Envi Science 13
Human activities _______.
A
Which of the following statements about current theories on global warming is true?
A
Which layer of soil is most likely of greatest importance to plant growth?
A (topsoil)
Explain how an increase of the annual melt season in Antarctica can have global effects.
A longer melt season in Antarctica leads to a greater loss of land-based glacier ice. The water from the melted land glaciers runs into the oceans and leads to an overall increase in volume. This change has global effects.
What is the likely long-term consequence of an increase in the relative percent of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere? a. Earth's average temperature will increase. b. Earth's average temperature will decrease. c. Earth will experience greater temperature extremes. d. Earth's average temperature will be unaffected.
A.
How does an early onset of spring through climate change affect plants? a. their growing and flowering season starts earlier and is longer b. their growing and flowering season starts later and is longer c. their growing and flowering season starts earlier and is shorter d. their growing and flowering season starts later and is shorter
A. their growing and flowering season starts earlier and is longer
Why is soil important to plants?
All of the above
How does climate change lead to an increase in algal blooms?
B
Why was the concern over global cooling replaced with a concern over global warming?
B
Rising levels of carbon dioxide most likely A.have a greater detrimental effect on the land than the sea. B. have a greater detrimental effect on the sea than the land. C. can increase productivity on the land and the sea. D. can decrease productivity on the land and the sea.
B. have a greater detrimental effect on the sea than the land
Which of the following is not a possible effect of rising carbon dioxide levels on plants? a. increased photosynthesis b. increased plant mortality c. increased crop productivity d. increased plant growth
B. increased plant mortality
How do the benefits of natural change to ecosystems compare to the disadvantages? a. The benefits are outweighed by the disadvantages. b. The benefits outweigh the disadvantages. c. The benefits are equal to the disadvantages. d. There are no disadvantages to natural change in ecosystems.
B. the benefits outweigh the disadvantages
How are primary and secondary succession similar?
Both primary and secondary succession involve ecosystems recovering from a disruptive event.
In which major weather events of the 20th century did climate play a significant role?
C
Which of the following best explains why air pollution that was once blamed for global cooling is now considered responsible for global warming?
C
Which of the following continents was not covered by ice during the Pleistocene ice age?
C
Which of the following does not lead to an increase in phytoplankton reproduction?
C
Which of the following is a negative effect of algal blooms on the environment?
C
How could climate change affect the ecosystems of the island nation of Samoa? a. increased cyclone activity could damage land plants and coral reefs b. increasing global temperatures could raise ocean levels and temperatures subsequently damaging aquatic environments c. a and b d. none of the above
C. a and b
Environmental factors can cause various changes in ecosystems. Which of the following would most likely have the greatest lasting effect on an ecosystem? a. a seasonal excess of fertilizer runoff b. a disease among a population c. change to the landscape from construction d. seasonal drought
C. change to the landscape from construction
Which of the following is not a theory supporting global warming?
Carbon dioxide is an insignificant greenhouse gas.
Explain how changes in land use can impact an ecosystem.
Changes in land use can have a great impact on ecosystems. These changes often reduce the amount of available land and resources for organisms. These changes cause organism populations to decrease, sometimes even leading to complete loss of species in an ecosystem. These changes are typically permanent.
Explain how local environmental changes can have global effects.
Changes in local environments can have global effects for several reasons. Animals, like birds, migrate from region to region. A change in one of their environments can cause behavioral changes which will affect other organisms living in these environments. Air and water move among regions. Changes to the composition of air in one location will affect other locations as the air moves. The same is true of water.
"In a 2009 study, presented by the National Academy of Science, 97% of climate scientists agree that human activity is causing global warming." Which of the following statements is best supported by this study?
D
Which of the following is not a theory supporting global warming?
D
Which of the following is not a way in which humans directly impact algal bloom production?
D
Which of the following could cause a habitat change? a. introduction of an invasive species b. a wildfire c. a mudslide d. all of the above
D. all of the above
Explain why entering an interglacial period resulted in an increase in biodiversity on Earth.
