English Final Exam

Song For A Dark Girl, Langston Hughes

they hung my black younger to a cross roads tree way down south in dixie love is a naked shadow

what idea does the illusion to Eden in "Nothing Gold can Stay" add to the brief poem?

Great beauty is always fleeting

Which of the following contains an allusion to socrates?

The love song of J. Alfred

Nothing Gold Can Stay, Robert Frost

'Nature's first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold. Her early leaf's a flower; But only so an hour. Then leaf subsides to leaf. So Eden sank to grief, So dawn goes down to day. Nothing gold can stay.'

satire

(targets of Mark Twain's satire) - genteel eastern ways -Use of humor, irony, exaggeration

Ambrose Bierce

-1 of 13 kids -Poor Farming Family -Religious Parents -Union soldier during Civil War -Wounded in Head -"Bitter" Bierce -Cynical tone -negative about life -Deaths of sons and divorce

Charles Chesnutt

-Born in Cleveland Ohio grew up in North Carolina -dropped out at 15 (self educated taught him self latin algebra, german, history) -Began teaching at 15 and assistant principle at 19 taught at african american schools -held many jobs court stenographer, lawyer. -Father served in Union army after war moved family to North Carolina -(they would be classified as black because of the one drop rule an ancestor that was partially black then your black yourself) -people assumed he was a white author, he didnt claim to be white, until 1899 when he announced he was black (color line) -Early Career; wrote dialect tales -Late Career; non dialect tales (wife of his youth) -challanges facing african americans in america. anti-miscegenertaion (people of diff races shouldnt be allowed to marry) -they thought his tone seemed to be ungrateful, or bitter. -The most obvious stylistic technique used by Chesnutt is the -pronounced dialect speech of his African American characters.

"Local Color" Movement

-Had same characteristics as Regionalism, however it is more entreatingly informative -Often did not emphasize character development nor portray complex, universal themes -Relied often on nostalgic, sentimental, or comic elements -Sometimes depicted condescension toward or exploitation of characters

What message does Daisy Miller send Winterbourne at the end when she is dying and what did it mean?

-Tells that she is not actually married -It shows that she is full of regret because she wished she would have opened up more and given him more of a chance

Characteristics of Mark Twain's style

-Use of realistic settings -Use of vernacular dialects -Satire of genteel Eastern Wars -Rejection of romantic views of love and nature, artificially, superficiality, hypocrisy, and polite conformity -Skepticism toward religion -Characterization of honest, straightforward, "simple-hearted" people without condescension

Mark Twains Final Years

-Went bankrupt -His kids and wife were dying -Decline in physical and emotional health

Daisy Miller: A Study

-Wildly popular work -Perhaps influence by James' cousin, Minny Temple

Costello

-Winterbourne's Aunt in Daisy Miller: A Study

Tennessee Williams

-birthname Thomas Lanier Williams - birthplace in the south columbus Mississippi - father was traveling salesman abusive drunk alcoholic (they didn't get a long at all) - father nicknamed Tennessee- nancy - moved to St. Louis with his family didnt enjoy upbringing - i write my own tensions. for me this is a form of therapy ( not just artistic but a way of working through things) - Winner of two pulitzer awards - living in New orleans when writing streetcar named desire (also turned into broadway play) - miller and williams biggest playwrights - characteristics of Williams play's : strong sexual content, violence, sordid details of lives in turmoil, poetic realism (heightened sense of realism) departs from realism in that it uses technological innovations, dreams, symbols, allusions to myth, expressionism, juxtaposed scenes.

Mending Wall, Robert Frost

-blank verse -neighbor wants to build a wall -but why build a wall between neighbors? "good fences make good neighbors" - in spring the two walk the wall to make repairs - the speaker doesn't see reason for walls he says "their are no cows to be kept just apple and pine trees" - the guy is not convinced with not having a wall he has living in a outmoded era, example of a dark-age mentality

Characteristics of Realism

-is an attempt to reproduce faithfully the surface appearance of life. (what we can observe w/ our 5 senses) -Often depicts a setting that is an actual place that exists -Usually has ordinary characters in everyday situations, no heroes -Emphasizes dialogue -Emphasizes objectivity, compared to subjectivity -Ethical Idealism

In The Station of The Metro, Ezra Pound

-poem (inspired by watching an exit to underground subway in Paris he was struck by the site of people coming up from the underground and moved from the beauty of humanity) - two line poem but was originally over 30 lines - "The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough" - Apparition; ghost or ghostlike image of a person it is metaphor: the poem implies that the faces are petals on a tree.

which of the following poems celebrates nonconformity and individuality

Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town, ee Cummings

plantation myth

A nostalgic fictional portrayal of the Antebellum south popularized after the civil war characteristics; prosperous plantation, happy contented slaves, paternalistic, benevolent, condescending slave owner, environment of chivalric traditions- a romantic outlook. ex) carry me back to old virginia (state song of virginia)

Kate Chopin

American writer but very popular in French wrote local color stories later focused on woman rebelling against constraints of a patriarchal society writing career lasted about 10 years Father was self made irish immigrant 39, died in a railroad accident kates mother 16 (second wife) eliza. gained control of husbands wealth and children kate married oscar from Natchitoches famous plantation owner (his father brutal slave hunter had nearly 100 slaves and abusive husband and cruel person) oscar became cotton factor they would have lived in New orleans for some time had six children chopin took over her husbands business concerns and debts when he died.

Jack London

Born in San Francisco Oyster pirate left school as teenager (returned later) merchant marine Klondike Gold Rush - seeked riches (didnt get rich) gained knowledge (character) He returned to California after the Gold rush became a public figure , ran for mayor twice. was a journalist in Northern Korea (Russo Jap War) loved adventure excitement prolific writer, less than 20 years 200 short stories 20 novels etc.

the end of World War I became a turning point in the arts because

Both B and C

which of the following writers used an iceberg analogy to describe his fiction

Ernest Hemingway

which modernist poet and editor advised other artists to "make it new" and to "go in fear of abstraction"?

Ezra Pound

imagism

Ezra Pound started this movement, short lived but highly influential to modern poetry. Slogan for imagism was -make it new and -go in fear of abstractions included Pounds interests at the time Precise diction (exact words) advocated conciseness (no extra baggage in poetry) preferred direct appeal to the five senses - if you could reach the reader through one of these senses that was much more powerful - mixture of impressions with objective expression - influence of haiku

an american expatriate poet, critics and editor who assisted the careers of many American modernist writers was..?

Ezra pound

which of the following coined the phraze the jazz age

F Scott Fitzgerald

Barn Burning, William Faulkner

Father burns barns is on trial asks his son to lie for him and his son does at first his son is torn between right and wrong knows what his father is doing is wrong but that he is his father and his father says you have to do stuff for family was at a nice house and ended up telling on his father but came back to worn his family

which author lived to have a profound influence on younger writers--despite his four days of amnesia and hospitalization in cleveland

Fitzgerald

black humor

Flannery O' conner is a master of it - something that is humorous in a very morbid yet, funny yet morbid or shocking at the same time

which of the following works uses a flashfoward to a time twenty years in the future to provide the reader a slight glimpse of hope for a protoganost

Hands

What does Huck think about religion -- specifically the good place, the bad place, and prayer?

He doesn't believe in formal religion. If the "good place" is going to be boring, he doesn't want to go there. If his friends go to the "bad place", that is where he wants to go. Huck doesn't believe in prayer since it doesn't seem to do him any immediate good.

Invincible Man; Chapter 1 (Ralph Ellison)

Invincible man -all my life i had been looking for something. -He was looking for himself and not asking everyone but himself the necessary questions. had to discover that i was an invincible man "i am no freak of nature, nor of history" he is black grandparents were slaves he is ashamed of himself for once being ashamed grandfather is an odd old guy who he takes after grandpa caused the trouble "son after i am gone i want you to keep up the good fight MY LIFE IS A WAR AND I HAVE BEEN A TRAITOR ALL MY BORN DAYS gave up his gun back in the reconstruction -LIVE WITH YOUR HEAD IN THE LIONS MOUTH" all this said by the grandpa RIGHT BEFORE HE DIED the old mans words were like a curse he felt bad anytime he acted the way the white folk praised him for acting - he gave a speech about humility that him himself didn't believe and got invited to say this speech in front of all the white elites - the place was a battle royal boxing ring - all the guys involved were tough guys who did not seem to have their grandfathers curse running through their veins. - fighting the battle royale will detract from the dignity of his speech - he saw himself as potential booker t washington -all crowded together in the servants elevator (the fighters) - he saw a naked girl right when going into the ring a blonde that he wanted to destroy and really was sexxually attracted to loll - she was a stripper dancing naked for the men to see - she was dancing and one of the men fighting couldnt stop staring had an erection and the other was touching his hair every move of her hip - the men tried to grab her and she ran away trying to get away - the men fighting were blindfolded and all told the same thing - "let me at that big ******" i think there was only one black boy and it was him - ginger colored ****** - social equality instead of social responsibility - calfskin brief case - rug was electrified - he got a scholarship -to whom it may concern keep this ****** boy running in a dream from his grandfather - booker t washington

A speaker who is indecisive, beset by fears of aging and rejection and has "ensured out his life in coffee spoons" is ?

