ENSC DONG CH.5

kelp forests play key roles in marine ecosystems, in part by supporting important. These kelp forests are threatened by what?

sea urchins

an example of an internal parasite is a what

tapeworm

populations of most plants and animals depend, directly or indirectly, on solar energy

true

primary and secondary ecological successions tend to increase biodiversity of communities and ecosystems by increasing species richness and interactions among species

true

scientists have changed their view about a stable type of climax community as the end product of succession and are now suggesting that we cannot predict the course of succession

true

the nonpoisonous ______ butterfly gains protection by looking like the bad-testing _______ butterfly, which is protective device known as ______

viceroy; monarch; mimicry

what is an example of a K-selected species?

whales

species with a capacity for a high rate of population growth are called _______

r-selected species

each population in an ecosystem has a ________ to variations in its physical and chemical environment

range of tolerance

parasites ___________________________________

rarely kill their hosts

which of the following exhibits secondary ecological succession?

recently flooded land

the ability of an ecosystem to be restored

resilience

which of the following exhibits primary succession?

a rock exposed by a retreating glacier

what is the most common distribution of populations?

clumped

a population increase through birth and __________

immigration

the ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances is called what?

inertia

what occurs when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources?

interspecific competition

what refers to the ability of a living system to be restored after a period of moderate to severe disturbance?

resilience

What was the primary reason the southern sea otter nearly went extinctby the early 1900's

they had thick luxurious fur

what is a feature of r-selected species?

they have populations that fluctuate between high and low

a late population is exemplified by species such as elephants and rhinoceroses

true

a survivorship curve shows the percentages of the members of a population surviving at different ages

true

animal predators tend to kill the sick, weak, aged and least fit members of a species because they are the easiest to catch. true or false

true

grasslands have a high resilience and therefor can recover quickly following a fire

true

humans compete with many other species for space, food, and other resources. true or false

true

the carrying capacity of any given area is not fixed

true

use behavioral strategies to scare off predators

blowfish

what occurs when an interaction benefits one species has been little, if any, effect on the other?

commensalism

what is the most common interaction between species?

competition

emigration

departure movement of individuals from a population to another area

what has been caused the population of southern sea otters to fluctuate?

parasites that breed in cats

what is said to occur when one organism feeds on another organism by living on or in the other organism?

parasitism

ability of an ecosystem to survive moderate disturbances

persistence

a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species in the same geographic region is called ________

population

what is the number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume that can limit the size of some populations?

population density

gradual establishment of communities of species in lifeless areas

primary succession

some species that tend to reproduce later in life and have a small numbers of offspring with long life spans ________

are vulnerable to extinction

the maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely is the definition of ____________

carrying capacity

some prey species discourage predators with chemicals that are poisonous, irritation, foul smelling, or bad testing. What is this called?

chemical warfare

the pollination of flowering plants by species such as honeybees is what

mutualism

the relationship between clownfish and sea anemone is called what

mutualism

when two species behave in ways that benefit both by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource is called what

mutualism

there are _______ limits to population growth in nature

always

most ecologists now recognize that mature. late-successional ecosystems _________

are in a state of continual disturbance and change

the primary reason why southern sea otter recovery is ecologically important is because they what?

are keytsone species

bats prey on certain species of moths by using high-frequency echolocation to locate them. Certain moths have evolved ears that can hear these frequencies allowing them to escape. This is an example of what?

coevolution

when populations of two different species interact over long periods of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the genes pool of the other. What is this called?

coevolution

the hind wings of the lo moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal. What is this called?

deceptive tools

by 1900, white-tailed deer populations in the US were drastically reduced, but now, since laws have been passed to protect them and their natural predators, their population has ___________

exploded

one set of species makes an area suitable for species with different niche requirements and often less suitable for itself is called what?

facilitation

at the population level, parasites are always harmful to the host species

false

humans are exempt from population overshoot and dieback

false

intraspecific competition plays a larger role in most ecosystems than interspecific competition

false

organisms with clumped distributions are fairly rare

false

the growth rate population increases as its size nears the carrying capacity of its environment

false

the most common interaction between species is commensalism. true or false

false

the population of white-tail deer has soared and this can pose a problem for humans since they are carriers of malaria

false

an example of a species using resource partitioning

honeycreepers

too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can prevent the growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimum conditions. What is the ecological principle?

limiting factor

exponential growth followed by a steady decrease in a population growth until the population size stability is typical of ________

logical growth

grasslands have ______ and can burn easily

low inertia

if multiple species find themselves competing for the same resource, the competition can be reduced by which of the following?

resource partitioning

through natural selection, different species of birds shared resources by evolving specialized beaks to take advantage of certain types of food

resource partitioning

kelp forests are composed of large concentrations of what?

seaweed

type of succession that begins in an area where an ecosystem has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed and that contains soil or bottom sediment

secondary

gradual establishment of communications after a wild fire

secondary succession

kelp forests help reduce _______ by blunting the force of incoming waves and trapping some of the outgoing sand

shore erosion

an example of a predator that uses camoflage

snow owl

the capacity to withstand external stress and disturbance is called what?

stability

late successional plants are largely unaffected by plants at earlier stages of succession because they are not in direct competition for resources a factor called what

tolerance

in communities and ecosystems, the types and numbers of species change in response to changing environmental conditons

true

large mammals are especially vulnerable to extinction because of their reproductive patterns

true

an example of a prey species that exerts a selective pressure on lion and cheetah populations

zebra