During an ice age the conditions on Earth favor glaciers and cold deserts over more hospitable environments. Therefore, when the ice age ended and glaciers retreated the more hospitable grasslands and forests that developed hosted greater biodiversity.
In which major weather events of the 20th century did climate play a significant role?
Dust Bowl
When the levels of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere increase, which statement is true? Earth's temperature increases because Hin increases. Earth's temperature increases because Hout increases. Earth's temperature increases because Hout decreases. Earth's temperature increases because Hin increases and Hout decreases.
Earth's temperature increases because Hout decreases.
Explain why scientists are concerned about human activities that cause global warming if global warming is caused by the greenhouse effect and the greenhouse effect is a natural part of Earth's climate.
Even if global warming is a natural part of Earth's climate, human activities are accelerating it. Global temperatures are expected to rise much faster than they would have naturally, which may result in severe environmental and climate changes across the globe. These predicted impacts of global warming could have severe, negative impacts to humans.
Between 1940 and 1970 most scientists were already concerned about global warming.
F
It is not possible for global warming to have any positive side effects.
F
Africa was covered by glaciers during the Pleistocene ice age.
False
Ecosystems have trouble adjusting to short-term changes.
False
It is not possible for global warming to have any positive side effects.
False
Local environmental changes have no effect on the global climate.
False
Microorganisms can improve soil health, but do not play a crucial role in it
False
Pollution is the only way that humans can cause changes to ecosystems.
False
Soil is not directly important to animal life.
False
Soil structure and soil texture are essentially the same property of soil.
False
Succession is always caused by natural events.
False
The early arrival of spring in New Hampshire has no effect on wildlife.
False
The rate of soil formation cannot be increased.
False
Which of the following best describes the impact of glaciers upon the surface of the earth?
Glaciers scraped across the surface and altered landscapes and the course of rivers.
Which of the following theories concerning global climate change is the most widely accepted?
Global climate is changing due to burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.
Which of the following areas would most likely have the deepest layer of topsoil?
Grassland
How does climate change lead to an increase in algal blooms?
Increased levels of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, leads to increased phytoplankton growth.
What are the predicted consequences of legislation for global warming on industry?
It is predicted that legislation for global warming will actually have positive effects on industry. New jobs will be created through the introduction of new technology and processes and businesses should save money through pollution reducing practices and technology.
At which time of day is the heat flow entering Earth's atmosphere (Hin) highest? sunrise midday sunset midnight
MIDDAY.
How do microorganisms affect humus and thereby soil health?
Microorganisms increase the production of humus, which leads to an increase in soil health
How do minerals affect soil productivity
Minerals in the soil can eventually be used for plant growth and production
"In a 2009 study, presented by the National Academy of Science, 97% of climate scientists agree that human activity is causing global warming." Which of the following statements is best supported by this study?
Most climate scientists believe that there is evidence that explains global warming.
Compare the benefits of natural change to ecosystems to the disadvantages.
Natural change to ecosystems occurs all the time for various reasons. These changes, for the most part, increase the productivity of an ecosystem, allowing for greater biodiversity, symbiosis, and adaptability. While natural disasters like volcanoes, wildfires, and hurricanes can devastate an ecosystem, ecosystems ultimately recover from these disasters through the process of succession and return to a healthy state. This process keeps the soil of ecosystems fertile and capable of sustaining organisms.
Which of the following soil properties is NOT influenced by microorganism activity
None of the above: soil acidity, amount of organic matter, nutrient levels
Which is not a component of soil
None: organic material, minerals, gases
What are some possible future changes in the global climate?
One likely future change is an increase in the overall global temperature due to global warming caused by an increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This change could lead to other effects such as an increase in sea levels, a decrease in resources, an increase in disease, and ocean acidification.
Explain why organisms that have a narrow temperature tolerance range will be more susceptible to climate change.