J alfred Prufrock

Since 1945, after World War 2

Joseph Stalin; uncle joe, helping us defeat hitler. Tuskegee airmen in the segregated US Army - wimen in the armed forces. started training pilots, gunners, all things that men would have done. new technology; atomic bomb. negasaki - fire bombing in tokyo in 1945 - germany had begun two world wars - there was a man who survived under ground, the firebombing, his name was Curt Jr (american) held in captivity slaughter house 5 - the holocaust (Nazi Atrocities) - japanese atrocities; bataan death march (how far have humans sunk) postwar time cover ; joseph mccarthy - red scare by claiming to have a list of communist within american society. langston hughes ; got questioned became a big accusation and hurt the career of many americans. red scare stopped with someone stood up to Mcarthy and his cherade was revealed he did not have any list he had just his assumptions - federal civil defense administration burt the turtle who told children to duck - the cuban missle crisis ; the us under JFK exchanged threats had launched sites strong fear that their will be a nuclear exchange soviet union backed down and withdrew missles the GI Bill ; all the demobilized soldiers received reward and opportunity. u could get a home loan, but still people would have segregation requirements. interstate highway system; greater mobility; pennsylvania ; homes first lunar landing 1969, john f kennedy putting a man on the moon neal armstrong. rebellion resistance and turmoil the beat generation; people who took their name from various explanations, look to the east of mystical ideas of transcedlist. americans who rejected aspects of society total freedom and experiementation, exp. with drugs and mind alteration subjects - civil rights nonviolent protest mass movement, caught the worlds attention police dogs attacking 17 yr old african american. spitting on black students who said they wanted to go to white schools march in washington in front of monument at lincoln memorial I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH feminist movement rosy, in the factories, two decades later woman marching on street for equality. wanted respect and dignity. this was a time the birth control pill was developed and gave woman more control over their bodies and family jfk assassination, martin luther kin, malcom x. -- vietnam war and protest young vietnamese girl who was burned terribly from the firebombing. this image shaped many americans idea about the cruelty of war. summary execution was legal. - the protest to remove america from the war also ended with violence 4 students killed in ohio national guard and started firing protesters. vietnamese civilians were massacred by troops. watergate scandal. nixon resignation. plumbers break in . avoid removal of office by resigning becoming first president to do so cold war ended (few decades) postmodernism continuous and exageration of modernism; renewed interest in expressionism empahazing extreme emotions distorted depictions of exterior reality black humor, parody absurdity, chaos, allowing total freedom even playfulness characteristics of postmodernism in other instances artist react irreverently against the innovations of modernism, seeing these as having become too conventional for art genres are frequently blended but aspects of mass culture, too, are at times mixed into works so that traditional schemes of classification no longer apply. many postmodern artist reject metanarratives or master narratives that seem to provide grand models of value, truth, history in favor of a relativist view. language itself sometimes questioned words have no stable meaning since a stable or permanent reality doesn't exist (tim o brien)

To Whistler, American by Ezra Pound

Looks down upon Americans, saying that Americans are dumb and making fun of them for not producing enough "great poets". With lines like "mass of dolts (843) and "Who bear the brunt of our America and try to wrench her impulse into art (843)"; He has a loss of hope theme, discontent for Western culture, which is key in the modernism movement

Mrs. Walker

Mutual friend in Daisy Miller: A Study

Ambrose Bierce (1842-1914)

Noted for his Civil War tales. Wrote: -Devil's Dictionary- defined war as a "by product of the arts of piece" -Tales of Soldiers and Civilians -Can Such Things Be? -Journalistic Career - Cynics Word Book -known as the most consistent pessimistic -His stories merged the hallucinatory and the paranormal with everyday events, attempting to catch the intensity of extreme human experience -"Bitter Bierce"

a narrative poem that was based on an actual tragic event in new england

Out, Out

John. M Oskison

Questions about identity and ethnicity and what it is to be american? Father white rancher, mother native american (Cherokee) Willie Halsell college received a BA from Stanford, befriended Will Rogers. Served in world war 1 literary career: Short stories, novels, biographies, journalist, editor. advocated education for Native Americans. Maintaining indian cultures and traditions. - realism and regionalism

which of the following accurately describes Abner Snopes in "Barn Burning"

he stole from both union and confederate

What happens to the conclusion of Barn Burning

Sarty warns his father that De spain is coming

which of the following authors calle dhis character grotesque

Sherwood Anderson

Contrasting views of nature (between Sylvia and Hunter)

Sylvia - Loves birds and nature -Spiritual: Living in Harmony, peace Hunter -Loves bird and nature -Scientific: Killing, stuffing, industrial

in which poem does the poetic voice declare that he is not "prince hamlet, nor was meant to be" but rather "an attendant lord"

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

Disillusionment of Ten O'clock, Wallace Stevens

The houses are haunted- by white nightgowns All of them are white none are any color - everything conforms around him - what a boring community these people live in -About Nightgowns +People who wear boring nightgowns will have boring dreams; but the drunk old sailors are going to have crazy dreams Versions of reality theme

which of the following is not true of mending wall

The speaker initiates the rebuilding of the wall each year

Vernacular

Twain used the vernacular which is common speech of ordinary people of a certain region

Daisy Miller: A Study -Setting -Protagonist

Vevey, Switzerland; Lake Geneva --> Rome (The Pincio) Frederick Winterbourne

which of the following considered poetry to be supreme fiction?

Wallace stevens

What does White Heron resemble

White- purity Heron- A bird is the only creature who can leave the art and fly into the Heavens

what is a swingers of Birches in the poem birches

a boy who climbs tree and bends them to the ground

which of the following is not a characteristic of modern poetry?

a return to a sense of order certainty and religious faith

how does the speaker in "A Pact" regard Walt Whitman

as a pioneer, innovator

In "erros Turanos" what is the women's greatest fear?

being old and alone

the emperor of ice- cream by the same name is

death

"An old sailor,/ Drunk and asleep in his boots"

dillusionment of Ten O' Clock

local color

early form of regionalism which often depicted a slice of life of an area of a country that other areas might not be so familiar with (kate chopin)

naturalism

ex ; (To build a fire) (The Law of Life) - a grim or pessimistic form of realism emphasizes determinism, shape characters destiny. shows individuals are motivated by strong drives (hunger, fear, sex) was influenced by ideas of Charles Darwin (natural selection) and Herbert Spencer (social darwinism) (survival of fittest) aims to reveal the scientific causes for characters behavior

when stating that "Buffalo Bill's/defunct" the speaker of the poem by the same title indicates that..

he saddned by the news of great american death

in "stopping woods on a snowy event" the speaker states, " the woods are lovely,"......

he indicates a persisting intent to kill himself

why do soldiers beat and torture Olaf in E.E. Cummings poem "i sind of olaf glad and big"

he is a conscientious objector

what is the speakers complaint in dissillionment of ten o clock

he warns that most people of the town live boring cpnventional lives

What is a major source of conflict for Miniver Cheevy?

hes obsessed with Nostalgia from an earlier, more romantic era

what best describes the attitude of the speakers father towards the speakers mother in Mullato

his father thinks of her body as a toy

which of the following poems links the speaker to the poet Walt Whitman?

in the station of the metro

which of the following poems best displays the characteristics emphasized by the movement called imaginism

is a station of the metro

where is the speaker going in "the love song of L. Alfred Prufrock"?

party

Silhouette, Langston Hughes

poem In dixie - They hung a black man for the world to see - "southern gentle lady be good " - the ladies are having affairs with the black men and the men are being hung for it the woman say nothing

why did Wing Biddlebaum leave his home in pennsylvania

prosecuted

Fern, Jean Toomer

short story main character : un-named boy and Fernie May Rosen - her eyes, her curve on her lips - boys desired to give her something - she had a weird attackish and fainted into the boys arms

who is alluded to as the "goat footed/ balloon man" in the poem "In Just-" ?

the devil

which of the following poets was a Vice-President of an insurance company and wrote in his or her spare time?

wallace stevens

in "babylon revisited" the protagonist...

was in a conflict with his sister in law

the author who created a mythical country called Yoknapatawpha, which appeared as the setting in most of his works?

