Environmental Public Health Chp 1-10, 12
The natural population replacement fertility rate in the U.S. is estimated to be Select one: A. 2.1 births per woman B. 2.9 births per woman C. 3.1 births per woman D. 3.9 births per woman E. 3.5 births per woman
A. 2.1 births per woman
During 2011, 6000 people in the town of Tick Haven had a clinical diagnosis of lyme disease. Of these 6000 people, 2000 were newly documented cases of lyme disease. What is the incidence of lyme disease during 2011 in the town of Tick Haven? Select one: A. 2000/total population of Tick Haven B. 6000/total population of Tick Haven C. 4000/total population of Tick Haven D. 4000/total population with lyme disease E. 2000/total population that died from lyme disease
A. 2000/total population of Tick Haven
The polluter-pays principle states that Select one: A. A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures. B. A wealthy society with recycling programs shouldn't pay for waste management C. Factories should pay for the health care of people impacted by air pollution D. Everyone should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies. E. None of the above.
A. A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures.
One of the human health effects of sulfur dioxide is Select one: A. Bronchoconstriction B. Brain/CNS damage C. Lung cancer D. Carboxyhemoglobin formation E. None of the above
A. Bronchoconstriction
Excessively low intake of copper may be associated with Select one: A. Dietary deficiency B. Normal health C. Toxicity D. Lethality E. None of the above
A. Dietary deficiency
Only two nuclear events have been classified as major nuclear events (INES rating of 7). The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 was one of those events. What was the other event? Select one: A. Fukushima, Japan B. Three Mile Island, United States C. Kyshtym, Russia D. Windscale Pile, UK E. Forsmark, Sweden
A. Fukushima, Japan
Agent Orange is an example of a (an) Select one: A. Herbicide B. Fumigant C. Insecticide D. Fungicide E. Rodenticide
A. Herbicide
According to the 2012 PNAS paper we discussed in class, three countries had the largest water footprint. There are China, the United States, and Select one: A. India B. Russia C. Kenya D. Brazil E. Thailand
A. India
A case-control study identified an odds ratio of 8.56. The study examined whether asthma was related to the presence of cockroach allergens in the home of individuals with asthma. What conclusion does the odds ratio in this study suggest? Select one: A. Individuals exposed to cockroach allergens in their homes were more likely to have asthma B. Those with asthma are sensitive to cockroach allergens C. Asthma creates cockroach allergens D. Cockroach allergens are the cause of asthma E. No relationship between cockroach allergens and asthma
A. Individuals exposed to cockroach allergens in their homes were more likely to have asthma
Of the following routes of exposure, which one has the most rapid effect? Select one: A. Intravenous B. Ingestion C. Dermal D. Intramuscular E. Inhalation
A. Intravenous
In what sense is influenza a zoonotic disease? Select one: A. It has animal reservoirs, especially birds and swine. B. It is transmitted by "stealth" arthropods. C. It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool products. D. The main reservoir is aggressive insects. E. None of the above.
A. It has animal reservoirs, especially birds and swine.
As we discussed in class, standards for three criteria pollutants have been updated since our textbook was published. What are those three criteria pollutants? Select one: A. Lead, ozone, and PM2.5 B. Ozone, lead, and PM10 C. PM2.5, carbon monoxide, and lead D. lead, ozone, and carbon monoxide E. PM10, carbon monoxide, and ozone
A. Lead, ozone, and PM2.5
Which of the following is NOT an arboviral disease? Select one: A. Lyme disease B. Powassan C. West Nile Virus D. Eastern equine encephalitis E. Yellow fever
A. Lyme disease
Each year premature deaths from ambient air pollution worldwide have been estimated to be Select one: A. More than 3 million B. More than 500 million C. 1.6 million D. Less than 1 million E. More than 10 million
A. More than 3 million
Drinking water treatment involves all the following except Select one: A. Removal of all dissolved chemicals B. Addition of fluoride C. Removal of large inorganic particles D. Removal of small suspended particles E. Disinfection with chlorine or other disinfection method
A. Removal of all dissolved chemicals
The term that refers to low levels of ionizing radiation exposure over long time periods that are associated with an increased probability of the occurrence of an adverse health event is Select one: A. Stochastic effect B. Nonstochastic effect C. Hormesis D. Acute effect E. Cosmic effect
A. Stochastic effect
Indentify the incorrect statement: The 2009 swine flu outbreak Select one: A. Was caused by the H5N1 virus B. Spread through North America to other parts of the globe C. Was classified as a pandemic by WHO D. Showed evidence of person-to-person transmission E. Initial cases showed no evidence of contact with pigs
