ENVS 1301 Unit 1
Milton Friedman
(1912- ) American economist. Conservative thinker famous for his advocacy of monetarism (an revision of the quantity theory of money) in works like A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960 (1963). he is strongly associated with the ideals of laissez-faire government policy. "We are all committed to sustainable development now. But what may be an advertiser's dream can be a local authority's nightmare."
ethical
(adj.) Having to do with morals, values, right and wrong; in accordance with standards of right conduct; requiring a prescription for purchase The concept of ethics involves standards of conduct (University of California College Prep, 2012). Help distinguish between right and wrong. A frontier ethic assumes that the earth has an unlimited supply of resources, is completely anthropocentric (human-centered). late economist Julian Simon pointed out that life on earth has never been better, and that population growth means more creative minds to solve future problems and give us an even better standard of living. Environmental ethic, which includes humans as part of the natural community rather than managers of it. Such an ethic places limits on human activities (e.g., uncontrolled resource use), that may adversely affect the natural community.. A sustainable ethic is an environmental ethic by which people treat the earth as if its resources are limited. A sustainable ethic also assumes that humans are a part of the natural environment and that we suffer when the health of a natural ecosystem is impaired - The earth has a limited supply of resources. • Humans must conserve resources. • Humans share the earth's resources with other living things. • Growth is not sustainable. Humans are part of nature. • Humans are affected by natural laws. • Humans succeed best when they maintain the integrity of natural processes and cooperates with nature. Land ethic, mistreatment of land (or of slaves) makes little economic or moral sense, much as today the concept of slavery is considered immoral Aldo Leopold, an American wildlife natural historian and philosopher, advocated a biocentric ethic in his book, A Sand County Almanac (University of California College Prep, 2012). "The land ethic simply enlarges the boundary ofthe community to include soils,waters, plants and animals; or collectively, the land. In short, a land ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land community to plain member and citizen fit.Itimpliesrespectforhisfellowmembers,and also respect for the community as such."(AldoLeopold,1949) two groups: one group that regards the soil as a commodity and the other that regards the land as biota, with a broad interpretation of its function. "Anything is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends to do otherwise." (Aldo Leopold, 1949) ecologically,itlimits freedomofactioninthestruggleforexistence; while philosophically, it differentiates social from anti-social conduct. An ethic results in cooperation, and Leopold maintainedthatcooperation shouldinclude the land.
Compare and contrast prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
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Compare inductive reasoning with deductive reasoning.
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Describe matter and elements.
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Describe the concept of environmental justice.
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Describe the goals of basic science and applied science.
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Describe the roles of cells in organisms.
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Describe the ways in which carbon is critical to life.
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Develop an individual learning plan.
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Differentiate between developed and developing countries.
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Evaluate the main points of environmental ethics.
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Explain the concept of sustainability and its social, political, and cultural challenges.
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Identify the shared characteristics of the natural sciences.
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Learn to use critical thinking.
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Recognize the importance of evaluating your sources.
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Summarize the process of photosynthesis and explain its relevance to other living things.
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Understand the process of scientific inquiry.
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Understand why it is important to study environmental science.