william faulkner

Invincible Man; Prologue, Ralph Ellison

"I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me" because of him being black -The narrator relates an incident in which he accidentally bumped into a tall, blond man in the dark. The blond man called him an insulting name, and the narrator attacked him, demanding an apology. He threw the blond man to the ground, kicked him, and pulled out his knife, prepared to slit the man's throat. Only at the last minute did he come to his senses. He realized that the blond man insulted him because he couldn't really see him. The next day, the narrator reads about the incident in the newspaper, only to find the attack described as a mugging. The narrator remarks upon the irony of being mugged by an invisible man. The narrator describes the current battle that he is waging against the Monopolated Light & Power Company. He secretly lives for free in a shut-off section of a basement, in a building that allows only white tenants. He steals electricity from the company to light his room, which he has lined with 1,369 bulbs. The company knows that someone is stealing electricity from them but is unaware of the culprit's identity or location. The narrator stays in his secret, underground home, listening to Louis Armstrong's jazz records at top volume on his phonograph. He states that he wishes that he had five record players with which to listen to Armstrong, as he likes feeling the vibrations of the music as well as hearing it. While listening, he imagines a scene in a black church and hears the voice of a black woman speaking out of the congregation. She confesses that she loved her white master because he gave her sons. Through her sons she learned to love her master, though she also hated him, for he promised to set the children free but never did. In the end, she says, she killed him with poison, knowing that her sons planned to tear him to pieces with their homemade knives. The narrator interrogates her about the idea of freedom until one of the woman's sons throws the narrator out on the street. The narrator then describes his experiences of listening to Armstrong's music under the influence of marijuana and says that the power of Armstrong's music, like the power of marijuana, comes from its ability to change one's sense of time. But eventually, the narrator notes, he stopped smoking marijuana, because he felt that it dampened his ability to take action, whereas the music to which he listened impelled him to act. Now, the narrator hibernates in his invisibility with his invisible music, preparing for his unnamed action. He states that the beginning of his story is really the end. He asks who was responsible for his near-murder of the blond man—after all, the blond man insulted him. Though he may have been lost in a dream world of sleepwalkers, the blond man ultimately controlled the dream. Nevertheless, if the blond man had called a police officer, the narrator would have been blamed for the incident. Analysis The Prologue of Invisible Man introduces the major themes that define the rest of the novel. The metaphors of invisibility and blindness allow for an examination of the effects of racism on the victim and the perpetrator. Because the narrator is black, whites refuse to see him as an actual, three-dimensional person; hence, he portrays himself as invisible and describes them as blind

Langston Hughes

- 1902 -1967 - most popular and versitile of the many writers of the harlem renaissance - wanted to capture the oral and improvisisatory traditions of black culture in written form - Missouri - modern urban black life - lived in kansas w gma - mother sympathetic, father businessman didn't like that he was a writer - 11 published in Alain Lockes pionnering anthro - radical writer - spanish civil war - drama and screeplay writing - jesse b semple ; made up - FBI listed - african american history

How to Tell a True War Story, Tim O'Brien

- 1st line- this is true - Tim O' Brien use his own name if this is a work of fiction? - setting ; Vietnam - Bob Kiley (Rat) - Rat; writes letter to friends sisters about his death (Curt Lemon) - a true war story is never moral - war stories never uplifting if you do you have been lied too - absolute and uncompromising allegiance to obscenity and evil - calls woman cooze instead of woman or bitch - Rat is 19 years old sad his friend died - Rat and Lemon played game of smoke grenades - sanders crazy ass gook concert chimes and xylophones - cocktail party noise (NAM) (NAM) - chamber music saprano - silence is the moral - Curt Lemon stepped on a 105 round booby trap - Garden of Evil - war is nasty, war is fun - lemon tree, he stepped from the shade into the sunlight. - guy picking up the chunks of his friends body singing lemon tree - not about war at all, this is a love story fiction, reality, facts, autobiography.

Babylon Revisisted, F. Scott Fitzgerald

- Mr.Campbell - traveled to Paris -Charlie -Charlie left his wife outside on a stormy night and she got sick and died -He lost a lot of money in the market, but still had a lot left - He just wanted to get his daughter back into custody -He was an alcaholic -His wife died because of him - his sister in law didn't want to give his daughter back because she hadn't forgiven him for the death of his sister - decided to leave his daughter that he wasnt ready yet - temptations everywhere for drinking - story started at the bar and ended at the bar

Raymond Carver

- american author -University of Iowa's workshop for writers - figure of working class; new what struggle was - recovering alcoholic, janitor, sawmill hand, delivery person, sales rep - teaching creative writing programs - Literary realism - minimal fiction, designer fiction, dirty fiction - simple realism - depicted characters as working class down in their luck - died of lung cancer 1988 - short story master - taught in el paso - controversy when he died; Gordon Lish (editor) claimed he had been responsible for fame stories said he should receive equal billing. he actually had helped Carver - wrote minimalist style, in earlier works and one passage in cathedral. ~~~ characteristics of style; common themes - infidelity, alcoholism, despair, insomnia - wrote about real people - influenced many american writers.

William Faulkner

- american modernist - his grandfather was a legendary figure, out of many things as well as a best selling writer. - stamp of faulkner to honor him (even though he was almost fired as postage) - bought a mansion in oxford - loved the south, even though he was one of his harshest critiques sometimes bc of slavery - hollywood screenwriter but didnt match him well. - he went west to california - characteristics of his writing; modernist, subjective reality (stream of consciousness, interior monologues) - labyrinthine organization (chronology is recursive, not linear) - in someones conciousness - southern gothic writer (terror, gloom, often associated with his work) - family history, sense of fate that is tragic in many cases - storytelling is a tradition as well as a way of assembling meaning.

Good Country People, Flannery O'Conner

- black humor - setting in georgia - Mrs Hopeful owner of the farm (Divorced her husband), and her daughter Joy (blonde) has an artificial leg and is 32 years old - Mrs Freeman (farmer) hired by Mrs hopeful, and her two daughters Glynese (redhead) and carramae (blonde married and prego) (Good country people) - Joys leg was shot off in a hunting accident at 10 years old - terrible relization that this simpleton or who she thought was a simpleton was manipulating her very easily. - religious allusion of the hay loft and took her glasses, he was walking on the lake in the distance, christ like figure ( not like christ at all) but he becomes the agent of change and his act of evil makes her maybe change her thought emotionally. - Joy's legal name is Hulga - Joy is an atheist got her PhD in Philosophy - That is life, nothing is perfect, well other people have opinions too (famous sayings Hopeful loved)

T.S Elliot

- complicated poet, highly complex, notable poet, new england families and poets, education; born in america St louis. He met ezra pound in england, influenced elliot to stay in london when his fellowship expired. Pound influenced Elliot (as an editor) -modernist - elliots style; fragmentary (discontinuous sections), complex (high modernism), highly allusive (as if taken from the rubble of world history), ironic, despairing (a sense of spiritual loss and searching for spiritual regeneration. poetic theory; the best way to express emotion is to find an objective correlative" that evokes the same response in the reader as the poet has felt (concrete objects, a series of events, a situation poetry should combine; intellectual discipline, cultural memory. --- ezra pound nickname for elliot- old possum (lol) ---

Jean Toomer

- contribution to Harlem Rennaissance 1923 - modernist, urban literary style - artistic peer - wanted to work with the patterns of written literary forms - compared to Anderson Winesburg - born in washington - encounter with Black Americans in Rural south formed the basis of cane - short stories, sketches, poems, even a play - part 1 of cane "Set in Rural George" - black community rythms of cotton culture charged with sexual desire and white violence - wanted to find spiritual community - russian mystic George Gurdjeff 1940's

Ernest Hemingway

- father suicided - suicide and depression runs in his family - bad eye disqualified from serving - had 4 wives - he was a bull fighter in Spain, he thought this was the ultimate kind of sport - journalist covered the spanish civil war, war correspondent in ww2 - advent sportsman, fishermen, hunter - received nobel prize. - he was so ill he had a lot of injuries and illnesses - alcoholism - artistic theory; famous analogy , Iceberg theory. only about 1/8 of an iceberg is visual from the surface, you would need to look beneath the surface - challenged the reader style; journalistic, telegraphic, simple vocabulary, simple and compound sentence structure, protagonist live in great challenged and chaous but try to live with dignity and exemplify grace under pressure - died of suicide, he was very depressed. -

Cathedral, Raymond Carver

- minimalism passage when the narrator is talking about the protagonist's wife when she tried to commit suicide one day. - first person narrator really does change and grow as his experience with Robert Robert (Blind man) - narrator's wife and Robert have exchanged audio recordings that update one another on their thoughts and experiences. - Robert and the narrator's wife met because the wife was a social worker who worked for robert the narrator : - the husband - is a middle-aged man, protagonist - interior monologue - insensitive - envious of her friendship with Robert - takes no pleasure in his work - dependent on substances like alcohol and marijuana - not religious - drew the cathedral so Robert can trace it - goes through a spiritual reawakening after drawing the cathedral - finds beauty and meaning to the world after looking at the world from Roberts point of view. - mocks robert Robert - Blind man - Friend of the wife - stays at their home after he visits his recently deceased wife's family. - Robert remains kind to the narrator Narrator wife - emotionally closer to robert than her husband - married previously to a military man - attempted to commit suicide by swallowing pills; attempt is unsuccessful. - frustrated by her husbands (the narrator) insensitivity - worked with robert as a social worker in Seattle - writing poetry and exchanging audios with robert - feels understood by robert but not by her husband Symbolism The cathedral - narrator was unimpressed by the cathedral at first and cant think of a way to describe it to Robert. - the narrators inability to find meaning or beauty in his life. - drawing the cathedral to robert makes him realize how beautiful it is. - noticing the cathedral allowed him to have a new view on life. Blindness - Robert's lack of sight - narrators failure of perception on life: his inability to understand other people's feelings - places his hand on the narrator's, which heals him

Buffalo Bills (EE Cummings)

- poem - Defunct meaning dead - dead hero is buffulo bill - buffalo bill was a war hero - william f cody - pony express rider- civil war soldier, indian scout, popular entertainer. - fought against native americans then became a friend of native americans. - teddy rosevelt said he was the best american men

I sing of Olaf glad and big, E.E. Cummings

- poem - about olaf - recolled - jump back pull back - his heart (recoiled) at war - colone- officer in war - non cons - non commisionared soldiers - I WILL NOT KISS YOUR F**ING FLAG - Olaf didnt want to fight he stood for what he believed in - based on experience in army WW1 death of a friend who was a hero because he did not listen to what the soldiers were telling him to do because he didnt believe in it.