Organisms that have a narrow temperature tolerance range cannot survive in a wide variety of temperatures. Even small changes in climate can affect organisms that do not have a high tolerance for change. These organisms will be forced to adapt, relocate, or die off. If climate change is widespread, such organisms may not be able to survive.
Which of the following is the designation for bedrock
R
Which of the following best explains why air pollution that was once blamed for global cooling is now considered responsible for global warming?
Scientists mistakenly thought pollution reflected sunlight and heat rather than absorbed it.
Which of the following statements about secondary succession is true?
Secondary succession affects ecosystems that are already established.
Explain why some groups doubt the occurrence of global warming and global climate change. T or F
Some groups point out that water is a more significant contributor to warming in the atmosphere. Therefore, they argue that carbon dioxide is not a significant greenhouse gas so any observed warming is not the result of human activity. To many of these groups any discussion of global warming or climate change is a form of media alarmism.
During ices ages our planet supports more glaciers and deserts than forests.
T
Global warming is a theory accepted by a majority of scientists.
T
Some scientists believe that global warming will lead to an increase in disease and starvation.
T
Explain how glaciers can change the landscape and physical characteristics of continents.
The advancing front of a glacier acts like a bulldozer, scraping across the landscape and carving out new features. This can carve out new courses for rivers and lakes and flatten out landscapes.
What is likely to happen to the ecosystem pictured below after a period of time?
The ecosystem will undergo primary succession followed by secondary succession.
Explain how scientists can have multiple theories about the effects of global warming.
The global climate is a complex system involving different factors such as temperature, precipitation, pressure, humidity, and wind. The complexity of the system makes it difficult to accurately predict how changes in one region can affect other regions.
Explain how an earlier spring caused by climate warming trends might affect plant life.
The growing and flowering seasons of plants will start earlier as a result of an earlier spring caused by warmer conditions. The growing and flowering season will most likely also last longer, resulting in increased plant growth.
Animals contribute to soil formation through decomposition of organic material.
True
Climate warming trends allow plant and insect species to inhabit larger ranges.
True
Global warming is a theory accepted by a majority of scientists.
True
Human impact on ecosystems would most likely lead to secondary succession over primary succession.
True
Humus creates good soil tilth, which is an indirect benefit of microorganisim action
True
Humus creates good soil tilth, which is an indirect benefit of microorganism action.
True
Microorganisms play an important role in creating nutrient-rich soil.
True
Natural disasters can have positive effects on an ecosystem.
True
Rising sea levels are a possible global consequence to a change in local environments.
True
Scientists disagree about the possible effects of global warming.
True
Soil horizons are defined by physical features
True
Some scientists believe that global warming will bring about extreme weather.
True
Some scientists believe that global warming will lead to an increase in disease and starvation.
True
Succession occurs when environmental factors affecting an ecosystem change
True
Succession occurs when environmental factors affecting an ecosystem change.
True
Explain why the greenhouse effect is not entirely a man-made phenomenon.
While many human activities produce greenhouse gases, the greenhouse effect is actually a natural process. Many atmospheric gases help trap heat in Earth's atmosphere, including natural gases like carbon dioxide. So while human activities exacerbate the natural greenhouse effect, it is not solely due to them.
How could climate change affect the ecosystems of the island nation of Samoa?
a and b
In New Hampshire, the length of time ice covers on Mirror Lake each year has declined by _______. a. 1/2 day per year b. 1 day per year c. 1 1/2 days per year d. 2 days per year
a. 1/2 day per year
Which of the following is a way that studies have determined industry might be affected by legislation on global warming?
a. creation of new jobs and technology
What is the likely long-term consequence of an increase in the relative percent of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere? a. Earth's average temperature will increase. b. Earth's average temperature will decrease. c. Earth will experience greater temperature extremes. d. Earth's average temperature will be unaffected.
a. Earth's average temperature will increase.