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Categorizing Countries
.The world's industrialized countries are undergoing many changes as they move to the later stages of the Industrial Revolution (University of California College Prep, 2012) Economies are becoming more information based, and capital is being measured not only in terms of tangible products and human workers, but also in terms of social and intellectual assets This change in economic thinking has brought about a deeper awareness of the natural processes and ecological assets found in nature (Theis & Tomkin, 2015) Society is slowly shifting to an industrial model that includes recycling. Such closed-loop production encompasses the principles of waste-reduction, re-manufacturing, and re-use With the rise of environmentally responsible economics, there is a movement to change to full-cost pricing of goods, which includes the social and environmental costs of production 1994, the Clinton Administration attempted to integrate environmental factors into the GDP. The World Bank in 1995 redefined its Wealth Index. A nation's wealth now consists of 60 percent human capital (social and intellectual assets), 20 percent environmental capital (natural assets), and 20 percent built capital (tangible assets) Traditional GDP looked at tangible economic factors. Quality of life, economic, environmental and social indicators have been devised. The Calvert-Henderson Group chose twelve separate quality of life indicators: education, employment, energy, environment, health, human rights, income, infrastructure, national security, public safety, recreation, and shelter Although separate, each indicator is related to the others, and all are based on readily available demographic data. During the Cold War period, the United States government categorized countries according to each government's ideology and capitalistic development. In this system, the "First World" included the capitalist countries; the "Second World" included the communist countries and the poorer countries were labeled as "Third World." With the end of the Cold War, this system has been discarded. One two-tiered classification system developed by the World Bank classifies countries as developing and developed. According to the World Bank classification, developing countries are those with low or middle levels of GNP per capita. More than 80 percent of the world's population lives in the more than 100 developing countries. A few countries, such as Israel, Kuwait and Singapore, are also classified as developing countries, despite their high per capita income. This is either because of the structure of their economies, or because their governments officially classify themselves as such. Developed countries are those that have a large stock of physical capital and in which most people have a high standard of living. Some economists consider middle-income countries as developed countries when they have transitionaleconomies thatarehighlyindustrialized. A three-tiered classification system was developed to categorize countries more precisely, especially those that are not easily classified as either developing or developed. These three categories are: less developed country (LDC), moderately developed country (MDC) and highly developed country (HDC). Criteria used to determine a country's category include: GNP per capita, transportation and communication facilities, energy consumption, literacy and unemployment. A country categorized as an LDC has a marginal physical environment. Most African countries and manyAsian countries are categorized as LDC. An LDC has the following characteristics: low energy production and consumption, mostly subsistence farming, a large percentage of the population is under 15, a high infant mortality rate, poorly developed trade and transportation inadequate medical facilities, a low literacy rate, a high unemployment rate, and a very lower capita GNP. Countries such as the UnitedStates, Japan, andmostoftheWesternEuropean countriesarecategorizedasHDC. HDCs are characterized by: extensive trade, advanced internal communication systems, highly developed transportation networks, high energy production and consumption, advanced medical facilities, low population growth, political stability, and a high per capita GNP. The MDCs have characteristics that fit into both the LDC and HDC categories,buthaveamoderatepercapitaGNP.Saudi Arabia,BrazilandMexicoareconsideredMDCs. Brain drain-> losing the smart employers to other countries. also, developed countries can exploit the devloping countries natural resources, the problems from developed countries can follow to the developing countries, when they get wealthier Some idealistic people believe that a definition of a developed country must include factors such as conservation and qualityof life and that a trulydeveloped countrywould not exploit a large fraction oftheworld's resources.
History of Sustainability
1972 was a watershed in marking both the first International Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm and the publication of the provocative report Limits to Growth by the Club of Rome which highlighted the imminent threat of 'overshoot' (a systems-analysis term for exceeding the carrying capacity). Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, a steady stream of books and reports began to appear, preoccupied with the question of environment and development. This stream would turn into a deluge in the sustainability friendly 1990s. The World Conservation Strategy, the manifesto published collectively in 1980 by the World Conservation Union (IUCN), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP — set up after the Stockholm conference), and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), stands out as an early — but at the time largely overlooked — international attempt at mobilizing public action to address emergent environmental challenges. most evident clash of interests and competing worldviews is between ecologists and economists (EEA, 1997)
global wealth disparity
20% richest and 82.7% of the money, 20% second 11.7% of the money, third 20% 2.3% of the money, 20% fourth 1.9% of the money, last 20% 1.4%. of the money. Power and status, are deepening and continue to be marked by differences in, inter alia, gender, race and ethnicity, and national origin. with scientific consensus 1.first, the magnitude of the impact that humans, a juvenile species in evolutionary terms, are exerting on lifesupport systems; 2.second, asGaia theoreticians—who viewthe planet as a self-regulating system—point out: theEarthis indifferent to humans, it will ultimately recover, even though the timescale will be eons; 3.the need for change to ensure a future for human beings. ecological and evolutionary perspective is fundamental to an understanding of the significance of current changes. long view shatters the complacency of business as-usual attitudes that'unsustainability' is just a phase humanity is going through
Photosynthesis % used for human demand
A 1986 study estimated that 40% of the product of terrestrial plant photosynthesis — the basis of the food chain for most animal and bird life — was being appropriated by humans for their use. More recent studies estimate that 25% of photosynthesis on continental shelves (coastal areas) is being used to satisfy human demand.
