is describing: What kind of - a yellow cat How many - sixteen jelly beans Which one or which ones - those flowers

Adverb

A word that describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. They answer these questions: Where? - the hen laid the egg 'there' When? - it happened 'yesterday' How? - She cackled 'loudly' when the egg came out To what extend? - she was 'extremely' proud

Conjunction

A word that joins together words or parts of a sentence. Joining words together: I's like five peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, please Joining a sentence together: I ran as fast as I could, but the ice cream still melted.

Noun

A word that name a person, place, thing or idea. There are more nouns in the English language than any other kind of word.

Verb

A word that shows acton. Present: She sees the bird on the wire. Past: She saw the bird fly into the bushes. Future: She will see beautiful birds at the zoo.

Preposition pg 74 in Terban book

A word that shows how one word in a sentence relates to another. It often shows location, direction, or time. Location: My brother is hiding in the closet. Direction: My brother is falling into the leaves. Time: After lunch, my brother has to take a bath. Relationship bet'n noun or pronoun & another word in the sentence: This exciting book was written by Mark Twain.

Interjection

A word that shows strong feelings or emotions. It is usually a short word that comes at the beginning or a sentence: gadzooks, gosh, hey, hooray, oops, ouch, ugh, well, wow. It can be followed by a comma or an exclamation point

Pronoun

A word that takes the place of a noun. It can be used almost every way a noun can be used. Personal pronouns are divided into 3 groups: Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, we, they Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them Possessive pronouns: my, mine, you, yours, his, hers, its, ours, their, theirs

Adjective Phrase

An Adjective phrase modifies the noun or pronoun. It usually comes after the word they modify and answer the question - What kind? -Which one? -How many? -How much?

Relative Clause

Begins with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, or that) or a relative adverb (when, where, or why). Pattern: Relative Pronoun or Adverb + Subject + Verb = Incomplete Thought. ex: Whom Mrs. Jones hit in the head with a chalk eraser Whom - relative pronoun + Mrs. Russell - Subject + hit - Verb = Incomplete Thought

Main (independent) Clause

Follows this pattern: Subject + Verb = Complete Thought. ex: Lazy student whine. Students = subject; whine = verb. ex: My dog loves pizza crust. Dog = Subject; Loves = Verb. **Every sentence must have at least one main clause, otherwise you have a fragment.

Adverb examples

Modifying a verb: He 'played' the tuba 'loudly' Modifying an adverb: He played the tuba 'unbelievably' 'loudly Modifying an adjective: His tuba playing was 'amazing' 'loud'

Subordinate (dependent) Clause

Pattern: Subordinate Conjunction + Subject + Verb = Incomplete thought. ex: Whenever lazy students whine Whenever - Subordinate Conj + students - Subject + whine - Verb = Incomplete Thought. ex: Because my dog loves pizza crust Because - Subordinate Conj + dog - Subject + loves - Verb + Incomplete Thought. **A subordinate clause can NEVER stand alone as a complete sentence; needs a main clause.

Six Troublesome Verbs

Raise or rise. raise: to move something in an upward direction. Generally takes an object, transfers the action rise: to go in an upward direction. Does not take an object base - rise raise present participle - (is) rising (is) raising; past - rose raised past participle - (have) risen (have) raised

Six Troublesome Verbs

Sit & Set Sit: to rest in an upright seated position. Usually doesn't take an object Set: to put or to place something somewhere. It usually takes an object. You have to transfer an object. base form - sit set present participle - (is) sitting (is) setting past - sat set past participle - (have) sat (have set)

Examples of complete subject and complete predicate

Subject 1: Mrs. Jones comes from Hampton Court Predicate 1: has two children one dog, and one husband. Subject 2: The Historical Museum of Old Fashion Inventions on the corner of Main and Elm Streets Predicate 2: closed. Subject 3: She Predicate 3: put a bowl of cherries, bananas, and pears on her head and started dancing the fandango to everyone's delight.

Principal Parts of Verbs

The 4 forms of the verb from which all forms of the verb can be made. They are the present (or infinitive), the past tense, the past participle, & the present participle. In a regular verb: ex: (to) walk walked walked walking In an irregular verb: ex: (to) run ran run running

Predicate Nominative

The noun following a linking verb that restates or stands for the subject. Typically it has the same value or grammatical weight as the subject. ex: At the end of the tournament, Tiger Woods was the leader. Subject = Tiger; nominative = leader ex: For many of us on the team, the fans were an embarrassment. fans = subject; embarrassment = nominative

Verbal Phrase Participial Phrase

The participial phrase consists of a participial together with its modifiers and complements. The entire phrase is used as an adjective. ex: Stretching slowly, the cat jumped down.

Pronoun Usage Objective Case

The pronoun used in the predicate part of the sentence as a direct object, indirect, or an object of the preposition is an objective case pronoun. The objective case pronouns are me, you, him, her,it, us, & them. Direct Object: Our puppy likes him. Grandma watched John and me. Dad took them to the airport. Indirect Object: Hand her the keys. Mom cooked Dad and us dinner. Give it some water. Object of a Preposition: You can ride with me. I will sit by Joy and you. That belongs to us.

Simple Predicate

The simple predicate or verb, is the main word or word group that tells something about the subject, or explains what specific action the subject is doing.

Pronoun Usage Nominative Case

The way a pronoun is used in a sentence determines its case. The pronoun used as the subject of a sentence or as a predicate nominative is a nominative case pronoun. Subject: He ate the banana. Sue and I went shopping. We picked flowers Predicate Nominative: The winner is she. The singers will be Evelyn and I. Our neighbors are they.

Indirect Objects

They are rare. For an indirect object to appear, a sentence must first have a direct object. When someone or something gets the direct object, that word is the indirect object. ex: Jim built his granddaughter a sandcastle on the beach. Jim - subject + built - verb + what? - sandcastle + who got the sandcastle? - granddaughter = indirect object. ex: So that Darren would have company at the party, Sammy & maria brought him a blind date. Sammy, Maria - subjects + brought - verb + blind date - direct object + who got the blind date? - him = indirect object.

Pronoun Usage Who vs. Whom

Who is a subjective pronoun; it should be used to refer to the subject of a sentence. Whom is an objective pronoun; it should be used to refer to the object of a sentence. Formula: if the pronoun can be replaced by he she, then use who. -if the pronoun can be replaced by him or her, then use whom. (you can also look for the preposition)

Common Prepositions

about, above, across, after, against, along, among , around, at, before, behind, below, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, for, from, in, into, like, near, at, off, on, out, over, past, round, through, to, toward, under, until, up, upon, with, without,

Examples of conjunctions

although, because, if, since, through, unless, when, where, however, therefore, whenever, while. Sometime they are used in pairs and are called, correlative conjunctions: either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, both/and, whether/or, just as/so

Examples of other Pronouns

anybody, both, each, everybody, itself, many, neither, nobody, several, same, something, that, themselves, what, which, who, whom, whose