A. Was caused by the H5N1 virus
The estimated global burden of disease (percent) linked to environmental sources is Select one: A. 5% to 20% B. 25% to 33% C. 35% to 50% D. 55% to 70% E. 75% to 89%
B. 25% to 33%
The microbial agent for hepatitis A is an example of Select one: A. A nematode B. A viral pathogen C. A bacterial pathogen D. A helminth E. A protozoal parasite
B. A viral pathogen
All of the following statements are true regarding hydraulic fracturing EXCEPT: Select one: A. Involves horizontal drilling underground B. All chemicals used in fracking fluid are disclosed to the public C. Used to access natural gas deposits stored in shale formations D. The public is concerned about contamination of drinking water wells from fracking E. Hydraulic fracturing is exempt from safe drinking water regulation
B. All chemicals used in fracking fluid are disclosed to the public
Itai-itai disease was a form of poisoning related with Select one: A. Chromium B. Cadmium C. Copper D. Arsenic E. Mercury
B. Cadmium
By definition, an organic chemical contains which of the following: Select one: A. Chlorine B. Carbon C. Nitrogen D. Phosphorus E. Sulfur
B. Carbon
Coagulation during water treatment is designed to remove Select one: A. Pathogenic microorganisms B. Dirt and other particles suspended in water C. Sand and gravel D. Bad smells E. Pharmaceutical products
B. Dirt and other particles suspended in water
Phthalates are added to plastics to make them more: Select one: A. Conductive B. Flexible C. Adhesive D. Resistant to bacteria E. Rigid
B. Flexible
The epidemiologic risk transition is characterized by a Select one: A. Population comprised of predominantly young individuals B. Growing burden of chronic, degenerative diseases C. Rapid increase in population D. High mortality rates E. None of the above
B. Growing burden of chronic, degenerative diseases
Dermal effects of UV exposure might cause everything except Select one: A. Dermatitis B. Hair loss C. Malignant melanoma D. Photoallergenic reactions E. Cataracts
B. Hair loss
What problem may be encountered in the policy establishment stage? Select one: A. Lack of sound scientific data B. Inability to coordinate and assess research information C. Poorly defined problems D. Lack of government support E. None of the above
B. Inability to coordinate and assess research information
All of the following are reasons why children are more vulnerable to metal exposure EXCEPT: Select one: A. Consumption of food per kg body weight is higher in children than adults B. Inhalation rate in children is lower than adults C. Metabolism in children is higher than adults D. Inhalation rate in children is higher than adults E. Consumption of paint chips in children is higher than adults
B. Inhalation rate in children is lower than adults
Direct adverse effects of foreign chemicals include all EXCEPT: Select one: A. Fibrosis (buildup of scar tissue) B. Interference with nutrition C. Damage to an enzyme system D. Disruption of protein synthesis E. DNA damage
B. Interference with nutrition
Which type of radiation causes the greatest human health impacts? Select one: A. Non-ionizing radiation B. Ionizing radiation C. Infrared radiation D. UVA radiation E. Extremely low frequency radiation
B. Ionizing radiation
What is a "work-horse" organ for metabolism in the body? Select one: A. Brain B. Kidney C. Heart D. Muscle E. Lungs
B. Kidney
As we discussed in class, which group was most affected by Itai-itai disease? Select one: A. Young children B. Postmenopausal women that had several pregnancies C. Postmenopausal women that were never pregnant D. Elderly men E. Pregnant women
B. Postmenopausal women that had several pregnancies
The term "abortive" hydrophobia refers to a case that Select one: A. Required an abortion in order to survive B. Recovered without receiving intensive care C. Was caused by Francisella tularensis D. Also experienced co-morbidity with monkeypox E. None of the above
B. Recovered without receiving intensive care
The vector for the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States is Select one: A. Wild birds B. Rodents C. Snakes D. Coyotes E. None of the above
B. Rodents
Which of the following is not likely to characterize the approach of toxicology? Select one: A. Laboratory studies of the role of xenobiotics in carcinogenesis in mice B. Studies of disease occurrence in populations according to person variables C. In vitro studies D. In vivo studies E. Studies to determine the LD50 of a chemical compound
B. Studies of disease occurrence in populations according to person variables
Which of the following statements is untrue about case-control studies? Select one: A. Exposure to a factor is determined retrospectively. B. They are a type of longitudinal design. C. The measure of association is the odds ratio. D. Exposure levels may be difficult to quantify precisely. E. They can examine many potential exposures.