Which of the following continents was covered by glaciers during the Pleistocene ice age? a. Europe b. South America c. Australia d. Africa
a. Europe
Why did scientists think the world was experiencing global cooling between the 1940's and 1970's. a. Pollution was blocking sunlight. b. Pollution was trapping heat in the atmosphere. c. Winters were the longest and coldest since the last ice age. d. Biodiversity was declining.
a. Pollution was blocking sunlight.
Human activities _______. a. exacerbate the natural greenhouse effect b. create the greenhouse effect c. diminish the greenhouse effect d. eliminate the greenhouse effect
a. exacerbate the natural greenhouse effect
The scientific community disagrees about _______. a. the rate of global climate change b. the occurrence of global warming c. the need for action d. all of the above
a. the rate of global climate change
Without the greenhouse effect, Earth would be _______. a. too cold to support our current ecosystem b. too warm to support our current ecosystem c. too wet to support our current ecosystem d. barren of all life
a. too cold to support our current ecosystem
Which of the following is not a consequence of the onset of early spring events?
acidic ocean water
Which of the following is defined as combinations of soil particles that vary in size and shape?
aggregates
Fish populations and other aquatic resources are likely to be affected by changes in what aquatic factors?
all of the above
How do organic farming practices relate to soil health
all of the above
Succession allows ecosystems to _______.
all of the above
Succession is affected by _______.
all of the above
What causes soils and their horizons to differ?
all of the above
Which of the following could cause a habitat change?
all of the above
A longer growing season is a result of _______.
an earlier start to spring
Microorganisms in soil
are critical to soil health carry out decomposition make nutrients available to plants
Why are there different theories about the effects of global warming?
b. Global climate is complex, so changes in global climate are hard to predict.
Which of the following theories concerning global climate change is the most widely accepted? a. Changes in the global climate will lead to an increase in extreme weather and flooding. b. Global climate is changing due to burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. c. Global climate change will happen rapidly. d. Extra carbon dioxide and global warming will be beneficial
b. Global climate is changing due to burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.
Why was the concern over global cooling replaced with a concern over global warming? a. The science community needed a cause to frighten the general population. b. Steady surface temperature increases were noted between the 1970's and 90's. c. Air pollution only became a concern in the 1980's. d. Scientists observed severe ocean acidification.
b. Steady surface temperature increases were noted between the 1970's and 90's.
At which time of day is the heat flow entering Earth's atmosphere H(in) highest? a. sunrise b. midday c. sunset d. midnight
b. midday
Many scientists expect global temperatures to _______ by 2100. a. rise 0.4-1.4ºC b. rise 1.4-5.8ºC c. fall 0.4-1.4ºC d. fall 1.4-5.8ºC
b. rise 1.4-5.8ºC
How does soil become enriched during soil formation
by decaying organisims
Which of the following is not a current theory regarding global climate change?
c. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will have no effect.
How does an increase in the annual melt season in Antarctica have a global effect?
c. The water in the melting glaciers can cause sea levels to rise
Which of the following is not a possible effect of increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere?
c. cutting down forests
Which of the following continents was not covered by ice during the Pleistocene ice age? a. Europe b. Asia c. Australia d. North America
c. Australia
When the levels of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere increase, which statement is true? a. Earth's temperature increases because H(in) increases. b. Earth's temperature increases because H(out) increases. c. Earth's temperature increases because H(out) decreases. d. Earth's temperature increases because H(in) increases and H(out) decreases.
c. Earth's temperature increases because H(out) decreases.
Which of the following predictions about global climate change is directly related to an increase in the burning of fossil fuels? a. increased extreme weather b. decreased food supply c. global warming d. falling sea levels
c. global warming
The scientific explanation for global warming is very dependent on the _______ atom.
carbon
Which of the following is a negative effect of algal blooms on the environment?
consumption of water's oxygen
Changes to the global climate could include _______.
d. all of the above
Which of the following is not a theory supporting global warming? a. It is predicted that the average temperature will rise 1.4° C or more over the next 100 years. b. Human activity has increased greenhouse gases. c. Over the last 100 years the earth has warmed by 0.74° C d. Carbon dioxide is an insignificant greenhouse gas.
d. Carbon dioxide is an insignificant greenhouse gas.