E.E Cummings

- poet - graduated from Harvard 1915 - disliked his fathers seriousness. - 1916 WW1 is going on (america not involved) - wanted to be involved in war but was also a pacifist and didnt believe in violence. He volunteered for ambulance corps at begging of the war. he was writing letters home during the war and criticizing authorities. he was imprisoned by French. (imprisoned by his own side) - released because father friend of friend Wilson. - cummings is known as an iconoclast; one who tears down or tries to destroy accepted ideas or beliefs. - characteristics of his poetry; use of vernacular, experimental syntax, fragmentation, and punctuation, appeal to the eye, use of humor, criticism of conforminity, exploitation, cruelty, "Myth of spontaneity" - satire being something aimed to think about a weakness in humanity.

The Negro Speaks of Rivers, Langston Hughes

- rivers connected to lineage of african american and human society in general - rivers, ancient, older than me, human - soul grown deep like the rivers - published in crisis - dedicated to WEB de Bous - song of myself whiteman - free verse - historical equality - 4 great rivers; Nile, Euphates (birthplace of civilization), Congo

Flannery O'Connor

- short story writer fiction - savannah georgia, Andalusia - collected birds - died from Lupus at 40 - southern culture - liked things that were unusual - kept peacocks being messagers with the gods and associated with the religious symbol - religious symbols - characteristics of fiction; master of black humor, irony, regionalism spoke about Georgia, religious themes of grace, free will, redemption, religious allusions (scholar as well as a writer), studied history of church, post modern in one sense of the use of violence as a means of revelation - she said the readers needed to be shouted at to understand. has to use violence to get your message across. -roman catholic author

Alice Walker

- still alive - current author and activist - born in Georgia - Parents were sharecroppers - valedictorian in HS - Pulitzer prize winner for the color purple - womens movement, anti apartheid movement, environmental movement, anti-nuclear movement, the movement against female genital mutilation - conflicted about her words appearing on a page made from a tree - womanist different from femanist (apreciates woman culture and woman strength) - stylistic qualities; race relations, african american history, human sexuality, relationship of people, god, and the universe, identity and self awareness characteristic voice; dialect in tune to how ppl speak, contemporary cultural references - making quilts is important, understanding own creation then to create -

Wallace Stevens

- student at harvard - began writing as a journalist but quit because he did not like reporting and having the pressure of deadlines - became VP of Hartford accident and indemnity company - lived in hartford conneticut. - characteristics; favors subjectivity, modernist, feeling a sense of loss or meaning, prefers free verse or blank verse (unlike most modernist), he is a figure to meditate, experiments with words, these ideas shatter and dissolve in light of new experience, religion is a spiritual endevour, experiment with expression.

Henry James Literary POV

-1st Person narrator who is not the protagonist -A confidant of the Protagonist -A "fine central intelligence" that can derive into the thought and feelings of a single character -Elsewhere referred this confidante as a Ficelle, French for the string used by a puppeteer to make a puppet move

A Pact, Ezra Pound

-Addresses that he talking to Walt Whitman in poem - I have detested in you long enough; dislike intensely. -Ezra pound uses this poem to apologize to Walt Whitman for when he didn't appreciate his work, but now he has grown up and appreciates Whitman's work -Pound is wanting to add on to Whitman's poems -Compares Walt Whitman as a parent figure

The Storm (Alcee & Calixta)

-Affairs -A sex drive (Passion) between them

Sylvia "A White Heron"

-Has a strong relationship with nature "She is a creature of the forest" -Is similar to a bird, the way she uses her hand and feet like claws to climb the tree

Pap's Look in H.F.

-Looked the whitest of white. Almost Dead. Unpleasant -Long black hair, homeless looking

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, T.S Elliot

-Man goes to a party and doesn't speak to anyone because fear of rejection -Criticizes himself, which makes him timid, and not confidant -The ocean: Prufrock suggests that he might be better suited to living in the deep, cold, lonely ocean than in the society of other people. We think he's on to something. But when he ends up in the ocean through some crazy, dream-like turn events at the end of the poem, he doesn't do very well. In fact, he drowns. -Prufrock is very concerned about his reputation, and he doesn't want to stick out in a crowd. He'd rather people not notice him at all, which is why he seems uncomfortable with doctors and scientists, whose jobs involve examining and taking things about

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Back Ground)

-Narrator: Huck Finn -1st person, innocent -Socratic Irony

Tim O'Brien 1946

-Still alive today -From Austin Minnosota now lives in Austin Texas -Active American Writer -Won the national book award -he served in Vietnam, drafted after graduated from Macalester College. he was a sergeant, awarded purple heart and bronze star for bravery -when he writes about his experience he speaks personally that he "lacked the courage not to serve" protested the war; he was against the war in college. - he had options one was to be drafted, go to grad school, or go to canada. but went for his family - story truth, he wants to make us feel what he feels. he wants the stomach to feel the truth -

The Strom (setting)

-Stormy Weather, A house -storm: creates plot

A New England Nun

-Written by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman -Merges Regionalism with psychological reform -Won the W.D. Howells medal

Kate Chopin

-Wrote in local color stories -Later focused on women rebelling against constraints of a patriarchal society -Named after her dads first wife

Ralph Ellison

-african american author - invinsible man novel - ellison on writing; "If the negro or any other writer, is going to do what's expected of him he's lost the battle before he takes the field" - Juneteenth (novel never finished and final novel) - style; political rhetoric, black folklore, music (gospel, blues, jazz), and african american history - very interested in music - booker t washington (character from history) his social philosophy as a leader of african americans, gradually african americans could achieve social equality

F. Scott Fitzgerald

-alcaholic -combined traditional narrative and rhetorical gifts of a good fiction writer -The great gatsby -short story writer -character/ was one of fitzgeralds favorite concept -planned to revive as a fiction writer

In, Just (EE Cummings)

-poem - Spring, world is mud - luscious- rich sweet taste - balloon man (eddie & bill) - Betty and isabel- the park in spring - little kids playing in spring getting ballons from balloon man - he whistles (the balloon man) and the kids come running - title is normally first line of the poem. - mythological subject (half man half goat) (pan)

Everyday Use, Alice Walker

Characters: Dee (Wangero), Maggie (younger sister), Asalamakim (Dee's BF), Mother > Their old house burned down, Maggie was burned and scarred >Dee was embarrassed by bringing friends to her house >The difference between Maggie and Dee is that Dee always expects more while Maggie expects less > Maggie lived with her mother >Dee left to school in Augusta after her family raised enough money >Dee returns with a BF and wants to take a lot of family pieces back with her. >Mother doesn't let her take the quilts because she wants Maggie to have them when she gets married. >Dee leaves by saying ""You ought to try to make something of yourself, too, Maggie. It's really a new day for us. But from the way you and Mama still live you'd never know it." - Dee in conflict because her personal heritage she has to sort out. - quilt is central image

A Streetcar Named Desire, Tennessee Williams

New Orleans of the 1940s Blanche DuBois - Stella's older sister - about thirty years old - was a high school English teacher in Laurel - was fired - married a man she later discovered to be homosexual, and he committed suicide after that finding out. - lost Belle Reve, the family plantation, due to a string of mortgages - tries to get her sister to escape New Orleans. - raped by Stanely - uses drinking as an escape mechanism Stanley Kowalski - Stella's husband - violent, smashing objects - his relationship with stella is "sub-human" - rapes blanche while Stella is in the hospital having the baby - violent drunk Stella Kowalski - the calm, reasonable foil to Blanche's - no desire to return to her past - Stella is drawn into the magnetic pull of his powerful physical presence. Harold (mitch) - stanleys poker playing friends - develops a relationship with stanley - driven away when he learns Blanche's past. Symbolism: Streetcar - the power of desire (street name) as the driving force behind the characters' actions. - metaphor for the human condition. Bath - "soothes her nerves" - escape from the sweaty apartment - washing her guilt away - " a Fountain of Youth." Paper Lantern - Blanche's attempt to mask both her past and her present appearance. - less light will prevent her from looking older

I, Too (Langston Hughes)

Poem about slavery speaker; black community I sing too america i am the darker brother they put me in the kitchen when company comes i sing too america i will grow and one day they will one day see how beautiful i am

Mulatto, Langston Hughes

Poem about white men having affairs or raping the african american women I am your son White man! no your not brother says no your not my brother whats a body but a soul to play with? (calling the boys mothers body nothing but a toy) (mulatto; this refers to someone of mixed heritage.)