B. They are a type of longitudinal design.
The portion of the optical spectrum that has been most closely associated with adverse human health effects is Select one: A. UVA B. UVB C. IR D. RAD E. RBC
B. UVB
Which of the following is not included in the built environment? Select one: A. Parking garages B. Undeveloped land C. Parks D. Bike lanes E. None of the above
B. Undeveloped land
The agency responsible for environmental health at the international level is the Select one: A. EPA B. WHO C. NIOSH D. ATSDR E. NIEHS
B. WHO
Dose-response assessment refers to the question of Select one: A. What are the health effects that this agent can cause? B. What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans (or animals)? C. What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions? D. What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population? E. None of the above.
B. What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans (or animals)?
A community in Texas reported 92 cases of H1N1 associated influenza in 2009. Ultimately, 11 fatal cases of H1N1 occurred during this same month. There were 353 other fatalities. The CFR associated with H1N1 during April was: Select one: A. 13/97 × 100 B. 4/9 × 100 C. 11/92 × 100 D. 13/87 × 100 E. 4/87 × 100
C. 11/92 × 100
A disease that causes the conjunctiva to appear white is Select one: A. Jaundice B. Dermatitis C. Anemia D. Conjunctivitis E. None of the above
C. Anemia
Cohort study is to risk ratio as Select one: A. Hippocrates is to medical oaths. B. Environment is to genes C. Case-control study is to odds ratio. D. Winslow Homer is to John Snow. E. None of the above
C. Case-control study is to odds ratio.
In class, Warren County (NC), Eagle Ford (TX), and Chester (PA) were used as examples to illustrate which of the following? Select one: A. Environmental sustainability issues B. Precautionary principle issues C. Environmental justice issues D. Polluter-pays principle issues E. Economic principle issues
C. Environmental justice issues
All of the following are true about atrazine except: Select one: A. Has been linked with hormonal changes in frogs B. Is used as a herbicide in the United States C. Extensive evidence exists on the health effects on humans D. Is detectable in spring water in the Midwest E. Is banned as a herbicide in the European Union
C. Extensive evidence exists on the health effects on humans
A temperature inversion causes a(an) Select one: A. Increase in production of pollutants B. Increase in production of more hazardous pollutants C. Greater concentration of pollutants close to the earth's surface D. Increased concentration of pollutants away from the earth's surface E. All of the above
C. Greater concentration of pollutants close to the earth's surface
Methylation mediated by microorganisms involving which of the following metals? Select one: A. Cadmium B. Lead C. Mercury D. Calcium E. Sodium
C. Mercury
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are Select one: A. Chemically unstable B. Flammable at room temperature C. Persistent in the environment D. Manufactured in high volumes in the United States E. All of the above
C. Persistent in the environment
What problem may be encountered in the problem definition stage? Select one: A. Lack of sound scientific data B. Inability to coordinate and assess research information C. Poorly defined problems D. Lack of government support E. Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination
C. Poorly defined problems
Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as Select one: A. Incident cases B. Prevalent cases C. The population at risk D. The immune fraction E. None of the above
C. The population at risk
An internal dose refers to Select one: A. The dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources B. The amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body C. The portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body D. The quantity of a substance that is administered E. The dose calculated by summing together all the individual doses
C. The portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body
The author of the First Essay on Population was Select one: A. John Snow B. Charles Darwin C. Thomas Malthus D. Paul Ehrlich E. None of the above
C. Thomas Malthus
Which of the following statements about zoonotic diseases is most likely to be true? Select one: A. Immunocompromised persons may be at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases. B. Children younger than 5 may be at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases. C. A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector. D. An animal infected with a zoonotic agent may be free from symptoms. E. None of the above
