ENSC DONG CH.5
kelp forests play key roles in marine ecosystems, in part by supporting important. These kelp forests are threatened by what?
sea urchins
an example of an internal parasite is a what
tapeworm
populations of most plants and animals depend, directly or indirectly, on solar energy
true
primary and secondary ecological successions tend to increase biodiversity of communities and ecosystems by increasing species richness and interactions among species
true
scientists have changed their view about a stable type of climax community as the end product of succession and are now suggesting that we cannot predict the course of succession
true
the nonpoisonous ______ butterfly gains protection by looking like the bad-testing _______ butterfly, which is protective device known as ______
viceroy; monarch; mimicry
what is an example of a K-selected species?
whales
species with a capacity for a high rate of population growth are called _______
r-selected species
each population in an ecosystem has a ________ to variations in its physical and chemical environment
range of tolerance
parasites ___________________________________
rarely kill their hosts
which of the following exhibits secondary ecological succession?
recently flooded land
the ability of an ecosystem to be restored
resilience
which of the following exhibits primary succession?
a rock exposed by a retreating glacier
what is the most common distribution of populations?
clumped
a population increase through birth and __________
immigration
the ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances is called what?
inertia
what occurs when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources?
interspecific competition
what refers to the ability of a living system to be restored after a period of moderate to severe disturbance?
resilience
What was the primary reason the southern sea otter nearly went extinctby the early 1900's
they had thick luxurious fur
what is a feature of r-selected species?
they have populations that fluctuate between high and low
a late population is exemplified by species such as elephants and rhinoceroses
true
a survivorship curve shows the percentages of the members of a population surviving at different ages
true
animal predators tend to kill the sick, weak, aged and least fit members of a species because they are the easiest to catch. true or false
true
grasslands have a high resilience and therefor can recover quickly following a fire
true
humans compete with many other species for space, food, and other resources. true or false
true
the carrying capacity of any given area is not fixed
true
use behavioral strategies to scare off predators
blowfish
what occurs when an interaction benefits one species has been little, if any, effect on the other?
commensalism
what is the most common interaction between species?
competition
emigration
departure movement of individuals from a population to another area
what has been caused the population of southern sea otters to fluctuate?
parasites that breed in cats
what is said to occur when one organism feeds on another organism by living on or in the other organism?
parasitism
ability of an ecosystem to survive moderate disturbances
persistence
a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species in the same geographic region is called ________
population
what is the number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume that can limit the size of some populations?
population density
gradual establishment of communities of species in lifeless areas
primary succession
some species that tend to reproduce later in life and have a small numbers of offspring with long life spans ________
are vulnerable to extinction
the maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely is the definition of ____________
carrying capacity
some prey species discourage predators with chemicals that are poisonous, irritation, foul smelling, or bad testing. What is this called?
chemical warfare
the pollination of flowering plants by species such as honeybees is what
mutualism
the relationship between clownfish and sea anemone is called what
mutualism
when two species behave in ways that benefit both by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource is called what
mutualism
there are _______ limits to population growth in nature
always
most ecologists now recognize that mature. late-successional ecosystems _________
are in a state of continual disturbance and change
the primary reason why southern sea otter recovery is ecologically important is because they what?
are keytsone species
bats prey on certain species of moths by using high-frequency echolocation to locate them. Certain moths have evolved ears that can hear these frequencies allowing them to escape. This is an example of what?
coevolution
when populations of two different species interact over long periods of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the genes pool of the other. What is this called?
coevolution
the hind wings of the lo moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal. What is this called?
deceptive tools
by 1900, white-tailed deer populations in the US were drastically reduced, but now, since laws have been passed to protect them and their natural predators, their population has ___________
exploded
one set of species makes an area suitable for species with different niche requirements and often less suitable for itself is called what?
facilitation
at the population level, parasites are always harmful to the host species
false
humans are exempt from population overshoot and dieback
false
intraspecific competition plays a larger role in most ecosystems than interspecific competition
false
organisms with clumped distributions are fairly rare
false
the growth rate population increases as its size nears the carrying capacity of its environment
false
the most common interaction between species is commensalism. true or false
false
the population of white-tail deer has soared and this can pose a problem for humans since they are carriers of malaria
false
an example of a species using resource partitioning
honeycreepers
too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can prevent the growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimum conditions. What is the ecological principle?
limiting factor
exponential growth followed by a steady decrease in a population growth until the population size stability is typical of ________
logical growth
grasslands have ______ and can burn easily
low inertia
if multiple species find themselves competing for the same resource, the competition can be reduced by which of the following?
resource partitioning
through natural selection, different species of birds shared resources by evolving specialized beaks to take advantage of certain types of food
resource partitioning
kelp forests are composed of large concentrations of what?
seaweed
type of succession that begins in an area where an ecosystem has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed and that contains soil or bottom sediment
secondary
gradual establishment of communications after a wild fire
secondary succession
kelp forests help reduce _______ by blunting the force of incoming waves and trapping some of the outgoing sand
shore erosion
an example of a predator that uses camoflage
snow owl
the capacity to withstand external stress and disturbance is called what?
stability
late successional plants are largely unaffected by plants at earlier stages of succession because they are not in direct competition for resources a factor called what
tolerance
in communities and ecosystems, the types and numbers of species change in response to changing environmental conditons
true
large mammals are especially vulnerable to extinction because of their reproductive patterns
true
an example of a prey species that exerts a selective pressure on lion and cheetah populations
zebra