The american poet who lived most of his adult life in England whose fragmentary, highly allusive long poem the Waste Lands was a watershed in modern literature

T.S Elliot

which of the following could best be described as a poet of New England who spoke disdainfully of free verse and often used traditional formal elements of poetry to express a modernist sensibility?

T.S Elliot

The Emperor Of Ice Cream, Wallace Stevens

The only emperor is the emperor of Ice cream. -begins with cigars and ice cream being prepared. -Women (wenches) are hanging out and boys are bringing flowers. -These are preparations for a funeral, or perhaps more likely a wake. - it's a she, and she has "horny feet." meaning not attractive. we don't really know much about the woman, other than she used to like to sew, and that her dresser is missing some knobs. The speaker calls for a lamp to be lit, and reminds us that "The only emperor is the emperor of ice-cream."

metafiction

created by Tim O'Brien - a text that self consciously draws attention to itself as a work of art to question the relationship between fiction and reality. -difficult to categorize often combines fact, imagination, memory, and stories told by authors -combines genres like facts with stories. - whats true whats real and how does it relate to my experience - both memoir, fiction, autobiography. happening truth- the recall of facts story truths- employs imagination to reveal emotional truth transcends the limits of memory and fact

why did the old mans suicide attempot no succeed

his niece cut the rope

what do the older waiter and old customer have in common in " A clean, well- lighted place"

neither feel confident about spending the night alone

Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town, EE Cummings

poem life distinguished by change in weather - loss and lack of identity in people - no one loved anyone - someone died and they mourned him like they didnt like him and went on with their daily life obligations - in a pretty "how" town

The Ghost Dance and the Wounded Knee Massacre, John M Oskison

setting- 1889 and 1890 Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota -The ghost dance was a pan-tribal religious movement that spread throughout the plains -Characters- Wovoka (Jack Wilson) -The ghost dance was known as the nanigukwa by the Paiutes -300 Indians were killed in the Wounded knee creek -3 Ghost dance songs -"flat pipe" sacred object -"Our father" Great mystery of Arapaho -"Little Women" talk to their dead children

which of the following is not a fear of Alice Hindmen in "Adventure"

she will remain lonely all her life

A Clean Well Lighted Place, Ernest Hemingway

the old man, the older waiter, the younger waiter -life has no meaning and that man is an insignificant speck in a great sea of nothingness. The older waiter makes this idea as clear as he can when he says, "It was all a nothing and man was a nothing too." When he substitutes the Spanish word nada (nothing) into the prayers he recites, he indicates that religion, to which many people turn to find meaning and purpose, is also just nothingness. Rather than pray with the actual words, "Our Father who art in heaven," the older waiter says, "Our nada who art in nada"— - the two old men don't want to go home to nothing. - his niece stops him from killing himself by cutting the rope. - dignity is important with the old waiter - living with well courage even in a world that is uncertain at best

Mary E Wilkins Freeman

- 1852-1930 - Won literary acclaim - 2 of her siblings passed away before they reached the age of 3 and her sister lived to be 17. - Frequently dramatized the constraints of religious belief. - mother and father died; Freeman was alone at the age of 28. - had an interest for social restrictions placed on women. - provided a vivid sense of place, local dialect, and personality. - the individual psychology - wrote plays - her works include: historical fiction, stories of occult, labor unrest, a book of animals - her husband was an alcoholic - won the W.D.Howells medal for fiction - was elected to the national institute of Arts and letters - local colorist

Moses & the Bull Rusher Allusion

- Moses was taken and not raised by his parents, but by another family; Just like Huck -Both Moses and Huck challenged society's morals

"Out, Out--" (Robert Frost)

- blank verse - setting; new england - buzz saw ; the sound it makes "snarled and rattled" - the "snarl" of the saw and the "sweet-scented" smell of the wood as it is cut into "stove-length sticks - nature's majesty but also its fearful possibilities for disrupting everyday life. - the boy is sawing wood and then someone yells supper and he saws off his hand -"'Don't let [the doctor] cut my hand off,'" but it is too late. His hand cannot be saved, and unexpectedly, it appears, neither can the boy himself: "And then—the watcher at his pulse took fright." -"And they, since they/ Were not the one dead, turned to their affairs." Life on the farm must go on. - the poem ends abruptly with them going on with their life even tho their son just died

Ezra Pound

- he went to England and started working as a secretary to irish poet William Butler Yeats - he gained contacts and helped american modernist writers either as an editor or promoter and even friend; T.S Elliot, Robert Frost, William William, Ford Ford, list goes on. - Aims to Revolutionize Poetry -Founder of Imagism -Didn't want to come back to America after moving to England - during world war 2 he lived in Italy, found a place where art was appreciated he became a supporter & propagandist of Mussolini (fascist dictator) he would write and narrate propaganda -Arrested for treason because of this at the end of WW2 -he was brought back to america and held for 12 years in St. Elizabeths hospital for the criminally insane -writers that he helped got him released and then returned to Italy - he was awarded Bollingen award - died in italy

Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Robert Frost

- iambic paremeter - represents simplicity - The speaker is stopping by some woods on a snowy evening. - they take in the lovely scene in silence and is tempted to stay longer - they acknowledge the pull of obligations and the considerable distance yet to be traveled before they can rest for the night. "and miles go before i sleep" (is the speaker thinking about killing himself?)

Robert Frost

- identifies himself with New england but born in Cali - he graduated validectorian and married whom he shared validiectorian with Eleanor White - New hampshire marked his 20 yrs of his life - then back to England w family - his work was reviewed by Ezra Pound - his son committed suicide and his daughter had a mental collapse - The clarity of his diction, the colloquial rythems, the simplicity of his images, and the folksy speaker; intended the poems to look natural/unplanned - invested in New England Terrain - Frost rejected Modernist internationalsim and revitalized the tradition of New England regionalism - Frost played the rythms of ordinary speech against formal patterns of line and verse and contained them within traditional poetic forms - his interaction of colloquial diction with blank verse is essential to his dramatic dialogue - HE LIKED TRADITIONAL FORM OF POETRY - he avoided political movements and movements in general - in the last 20 yrs of his life he taught - writing free verse was like playing tennis without a net

Eros Turannos, E.A Robinson

- lyric poem -"she fears him and asks what fated her to choose him" - her "home where passion lived and died becomes a place that she can hide" -unhappy marriage -two major allusions, one to Eros (the god of passionate love, worshiped by the wife) and the other to Judas (the apostle who betrayed Jesus Christ as this husband betrays his wife). - stanzas have images of declining or destructive forces of nature on sea and land in downward motion: in the first stanza ("downward years,/ Drawn slowly to the foamless weirs"), the third stanza ("A sense of ocean and old trees/ Envelops and allures him"), the fourth stanza ("The falling leaf The pounding wave"), and final stanza: Though like waves breaking it may be,Or like a changed familiar tree,Or like a stairway to the sea Where down the blind are driven.

Richard Cory by Edwin Arlington Robinson

- poem -about a man named Richard Cory ---who everyone admired and was "richer than a king" -they all thought he was everything. -Then he went home and Richard cory put a bullet through his head. (killed himself)

Mark Twain

- samuel langhorne clemens (real name) - died from hellets comet - major achievements; honorably doctorate from oxford - didnt have a religous faith always was spectical characteristics of their writing - he was a printers devil at 12 yrs old, father died in missouri (so he worked early) - opened the door for him becoming a journalist himself - avid reader throughout his life - riverboat apprentice and riverboat pilot - joined a militia group for like two weeks, when there was people coming everyone left. Waited out the war in nevada and cali - did not have the anti slavery views early on in life. - innocents abroad was his first big work - william dean howells - important influence to Twain. - the adventures of tom sawyer first successful novel. - twain relies on his memoriesa and avoids sentimentallity - used the vernacular (common speech) - his wife (olivia) helped shape his thinking on seeing woman as equal and the opinions on slavery (that when he saw her in a locket love at first sight) - helped twain revise his work - spent family in Nook farm, hartford connecticut (first born died) - had three daughters, their son died as new born - had a huge house critical opinions; ernest hemmingway "all modern american literature comes from one book by mark twain called huck finn" william faulkner "the father of american literature" "first real american author" characteristics of twains style; use of realistic settings, use of the vernacular (and various dialects), satire of genteel eastern ways, rejected romantic views of love and nature, artificiality, superficiality, hypocrisy, and polite conformity skepticism toward religion characterization of honest, straightforward, and simple hearted people without condescension. Final years; ended up bankrupt, decline in physical and emotional health, daughter died from meningitis, wife Livy's invalidism and death, daughter jean's epilipesy and death.