"In a 2009 study, presented by the National Academy of Science, 97% of climate scientists agree that human activity is causing global warming." Which of the following statements is best supported by this study? a. Most climate scientists dispute the theory of human influence on global warming. b. Global warming is most likely alarmist propaganda based on false data. c. Global warming is definitely not caused by human influence on nature. d. Most climate scientists believe that there is evidence that explains global warming.
d. Most climate scientists believe that there is evidence that explains global warming.
Which of the following is predicted to be an impact of global warming? a. extreme weather b. ocean acidification c. species extinction d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Greenhouse gases are best described as _______. a. the result of fossil fuel use b. gases that cause the greenhouse effect c. carbon dioxide and methane d. gases that trap energy from the sun in Earth's atmosphere
d. gases that trap energy from the sun in Earth's atmosphere
Which of the following is not true concerning the interglacial period that began 15,000 years ago? a. glaciers stopped advancing b. sea levels rose c. biodiversity increased d. none of the above
d. none of the above
Which of the following local environmental changes will not have global effects? a. decline of glacial ice in Russia b. an increase in the annual melt season in the Antarctic peninsula c. the early arrival of spring in New Hampshire d. none of the above
d. none of the above
Climate changes can produce various effects in ecosystems. Which of the following is a way that marine ecosystems can be affected by climate warming trends?
decreased levels of carbonate
Which of the following is an example of a long-term change to ecosystems?
evolution
Human activities _______.
exacerbate the natural greenhouse effect
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a climax community?
experiences no change
What are some environmental factors that can cause changes in ecosystems?
extreme weather, disease, land use change, invasive species, and pollution.
Between 1940 and 1970 most scientists were already concerned about global warming. T or F
f
Which of the following could be both a natural and a human cause of succession?
fire
Which of the following is not a way in which humans directly impact algal bloom production?
fishing
Which of the following is an example of a pioneer species?
fungus
Greenhouse gases are best described as _______.
gases that trap energy from the sun in Earth's atmosphere
Which of the following predictions about global climate change is directly related to an increase in the burning of fossil fuels?
global warming
the separation of soil into layers is
horizonation
Which of the following is an effect of organic matter on soil?
improved soil structure
Which of the following is a way that climate affects soil formation
increase in chemical weathering
Which of the following does not lead to an increase in phytoplankton reproduction?
increased oxygen levels
What effect can fertilizer runoff have on an aquatic ecosystem?
increased plant growth leading to a decrease in fish populations
good soil tilth allow for
increased porosity
Which of the following is a way that climate affects soil formation
increased precipitation warmer temperatures increased winds
Which of the following factors does not affect soil formation?
none of the above
Which of the following would not cause habitat change?
none of the above
Primary succession ________.
occurs in areas without soil
Succession occurs because _______.
organisms gradually change the environment
Which layer of soil is least likely to be penetrated by plant roots
parent rock
Manmade global warming is caused by _______.
pollution
Which of the following is not a manmade cause of global warming?
respiration
Which of the following soil properties is influenced by microorganism activity
soil acidity amount of organic matter nutrient levels
which of the following properties of soil has the greatest effect on plant and microorganism growth
soil reaction
Soil is a mixture of _______.
solids, liquids, and gases
During ices ages our planet supports more glaciers and deserts than forests. T or F
t
Global warming is a theory accepted by a majority of scientists. T or F
t
Soil reaction is
the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of soil
What are some changes that can occur in ecosystems?
tide cycles, population sizes, succession, evolution, landscape changes, and climate changes.
Climate warming trends allow plant and insect species to inhabit larger ranges?
true
Habitat change can occur through natural causes
true
Microorganisms play an important role in creating nutrient rich soil
true
Soil color is classified by
using a color reference chart