D. An animal infected with a zoonotic agent may be free from symptoms.
The Superfund was provided for by which of the following acts Select one: A. FIRFA B. TSCA C. RCRA D. CERCLA E. HSWA
D. CERCLA
The symptoms of long-term exposure to lower levels of toxic metals include Select one: A. Convulsions B. Vomiting and stomach pain C. Sudden onset of headaches D. Cancer E. All of the above
D. Cancer
The type of fish that has not been identified as having potentially dangerous levels of mercury is Select one: A. Swordfish B. Shark C. King mackerel D. Catfish E. Ocean whitefish
D. Catfish
Environmental risk transition is most likely to be characterized by Select one: A. Increasing levels of poor food, air, and water quality B. Increasing frequency of diarrhea caused by unsafe water C. Air pollution from poor-quality indoor fuels D. Control of household risks and creation of a new set of problems E. Increases in acute respiratory diseases
D. Control of household risks and creation of a new set of problems
All of the following are significant sources of indoor air pollution except: Select one: A. Cockroaches B. Dust mites C. Molds D. Household plants (e.g. peace lily and pothos) E. Construction materials containing formaldehyde
D. Household plants (e.g. peace lily and pothos)
What problem may be encountered in the policy implementation stage? Select one: A. Lack of sound scientific data B. Inability to coordinate and assess research information C. Poorly defined problems D. Lack of government support E. Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination
D. Lack of government support
All of the following are true statements about West Nile Virus EXCEPT Select one: A. Transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes B. Mosquitoes become infected when they bite an infected bird C. Causative agent is a Flavivirus D. Mosquitoes become infected when they bite infected horses E. The majority of people infected with West Nile Virus show no signs of infection
D. Mosquitoes become infected when they bite infected horses
If I passed through a radiation detector carrying Polonium 210 stored in a glass vial in my pocket, would the detector alarm go off? Select one: A. Yes - Polonium 210 can penetrate the skin very easily. B. Yes - Polonium 210 has a very short half-life. C. Yes - Polonium 210 emits gamma radiation. D. No - Polonium 210 emits alpha radiation. E. No - Polonium 210 emits beta radiation
D. No - Polonium 210 emits alpha radiation.
The Texas Sharpshooter Effect illustrates Select one: A. A new insect pest that is invading the southwest B. A description of disease according to person variables C. A description of disease according to etiologic factors D. One cause of spurious or chance clustering E. None of the above
D. One cause of spurious or chance clustering
The Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986 (over 30 years ago). All of the following are true statements EXCEPT: Select one: A. Vegetation is contaminated B. Soil is contaminated C. Increased risk for thyroid cancer in those that were children in 1986 D. Organized tour groups are unable to visit the site E. Population has not returned to live in Pripyat
D. Organized tour groups are unable to visit the site
In order to decrease man-made carbon monoxide pollution we would need to Select one: A. Require industry to use electrostatic precipitators B. Eliminate the use of incinerators C. Require power companies to use oil instead of coal D. Reduce emissions from mobile sources of air pollution E. None of the above
D. Reduce emissions from mobile sources of air pollution
All of the following are true regarding guinea worm disease EXCEPT: Select one: A. Community education led to the decline of the disease B. Filtering water led to the decline of the disease C. Caused by a nematode called Dracunculus medinensis D. The distribution of the guinea worm vaccine led to the decline of the disease E. Guinea worm disease is considered a neglected tropical disease
D. The distribution of the guinea worm vaccine led to the decline of the disease
Source water is defined as Select one: A. The natural cycle by which water evaporates from water bodies B. An annual supply of renewable freshwater less than 1,000 cubic meters per person C. An annual supply of renewable freshwater between 1,000 and 1,700 cubic meters per person D. Untreated water used to produce drinking water E. The water that is delivered to the distribution system after treatment
D. Untreated water used to produce drinking water
Risk characterization refers to the question of Select one: A. What are the health effects that this agent can cause? B. What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans? C. What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions? D. What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population? E. What regulatory options need to be developed and implemented to reduce risk?
D. What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population?
Concerns regarding pesticide use include Select one: A. Potential harm to agricultural workers B. Undesirable effects livestock C. Drift into schools and homes D. Unintentional killing of pets E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Environmental health comprises those aspects of human health that are determined by Select one: A. Physical factors B. Biological factors C. Social factors D. Psychosocial factors E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Examples of disease vectors are Select one: A. Sheep and goats B. Ticks C. Rodents D. Sand flies E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Factors contributing to increases in the occurrence of emerging zoonoses include Select one: A. Changes in agriculture B. Environmental changes C. Mass food processing technology D. Urbanization E. All of the above
E. All of the above
For fetuses, infants, and children, the hazards of heavy metals include Select one: A. Impairment of physical and mental development B. Damage to internal organs C. Brain damage D. Some forms of cancer E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Hill's criteria of causality include Select one: A. Strength B. Consistency C. Temporality D. Biological gradient E. All of the above
E. All of the above