The School Days of an Indian Girl, Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Bonnin)

-8 bronzed children in total -bronzed "native american Indians" -Red apple country -telegraph pole -use of "palefaces" a lot -she missed her mother and brother -she left to school but didn't feel happy because her mother wasn't there

Sherwood Anderson

-American modernist poet, grew up in rural midwest -his father was a color no account (didnt do much) mother was a bound girl (orphan) he moved often until settled in Clyde Ohio. -married successfully into business mens family -at age 36 he became a writer he had a crazy little episode (hospitalized) woke up and new what he wanted. -He left his wife and children behind -literary ambassador to the US in his later years -he swallowed a toothpick and that is how he died -he was also a mentor for Ernest hemmingway & william faulkner inspired by experimentalism - aim in fiction; he wanted to see beneath the surface of lives (realist) to see the significance of inner lives and their beauty - force out of ourselves and into the lives of others, a real writer becomes a lover - he writes about grotesque figures; individuals frustrated because they cant achieve their desires and can't understand some truth of their lives - these grotesques are stunted and unable to grow, but they have an innerbeauty. - winesburg ohio; not plot driven, story cycles, characterization, colloquial vocabulary, repetition of images

Characteristics of Romanticism

-Appeals to the imagination & often a quest for beauty; it stresses emotion and intuition rather than reason -Setting: exotic or far-away in distance and/or time; Usually portrays the past & uses gothic/grotesque elements; sometimes it depicts nature as a revelation of God to people -Improbable plots & unlikely characterization -Subjectivity -Escapism & depicts idealism and a belief in the goodness inherent in all things -- especially wisdom, guidance, and happiness found in nature

Changes in Chopins writings

-Departed from commercial expectations of "Genteel" tradition of white male editors, publishing in new Vogue -Depicted women in unconventional ways -Explored the forbidden theme of "guilty love" (Adultery or sex outside marriage)

Pap's Views in H.F.

-Doesn't believe Huck should be educated -Jealous, Angry, Rage -Thinks he is more superior than any black an because he is white, including the Black Professor who is successful and educated and can vote, drives him mad

Daisy Miller

-Dresses to perfect -Beautiful Woman -Annie P. Miller is her Real name -Annie= American -Miller= Common last name -Daisy because she is pretty

Mark Twains life

-Experiences in Journalism from an early age ex) Printer's Devil & wrote for newspapers -His dad died when he was young -Was a Riverboat pilot

What does Daisy think about Winterbourne

-He is too stiff and too serious -She likes him, but is a queer mixture

Who agreed that Huckleberry Finn was incredibly influential; and that Mark Twain was one of the most important American artists

-Hemingway -Faulkner -Mencken

The Adventures of Huck Finn

-Huck, who grows up in South before the Civil War, not only accepts slavery, but believes that helping Jim run away is a sin. The moral climax of the novel is when Huck debates whether to send Jim's owner a letter detailing Jim's whereabouts. Finally, Huck says, "All right, then, I'll go to hell," and tears the letter up. -it was the first novel to be written in the American vernacular -The word N***** was used over 200 times -

Pre-Civil War America

-Largely Rural -Moving Westward

Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

-New England Regionalist -Wrote about New England Village Life - Began publishing stories and plays to escape poverty

"An Occurance at Owl Creek Bridge" Ambrose Bierce

-Peyton Farquhar stood on railroad bridge in Northern Alabama looking down into the swift waters twenty feet below -was tied by two soldiers of the federal army -surrounded by enemy soldiers all around -"Death is a dignity who, when he comes announced, is to be received with formal manifestation of respect" -Peyton Farquhar was about 30 years old, civilian. -While the Peyton Farquhar was being hanged, he heard "metallic percussion" -Peyton Farquhar thought about his family -"all is fair in love and war" -Peyton Farquhar protagonist - The rope ripped and Peyton found himself downstream, all he could think was "I can make it" lots of emotions - He was being shot at after he was seen in the stream -he got away by running into the woods and he didn't stop all day - he fell asleep while walking and imagines himself getting home and seeing his wife -suddenly he his neck snaps all is darkness and silence -Peyton dies beneath the timbers of Owl Creek Bridge swinging left to right

Peyton Farquhar

-Planter and wanted South to win -Couldn't participate in war because of his money -Wanted to help the Southern cause because he wanted the glory/fame of burning the bridge

Regionalism Characteristics

-Prior Civil War -Authors were primarily by women -Featured happy endings more frequently than other forms of realism -Celebrated and preserved the cultures of unique localities

Henry James

-Prolific Author -Wrote all types of genres: Novels, Short Stories, Plays, Letters -Didn't participate in war because of his back -Psychological Realism -He influenced later authors (Modernists)

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge (setting, Literary POV, Protagonist)

-Railroad Bridge in Northern Alabama -3rd Person Omniscience -Peyton Farquhar

Minimalism

-Raymond Carver, one of the biggest components of this -often has a flat, unemotional tone -dispenses with much emotionally descriptive language - avoids sentimentality ( emotion ) - much influenced by Hemingway's style (Clean Well Lighted Place) -Writing that has a flat, unemotional tone, stripped of sentimentalism and emotional description -Raymond Carver & Gordon Lish

E.A Robinson

-Robert Frost said he could make "lyric talk like drama" -New England Poet -Focused on impoverished and wasted lives played out in a small-town setting -composed in traditionally rhymed and metered forms -raised in Gardiner, Maine known as "tillbury town" in poems -drawn to Thomas Hardy's work -turned in the direction of Narrative poems -He followed on the New England tradition of emerson and dickinson - recieved an invitation from President Roosevelt

Mark Twain (Real name & style of writing)

-Samuel Clemens -Comic Vernacular style Satire writing

Leonce (Mr. Pontellier)

-Serious Business man -Doesn't communicate a lot with his wife (Edna) -Everyone thinks he is the best husband because he is a good provider

Daisy Miller "a great deal of gentlemen's society"

-She is innocent because she is trying to show that she is very sociable and wanted, but comes out flirtatious and slutty

The Storm (Author)

-Written by Kate Chopin

The Story of an Hour (Author)

-Written by Kate Chopin

Miniver Cheevy, E.A Robinson

-about a man named Miniver Cheevy - who "wept" he was ever born - he loved the old days -he "mourned" Romance and art -he didnt like the modern times and missed the iron uniforms (basically of a knight) olden' times - he was born too late, he wanted to be born in earlier times but he did nothing about it just self pity and hated his life and kept on drinking. - he was angry from wanting medieval glory and classical heroism - he mentioned Camelot (King Arthur's legendary castle) -Thebes (the realm of Sophocles' Oedipus), and -Troy (King Priam's doomed city in the Iliad).

Home Burial, Robert Frost

-dramatic lyric poem -The woman is distraught after catching sight of the child's grave through the window—and more so when her husband doesn't immediately recognize the cause of her distress - she tries to leave the house but the husband tries to make her talk to him "for once" ; to give him a chance - he says she is over-doing her grief - She vents some of her anger and frustration, and he receives it, but the distance between them remains. She opens the door to leave, as he calls after her. - she leaves (FINISH THIS ONE)

Birches, Robert Frost

-dramatic narratives in blank verse about country people - also a bit of prevailing iambic foot -When the speaker sees bent birch trees, he likes to think that they are bent because boys have been "swinging" them. He knows that they are, in fact, bent by ice storms. -he prefers his vision of a boy climbing a tree carefully and then swinging at the tree's crest to the ground. He used to do this himself and dreams of going back to those days. - He likens birch swinging to getting "away from the earth awhile" and then coming back

Henry James (1843-1916)

-set out to be a "literary master" in the European sense -His fiction was recognized as a runner of transatlantic literary modernism - a subtle psychological realist, and an unsurpassed literary stylist -"sacred rage" of his art -"Dasiy Miller" -"Realism and Naturalism" -international theme -In the words of Joseph Conrad, he became "the historian of fine consciences" - "the deepest quality of a work of art will always be the quality of the mind of the producer" -self-conscious writer -awarded the British order of Merit -his writings were the pinnacle of literary realism and an early example of modernist fiction -Fiction writer

Daisy Miller: A Study, Henry James

-the expatriate or footloose American abroad. (theme) -Daisy remains strongly attracted to Frederick throughout the story. Even though she flirts with Giovanelli and is with him at the Colosseum when the two make jokes at Winterbourne's expense, Daisy continues to think about Frederick even as she suffers from the effects of "Roman Fever" (which we now know is the mosquito-borne disease malaria). She sends several messages to Frederick as she lingers on her deathbed. -Frederick Winterbourne is bored with life and has an affair with another woman in Geneva -Mr. Giovanelli is the guy Daisy hangs out with in Italy -

Hands, Sherwood Anderson

Adolph Myers changing his name to Wing Biddlebaum when forced out of town from almost being lynched for a crime he did not commit allusion in hands; Socrates for his teaching the youth of Athens, as Wing is talking to George Willard saying what he would love to be doing which is what Socrates does. Summary: the men of town already though Myers was different so when a boy (with a mental disability) accused Myers of mollesting him (from a dream the boy had) the town lynched him Myers was forced to move away from town and is now afraid to use his hands because of what they caused before he was a teacher who loved his career and new that was his only passion he would use his hands to try to encourage the children and get them to love learning it backfired on him and he now is afraid to use his hands and keeps them concealed because he is afraid of what they might do. George is a new boy who he is teaching but he is constantly keeping his hands closed and punching them against something just so he doesnt get the same accusation