Cell
A cell is the smallest unit of life. Most cells are so small that they cannot be viewed with the naked eye.
covalent bond
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons How elements interact with one another depends on how their electrons are arranged and how many openings for electrons exist at the outermost region where electrons are presentin an atom. Electrons exist at energy levels that formshells around thenucleus. Theclosest shell can hold up totwoelectrons. The closest shelltothenucleus is always filled first,before anyother shell canbefilled. Hydrogen has oneelectron;therefore,it has onlyone spot occupied within the lowest shell. Helium has two electrons; therefore, it can completely fill the lowest shell with its twoelectrons. If you look attheperiodic table,youwill seethat hydrogen and helium aretheonly twoelements inthefirst row.Thisisbecausetheyonlyhaveelectrons intheir first shell.Hydrogenandheliumaretheonly two elements that have the lowest shell and no other shells. Not allelements haveenough electrons tofilltheiroutermost shells,but anatomis atitsmost stablewhenallof the electron positions in the outermost shell are filled. Because of these vacancies in the outermost shells, we see the formation of chemical bonds, or interactions between two or more of the same or different elements that result in the formation of molecules. To achieve greater stability, atoms will tend to completely fill their outer shells and will bond with other elements to accomplish this goal by sharing electrons, accepting electrons from another atom, or donating electrons to another atom. Because the outermost shells of the elements with low atomic numbers (up tocalcium,withatomicnumber20) can hold eight electrons,this is referred toas theoctet rule. Anelement can donate, accept, or share electrons with other elements to fill its outer shell and satisfy the octet rule.
ionic bond
A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
Elements
A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions.
environmental justice
A recognition that accesses to a clean, healthy environment is a fundamental right of all human beings. Environmental Justice is defined as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin,or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies (University of California College Prep, 2012) . All humans who help produce hazardous wastes must share the burden of dealing with those wastes, not just the poor and minorities.
environmental ethics
A search for moral values and ethical principles in human relations with the natural world.
atoms
Atoms, which consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are the smallest units of an element that retain all of the properties of that element.
Frontier Ethic
Belief that resources are unlimited and meant for human consumption. Humans are not subject to the laws of nature and can control nature.
hydrogen bonding
Bonds between hydrogen atom and oxygen atom of another water molecule
Categorizing Countries
Categorizing Countries Countries are categorized by a variety of methods. During the Cold War period, the United States government categorized countries according to each government's ideology and capitalistic development. Current classification models utilize economic (and sometimes other) factors in their determination.
Effective learning and reading
Developing good study habits, setting goals to motivate yourself, finding an appropriate study space, and taking the initiative to read critically and to evaluate your sources can both make your study time more efficient and improve your final grade.
William Catton
Ecologist, William Catton has estimated that current rates of human resource extraction are 10,000 times the rates of natural resource regeneration
Electrons
Electrons can be donated or shared between atoms to create bonds, including ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.
elements
Elements that occur naturally have unique qualities that allow them to combine in various ways to create compounds or molecules.
Environmental Justice and Indigenous Struggles
Environmental Justice and Indigenous Struggles Environmental justice is achieved when everyone enjoys the same degree of protection from environmental and health hazards and equal access to the decision-making process to have a healthy environment. Many problems face indigenous people, including lack of human rights, exploitation of their traditional lands and themselves, and degradation of their culture. Despite the lofty U.N. goals, the rights and feelings of indigenous people are often ignored or minimized, even by supposedly culturally sensitive developed countries.
Environmental ethics
Environmental ethics includes humans as part of the natural community rather than managers of it.