How does weather and climate affect vector-borne diseases? Select one: A. Changes in temperature can change the rate of vector population growth. B. Changes in precipitation can change the availability of larval habitat. C. Both climate and temperature can alter vector survival. D. Changes in temperature can effect the feeding rate of vectors. E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Lead exposure can arise from Select one: A. Paint used in toys B. Certain art supplies C. Gasoline sold in some countries D. Household dust E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Lemuel Shattuck's proposals set forth in the Report of the Sanitary Conditions of Massachusetts Select one: A. Argued for the creation of state health departments B. Described how environmental sanitation affected health C. Were extremely innovative for their time D. Ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Methods for transmission of zoonotic pathogens include Select one: A. Contact with the skin B. Bite or scratch of an animal C. Direct inhalation D. Ingestion of contaminated foods E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Naturally occurring sources of air pollution include Select one: A. Wind storms B. Salt evaporation C. Organic materials from plants D. Volcanic eruptions E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Particularly at risk for waterborne pathogens are Select one: A. Young children B. Elderly persons C. Patients who have HIV/AIDS D. Immunocompromised individuals E. All of the above
E. All of the above
The concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by Select one: A. Route of entry into the body B. Received dose of the chemical C. Duration of exposure D. Individual sensitivity E. All of the above
E. All of the above
The effects of ionizing radiation include Select one: A. Damage to bodily tissues B. Damage to DNA C. Formation of ion pairs in exposed atoms D. Removal of orbital electrons from neutral atoms E. All of the above
E. All of the above
How can the built environment encourage healthy lifestyles? Select one: A. By widening roads and building highways B. By encouraging people to walk or bike more C. By building rooftop and community gardens D. By co-locating businesses and residences E. B through D
E. B through D
All of the following are true statements regarding PM2.5 EXCEPT: Select one: A. Able to be inhaled deeply into the lungs B. Occurs from combustion of wood and diesel fuels C. Associated with 3.5 million premature deaths/year worldwide D. Complex mixture of inorganics, organics, and metals E. Comprised only of elemental carbon
E. Comprised only of elemental carbon
All of the following statements about Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are true EXCEPT Select one: A. Is also known as C8 B. Linked to kidney and testicular cancer C. Linked to ulcerative colitis D. Is part of a larger group of chemicals called PFAS E. Is a recently synthesized compound (developed in 2001)
E. Is a recently synthesized compound (developed in 2001)
Alpha radiation is non-penetrating and therefore Select one: A. It is completely safe B. It is dangerous only to the bones. C. It is dangerous only to the eyes. D. It is dangerous only to skin. E. It is dangerous when ingested or inhaled and localizes in certain tissues.
E. It is dangerous when ingested or inhaled and localizes in certain tissues.
What problem(s) may be encountered in the agenda setting stage? Select one: A. Lack of sound scientific data B. Inability to assess research information C. Poorly defined problems D. Lack of government support E. Lack of information on risk
E. Lack of information on risk
All of the following are true about the Air Quality Index except: Select one: A. Conveys air quality data in an easy-to-understand format B. Is a color-coded system (e.g. green, orange, red) C. Focuses on short-term health effects D. Can be used to characterize air quality outside of the United States E. Only used to describe ozone concentrations
E. Only used to describe ozone concentrations
All of the following are persistent organic pollutants EXCEPT: Select one: A. Dioxin B. DDT C. PCBs D. Chlordane E. Organophosphates
E. Organophosphates
One of the founders of toxicology was Select one: A. Socrates B. Theophrastus C. Claudius D. Da Vinci E. Paracelsus
E. Paracelsus
The most dangerous health effect linked to cell phone use is Select one: A. Brain tumors B. Headaches C. Memory loss D. Sleep disturbance E. Traffic crashes
E. Traffic crashes
Sir Percival Pott, who wrote Chirurgical Observations Relative to Select one: A. Was the father of modern biostatistics B. Established postulates for transmission of infectious disease C. Was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments D. Argued that the environment was associated with diseases such as malaria E. Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer
E. Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer
The cities of Boston and New York rely on which strategy for protecting drinking water for their communities: Select one: A. Using only groundwater sources B. Ultra-fine filtration C. Desalination D. Using source water only from locations less than 15 miles of the city center E. Watershed protection
E. Watershed protection
Risk management refers to the question of Select one: A. What are the health effects that this agent can cause? B. What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans? C. What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions? D. What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population? E. What regulatory options need to be developed and implemented to reduce risk?
E. What regulatory options need to be developed and implemented to reduce risk?
Detectable levels of bisphenol-A (BPA) are rarely seen in human populations in the United States. Select one: True False
false
Industrial use of water exceeds agricultural usage of water in the United States. Select one: True False
false
Persistent organic pollutants are typically generated in the Arctic where they are commonly found in human populations. Select one: True False
false
True or False. Satellite imagery has detected significant increases in air pollution in countries/regions under strict quarantine measures limiting population movement due to COVID-19. Select one: True False
false
True or False? Affluent Romans may have suffered from chronic lead poisoning from lead pipes used to carry the water supply. Select one: True False
true
True or False? An ecologic study is one that examines a group as the unit of analysis. Select one: True False
true
True or False? Rachel Carson published Silent Spring to highlight the dangers of pesticides. Select one: True False
true