American Literature Between The Wars

After World War 1 US recognized as a major world power for the first time. modern warfare violent and destructive Trench warfare "lost generation" Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway age of anxiety age of futility "roaring twenties" "Jazz age" Changes in popular culture in the 1920 radio contribution of automobile acceptance of new scientific experiments sigmund freud (emphasized the importance of creative influence) flappers (Louisa brooks) no more having to lace up body prohibition; the great era of america that all will be well. (alcohol) Scopes Trial (teach evolution to children tennessee ppl werent having it) great depression end of 1920's put americans out of work hunger collapse of stock market dust bowl of early 30's people moved west to california to find work results of change; greater commercialism, consumerism, materialism in society, critism from writers and artists who felt increasingly alienated from a society they thought superficial, materialistic. Rejection of tradition structures of life (social, political, religious, artistic) Emphasis on fragentary nature of experience (order sequence, unity)

Realism

After the civil war in america this was the new movement that offers contrasting characteristics to romantacism portaying life objectively without sentimentalizing it An attempt to reproduce faithfully the surface appearance of life (which can be perceived through experience using our senses) often depicts a setting that is an actual place, something that could exist. here and the now, not exotic or far away Portrays ordinary characters in every day life situations, relatable characters uses a point of view that emphasizes dialogue. shows readers rather than tells them. emphasizes objectivity often depicts ethical idealism (morality with an oppurance of moralizing) realist weren't idealistic like romantacism but preferred to be social critiques pointing out problems in society. expose problems in society for all to think about realism is nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material

Adventure, Sherwood Anderson

Alice and Ned Alice met Ned before he was to go away to the city Alice saves up money to go move with Ned but Ned stops writing her so Alice loses hope in herself . She tries to date but she only wants Ned she realizes now after all this time that she is too old and most people (men) wouldnt want her anymore Alice's Adventure: -Ran through the street naked while it was raining; trying to find anyone. -Calls out to the first person she sees, and it was an old man who could barely hear -She dropped to her knees and crawled home because she lost hope and understood that she might die alone

Romantacism

Artistic movement that was prevalent before the age of realism, appeals to imagination and often displays a quest for beauty. seeks to idealize life It stresses emotion and intuition rather than reason. Emotion, intuition, imagination allow us to access hire forms of awareness. Settings that Romantacism favors; gothic, gloomy, horror (Edgar Allen Poe) Extremes of emotions Sometimes depicts nature as a revelation of God and people. Individualism was celebrated by romantacism Often displays escapism (from social problems) depicts idealism and a belief in the goodness in all things (nature) focuses on the individual expressing personal feelings and passions rather than societal concerns

Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin) (1876-1938)

Born on Yankton Indian Reserve in South Dakota. A Sioux writer, editor, musician, teacher, and political activist. Wrote about the conflicts in her life between dominant American culture and her own Native American heritage. Founded the National Council of American Indians. *Old Indian Legends *American Indian Stories *The Sun Dance Opera -(SAI) Society of the American Indians -General Federation of Women club -National Council of American Indians (she founded this) -writings were about the complex pressures that American Indian intellectuals faced during the 20th century

The Storm, Kate Chopin

Characters: Bobinot, BiBi (4 years old), Sylvie, Calixta, Alcee Laballiere (man) -Setting "inside Calixta's house during the Storm" - Calixta didn't know were BiBi was during the storm -When Alcee looked over to Calixta it reminded him of Assumption -He kissed her many times in Assumptions -Alcee admired the way Calixta looked -"her mouth was a fountain of delight" -After the storm passed BiBi and Bobinot returned and ate with Calixta - Alcee wrote to his wife Claire that night, a love letter -Alcee and Calixta had a kissing affair -After the storm everyone was happy

The Wife of His Youth, Charles Chessnutt

Characters: Mr. Ryder, Ms. Molly Dixon setting: a ball in the honor of Molly Dixon -Mr. Ryder known as the Dean of the blue veins -Blue Veins Society were a little-colored society, that was to establish and maintain correct social standards among a people whose social condition presented almost unlimited room for improvement. -members were known as "Blue Veins" -Poetry was Mr. Ryders passion - My. ryder had an eye for Molly Dixon at first for her looks, but then for her manners and vivacity of her wit -Mr. Ryder believed that Whites should absorb and blacks should be extinct -"Self-preservation is the first law of nature" -Mr. Ryder wrote a poem to express for Molly Dixon -a black woman named Liza Jane came looking for her husband from 25 years ago "Sam Taylor" - Mr. Ryder began speaking of a woman whom he saw as a gift from heaven to man -use of the word "suppose" alot -"This is the woman and I am the man, whose story I have told you. Permit me to introduce you to the wife of my youth" - Mr. Ryder took what the Liza told him and related it to his lover saying he would "acknowledge her" (recognized need of social justice) (just as mr. writer realizes that he doesnt want to turn his back on Liza Jane he is social justice that does not rely on exploiting others) (justice that places the good of community above the success of a few. hope for communal awareness. he wants to rejoin his identity and rejoin with the wife of his youth.

Sarah Orne Jewett

Influenced by her childhood in Maine drew from her memories of traveling with her father, who was a physician who made his visits to rural patients created a female protagonist who chooses a career over marriage, which is not common in her day influence and inspired by Harriet Beecher Stowe and her novel about the seacoast of Jewett's native country Maine William Dean Howells encouraged Jewett to write about Maine someone advised against her short story A white heron and was rejected Her friendship with Annie Adams Fields (annies husband died) sarah and annie supported eachother and friendship developed quickly Jewett wrote about woman loving woman before term lesbianism Boston Marriage with Annie Adams

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Author

Mark Twain

The Problem of Old Harjo, John M Oskison

New York, new missionary Attempt to rehabilitate old harjo morally Old Harjo - Creek Indian who has been convinced by a missionary woman - married to two women - lived on a 10-acre farm in a double log cabin - "the fire in the new missionary's eyes and her gracious appeal had concvinced old harjo that this was the time to repent and be saved" - Harjo wants to join the church, but Mrs. Rowell insists that before he can do so he must first give up one of his two wives Miss Evans - enthusiastic - missionary women who convinces old harjo to convert to Christianity - realizes church only accepts like-minded individuals. Wives (liza and jennie) Wife 1 - tall, thin Indian women - around 55 Wife 2 - sweet voice - stout - handsome woman - around 55 as well theme: - good vs evil - people rules vs gods ruled Mrs. Rowell - prevents Harjo from joining the church - controlling - fifteen-year missionary service - hypocritical beliefs - heavy influence on her younger children

To Build A fire, Jack London

Northern canada - Naturalism The man - the protagonist - hiker on a side trail in the Yukon Territories. - young adult to middle-aged. He has a beard and is in good physical condition - ignores the advice of the old man at Sulphur Creek about traveling on such a cold day. - not a rational thinker - passes his time walking without any deep thoughts about what he is getting himself into - not imaginative and overly confident - consequences that arise are because of his actions. - falls in the water and then loses his fire. The dog - traveling companion is a wolf-like dog with a gray coat - doesnt want to travel on a cold day, unlike the man. - The dog operates based on instinct. , unlike the man. - once the dog smells death of the man's body, the dog abandons the body to find other humans in the camp. - their relationship was unemotional and not personal (no connection). The old man - advice that no man should travel alone if it's colder than 50 degrees below zero. - has a healthy respect for the threat that nature presents. - understands the natural world Symbolism: The main Yukon Trail - symbolizes a transition and a risk. - he has traveled before with " The Boys" but never alone before. - man's ability to conquer and navigate through nature. - The man leaves this trail, and the resources of other humans, behind. The Boys - his traveling companions who he'll meet up with at the end of a day of solo travel. - never appear in the story but in his thoughts - they represent his destination, security, comfort, and companionship. - disappointed when he stumbles into the water because it will delay his arrival at the camp to meet the boys. - unattainable goal of "civilization Fire - difference between life and death - Fails at restarting the fire after it goes out so he tries lighting all his matches at once, and attempting to kill the dog. - symbol of knowledge - symbolizes life in the story, but also knowledge, skill, and technology. - The theme of nature - indifference of nature between dog and man. - harsh, yet realistic natural world.

