English, Grammar, A1-A2, part 2

too/either

we use too and either at the end of a sentence too - after a positive verb either - after a negative verb - I'm happy - I'm happy too - I'm not happy - I'm not happy either

who/what

who - for people (somebody) what - for things, ideas etc. (something) - Who is your favourite singer? - What is your favourite song?

Let's do this!

you can say "Let's ... " when you want people to do things with you. Let's = Let us - It's a nice day. Let's go out. (= you and I can go out) the negative is Let's not ... - It's cold. Let's not go out. Let's stay at home. - Let's not have fish for the dinner tonight. Let's have chicken

Have you?

you can say have you? is it? etc. to show that you are interested or surprised: A: You're late B: Oh, am I? I'm sorry A: I was ill last week. B: Were you? I didn't know that use do/does for the present simple and did for the past simple: - I speak four languages. - Do you? Which ones? - Ben doesn't eat meat. Doesn't he? Does he eat fish? - Nicola got married last week. Did she? Really?

Have ...

- Have a chocolate (= Would you like a chocolate?) - Oh, thanks

I used to ...

Dave used to work in a factory = he worked in a factory before, but he doesn't work there now The negative is - I didn't use to: - When I was a child, I didn't use to like tomatoes The question is - did you use to ... ? - Where did you use to live before you came here? We use used to ... only for the past. You cannot say " I use to " for the present

have to

I have to do something = it is necessary for me to do it, I am obliged (обязан) to do it for the past - had to In questions and negatives we use do/does (present) and did (past) I don't have to do something = it is not necessary to do it

should

I think ... should ... - I think Lisa should buy some new clothes. (= I think it is a good idea) in the same way use - I don't think ... should Do you think .... should ... ? - Do you think I should buy this hat? another way of should is ought to - It's a good film. You ought to go and see it. (= you should go) - I think Lisa ought to buy some new clothes. (= Lisa should buy)

I'd like ...

I'd like ... is a polite way to say "I want" - I'd like = I would like - I'm thirsty. I'd like a drink. - I'd like some information about hotels, please> - I'm feeling tired. I'd like to stay at home this evening.

Who saw you? Who did you see? 2

In these questions who/what is the subject: - Who lives in this house? (= somebody lives in it - who?) - What happened? (= something happened - what?) - What's happening? (What's = What is) - Who's got my key? (Who's = Who has) In these questions who/what is the object: - Who did you meet yesterday? (= you met somebody - who?) - Who are you phoning?

Who saw you? Who did you see?

Silvia saw Paul 1. Who saw Paul? - Silvia, she saw him 2. Who did Silvia see? - Paul, she saw Paul 1 - is the subject, person you do this action 2- is the object, person you don't do this action

Why isn't ... ? Why don't ... ?

Why + negative - Where's John? Why isn't he here? - Why can't Paula come to the meeting tomorrow? - Why didn't you phone me last night?

would you like ... ?

Would you like ... ? (= Do you want ... ?) - use to offer things - Would you like some coffee? - Would you like a chocolate? Would you like to ... ? - use to invite somebody - Would you like to go for a walk? - What would you like to do this evening?

neither am I

neither am I = I'm not either neither can I = I can't either A: I haven't got a key B: Neither have I (= I haven't either) A: Kate can't cook B: Neither can Tom A: I won't be here tomorrow B: Neither will I You can also use Nor (= Neither) A: I'm not married B: Nor am I (or Neither am I)

so am I

so am I = I am too so have I = I have too A: I'm working B: So am I (I'm working too) A: I was late for work today B: So was Sam A: We went to the cinema last night B: Did you? So did we A: I'd like to go to Australia B: So would I

there is/are there was/were there has/have been there will be

there is/are (present) - There is nothing on TV tonight. there was/were (past) - There was nothing on TV last night. there has bee/ have been (present perfect) - Look! There's been an accident. (there's been = there has been) - This road is very dangerous. There have been many accidents. there will be - Do you think there will be a lot of people at the party on Saturday? - The manager of the company is leaving, so there will be a new manager soon. - I'm going away tomorrow. I'll do my packing today because there won't be time tomorrow. (there won't be = there will not be)

It ...

we use it for - time - day - distance - weather It's nice to ... It's "easy / difficult / nice / safe etc." to ... - It's nice to see you again - It's impossible to understand her - It wasn't easy to find your house

Question tags

you can use have you? / is it? / etc. at the end of a sentence. these 'mini-questions' are question tags positive sentence ---> negative question tag - It's a beautiful day, isn't it? - Yes, it's perfect - Kate lives in London, doesn't she? - Yes, that's right negative sentence ---> positive question tag - That isn't you car, is it? - No, it's my mother's - You haven't met my mother, have you? - No, I haven't

must and have to

you can use must or have to when you say what you think is necessary, when you give your opinion: - It's a fantastic film. You must see it (= You have to see it) When you are not giving your personal opinion, use have to: Compare: - Jane won't be at work this afternoon. She has to go to the doctor. (this is not my personal opinion - it is a fact) - Jane isn't well. She doesn't want to go to the doctor, but I told her she must go. (= this is my personal opinion)