Sarah Orne Jewet

Regionalist Writer

Mary E. Wilkins Freeman Favorite theme and reasons why

Revolt Against constraints -Rejected parents' strict religious code of behavior -Refused to give public testimony of faith at Mt. Holyoke Seminary -Finished formal education at West Brattleboro Seminary -Married late

The Awakening, Kate Chopin

Setting; new orleans, begins on Grand Isle, shifts to New Orleans, and concludes on Grand Isle. - The third-person narrator - realism and Romanticism works of the 19th century - The young wife and mother who loses herself to the pressures of societal conventions. Edna is treated as a mere object by her husband and expected to sacrifice herself for the sake of her children. She decides to rebel against the conventions that bind her and begins her path to self-discovery. - she begins to swim, bright and lovely memories from her childhood flicker across her consciousness and then drowns. - feels free when she drowns Edna Pontellier- the protagonist - Edna discovers - found a path of emotional, intellectual, and sexual awakening after spending a pleasant summer with her young admirer, Robert Lebrun. - she moves out of her husbands house - has an affair - becomes an artist Leónce Pontellier - Edna's husband - always travels on business to New York - likes having expensive possessions for his home. Raoul and Etienne Pontellier- - Edna and Leonce children. Robert Lebrun: -A young flirt, Robert attaches himself to Edna Pontellier - He tries to distance himself from her by going to Vera Cruz, Mexico to try and be honorable that she is married. Madame Lebrun - Robert's mother. - owns the cottages in Grand Isle that the New Orleans city folk like to rent out for the summer. Victor Lebrun - Robert's younger brother - the favorite son - flirts with Mrs. Pontellier and sometimes reminds her of Robert. Alcée Arobin - fashionable - has an affair with Edna - bad reputation Madame Ratignolle - the epitome of motherhood and femininity, with many children, - made Edna promise to be there when she goes into labor - always gives Edna advice, they are good friends The Lady in Black The lady in black is a vacationer at the Lebrun cottages on Grand Isle. She embodies the socially acceptable, self-effacing, husbandless woman. Doctor Mandelet Léonce and Edna's family physician; an old friend of Léonce's. He is one of the few characters who seems to come close to understanding Edna. The Colonel Edna's father, a former Confederate officer in the Civil War. He is a strict Protestant and believes that husbands should manage their wives with authority symbolism : Birds - freedom and imagination "The sea in front of her is inviting and solitary, and a bird with a broken wing is circling overhead"

American Literature 1865-1914

The Gilded Age (Age of Realism) and Literary Market Place Manifest Destiny; encouraged westward expansion Civil War's aftermath; photography horrors of battle(war) Positive impacts of war; innovated thinking, new methods of management, industrial growth strengthened. Inventions: electric dynamo(powering industry), light, flat iron (sky scraper), buildings now can be built higher than ever before, and the automobile, invention of telephone Economic and social problems; labor surplus, unemployment, low wages, child labor. Machine politics, spoil system, financial depressions/panics. The Literary Marketplace during the Age of Realism; Writers- more minorities, different economic backgrounds, literacy rate improved drastically (US public school movement) Mass production of books (rotary press) (railroad connection) Increasing numbers of things being published (more jobs for journalist) Greater reading audience was reached Therefor; Authorship was now a possible career for individuals. Greater opportunity for making a cultural impact.

Story of An Hour, Kate Chopin

Women were expected to be passive and delicate in the 19th century, and Louise's heart condition symbolizes this societal expectation. Her physical weakness encourages the people around her—like Richards and Josephine—to stifle her emotions and overprotect her. When Louise's husband "dies", Louise realizes that she will no longer be subjected to the powerful rules and norms of marriage. Louise Mallard: - the main character of the story. - A woman with a heart condition who is told that her husband, Brently Mallard, has died in a train accident -she responds to her husband's death with wild grief. - she is grieving alone in her room for her husband. - overjoyed at the fact that she is a widow after griefing, never again being dependent on a husband. - dies of a heart attack when she sees her husband - Louise's death of a heart attack, was the only way for her to gain independence Brently Mallard: - Louise's husband - incorrectly reported to have died in a train accident. he has no idea. -his presence gives Louise the message that her freedom could never be a reality. Josephine: - Louise's sister - he breaks the news of Brently's death, calmly. Symbolism: Louisa's weak heart: - symbolizes her emotional delicacy - mirrors the ways in which the marriage prevents Louise's independence. - her heart's weakness keeps her from leading the life she wants. she can't get overly excited. The Window: - The window is open, symbolizing her being alive and free -Experiencing the sights and sounds of the "new spring life" helps her get in touch with her own desire to live a new life. The significance of the title: in 60 minutes, Louise experiences freedom and experiences what women have dealt with for years, pain and silence.

Mother Women

Women who idolized their children, worshipped their husbands, and esteems it a holy privilege to efface themselves as individuals and grow wings as a ministering angels

A New England Nun, Mary E Wilkins Freeman

a story of Louisa Ellis, a woman who has lived alone for many years. Louisa is set in her ways, she likes to keep her house meticulously clean, wear multiple aprons, and eat from her nicest china every day. Finds out her husband is in love with another woman after being engaged to him for 14 years. Lives in New England. Louisa Ellis: - She lives alone, chiefly because living with another person would make things untidy. (OCD) - she wears aprons most of the time to make sure her clothes - the nun metaphor is a reference to her life of solitude - engaged to joe dagget - Dog Cesar: - chained up fourteen years. - He does not have the happiest existence and is lonely.like his owner - once nipped a neighbor which is why he is caged - symbolism to Louisa: has essentially caged herself off from the outside world and from new experiences. Joe Dagget: - left to Australia to work, engaged Louisa before her left. - "heavy step" ( unsuited to the quiet order that Louisa likes) - meets Lily Dyer, whom he hires to take care of his mother. - Falls in love with Lily Dyer - by having an affair, Joe and Lily have gave Louisa what she really wants which is maintaining her independence Lilly Dyer: - she is described as a tall and round young woman with thick, corn colored hair. - determined that Joe should keep his promise to Louisa because she is also an honorable person The Canary: - represents Louisa, who feels caged in the presence of Joe because he is intruding on her cherished and familiar solitude significance of the title : in the last line- "Louisa sat, prayerfully numbering her days, like an uncloistered nun."

modernism

abandoned many of the certenties in absolutes that previous generations had taken advantage. -Rejection of traditional structures of life (social, political, religious artistic) -Emphasis on fragmentary nature of experience (order, sequence, unity doesn't exist until the mind creates these qualities) -Frequent use of irony -Attacks the 5 senses -Frequent use of allusions -Complexity and Subjectivity subjectivity irony fragmentary view of reality and art as a unifying creation

The Law of Life, Jack London

characters- Old Koskoosh, his son (chief) setting: snow -Old Koskoosh is dying while the tribe is leaving because they are hungy and cold -son is by his side -He was freezing and his fire was burning out -"All men must die" -Use of "nature" against him -Koskoosh lost his relatives due to natures weather -He recalls the past -him and zing-ha followed a trail of a moose and wolves -Koskoosh saw the moose before his death and just said "its the law of life"

A White Heron, Sarah Orne Jewett

conclusions; contrasting views of nature hunter - loves bird and the woods in a scientific way killing and stuffing them materialistic (analytical) (using gun to kill) Sylvia- loves birds and nature and the woods in a spiritual way living in harmony and coexisting peacefully, communal, conserving and preserving.

regionalism

rapid industrialization during this era increasing immigration better communications and transportation standardization of work and lifestyles mass production and widespread distribution of goods - react against all the change - wanted to preserve their local communities and cultures - began before the civil war - many of the first were woman - featured happy endings much more frequently than other forms of realism - celebrated and preserved their own cultures - customs dialects and settings in these works becomes extremely important and dominant feature more than just time and place - sarah orne jewett first first regionalist

Impressions of an Indian childhood, Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Bonnin)

setting : Missouri -talks about a mother daughter relationship -Warka-Ziwin (her cousin) (Sun Flower) -"only if the pale face does not take our water" -"The bronzed dakota is the only real man" -The paleface signified a bad symbol, something that killed her uncle and daughter

The Goophered Gravevine, Charles Chessnutt

setting: Grape culture in Northern Ohio -meaning of Goophered, bewitched characters- Mars Henry "nijers" and Mars Dugal, and Mars Dunkin In this story, a white Northerner and his wife travel to the south to investigate a vineyard that he is interested in purchasing. It had been neglected for some time, since the Civil War, but end up talking to a local colored man and he tells them a story about the grapevine location -Eager to protect his crops, the master consulted with Aunt Peggy, a local conjure woman whose powerful spells terrified the free blacks and slaves in the area. A day after Master McAdoo stopped by her home with a basket of food, Aunt Peggy performed a conjuring at the vineyard and told the slaves that the grapes were bewitched: anyone who stole them would die within a year. All who heard her left the grapes alone after that. The death of a coachman who ate the grapes because he didn't know about the goopher and of a runaway slave child who ate the grapes convinced the slaves (but not the whites) that the goopher was working. With everyone afraid to raid the grapes, Dugal McAdoo was able to bottle fifteen hundred gallons of wine that first year, a good return on the ten dollars he'd paid Aunt Peggy for the goopher. The master bought a new slave: Henry, a bald, aging man. Henry arrived on the plantation just as the master and his neighbors were out hunting for a runaway slave and, unaware of the goopher, ate some of the grapes. He was horrified to learn about the curse the next morning. The overseer gave Henry a drink of whisky and took him to see Aunt Peggy the next day. Aunt Peggy gave Henry a bitter concoction that would protect him from the goopher since he had been unaware of it before he ate the grapes, but Henry would need to come back that spring for further conjuring. When spring came, Henry brought Aunt Peggy a stolen ham, and she instructed him to rub the sap of cut grapevines on his head every spring to protect himself from the goopher. That spring, Henry followed her instructions by rubbing his bald head with sap from the biggest vine between the house and fields. When the vines sprouted, Henry's hair began to grow again, and by the summer, his hair was full of curls that... (argument of mulatto)