Studying Environmental Science
Environmental science the study of the interaction between humans and the environment, living and non-living, and the natural or conditioned world impacted by humans, and affecting humans. Environmental science is the interdisciplinary and dynamic study of the interaction of the living and nonliving parts of the environment with a special focus on the impact of humans on the environment. The study of environmental science includes circumstances, objects, or conditions by which an organism or community is surrounded and the aggregate of social, historical, and cultural factors that influence the life of an individual or community (NSF, 2009). A large fraction of our environmental future depends on our ability to understand and evaluate evidence-based arguments about the environmental consequences of human actions and technologies, and to make informed decisions based on those arguments. (Dorsner, 2020) The need for equitable, ethical, and sustainable use of earth's resources by a global population that nears the carrying capacity of the planet requires us not only to understand how human behaviors affect the environment but also how human behavior changes in response to changes in the environment or perceptions of environmental status (Nuckols, Ward & Jarup, 2004).
covalent and hydrogen bonds
Found in the molecules that make up living organisms.
frontier ethics
Frontier ethics assumes that the earth has an unlimited supply of resources
The Long View: Sustainability in Evolutionary and Ecological Perspective
In evolutionary terms, there is no such thing as sustainability— at least as far as our species is concerned. Of the different forms of life that have inhabited the Earth in its four thousand million year history, 99.9% are now extinct (EEA, 1997). Since the Homo Sapiens abandoned nomadic, gatherer hunter ways of life for settled societies some 10,000 years ago, humans have continually manipulated their natural world to meet their needs. While this observation is a correct one, the rate, the scale, and the nature of human-induced global change — particularly in the post-industrial period — is unprecedented in the history of life on Earth. Firstly, mechanization of both industry and agriculture in the last century resulted in vastly improved labor productivity which enabled the creation of goods and services Secondly, there are more people alive today than there have been in all human history. y.Every passing year adds another 90 million people to the planet. the present rates of over-consumption by a rich minority, and under-consumption by a large majority, will have to be brought into balance. Thirdly, the nature of that change is unprecedented Human inventiveness has introduced chemicals and materials into the environment These persistent organic pollutants are believed to be causing alterations in the biosphere and geochemical cycles The majority of these chemicals have not been tested for their toxicity on humans and other life forms, let alone tested for their effects in combination with other chemicals. Un and other workgroups now test these. CFCs and PCBs are but two examples of the approximately 100,000 chemicals currently in global circulation. Recent human development patterns have not only affected ecological systems but are also rapidly changing social systems two of the most powerful forces of societal change in modern times have been: • colonialism, with its lasting legacy of unequal political and economic relations between and within countries; and • scientific and technological development, which has changed virtually every aspect of contemporary life.
living things are carbon based
Living things are carbon-based because carbon plays such a prominent role in the chemistry of living things.
matter
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It is made up of atoms of different elements.
Effective Learning and Reading
Occurs when objectives are centered on student interests and are relevant to them; when the tasks have value and resources are available to the student to perform the task; when students have positive attitudes about learning(someone on Quizlet, N.D.) Discipline, keep doing what you do when no one is looking (Eric, 1996), set study goals study with purpose and set the time you need to accomplish tasks, improve concentration with mini-breaks, minimize distraction, manage your time, set goals, make priorities, say no, make to-do list and schedules. Before study check your daily routine and how much time each task cost, and plan, daily, weekly, monthly to-do lists. Forget learning styles, work in more ways, determine distinctiveness, unique concepts, and similarities in concepts, make meaningful connections visually, don't memorize isolated facts, make questions about the text when reading, make a summary in your own words after reading, teach what you have learned, repeat the information, enhance your wellness, read critically, evaluate sources, cite sources. (Dorsner, 2020) Evidence-based, the best way to be an effective learner is to use memory improvement basics (improve focus, structure study, and avoid cram sessions), learning new skills (to gain gray matter (You need to keep practicing to keep the grey matter)) (Dranganski, 2004,), learn in more ways(This will pull up more bits of data collected) (Willis, N.D.)(Krasnova, 2015), teach what you learned to someone else, use relational learning and previous learning to understand the new information to learn better, gain practical experience, look up things instead of trying to recall things you forgot, and then recall(Warriner, 2008), know how you learn best, Gardner multiple IQ, Jung learning style dimensions, VARK learning styles, and Kolb learning styles can help with that, test more to gain a better long term memory(Chan, 2006), stop multi-tasking (Rubinstein, 2001). (Morin, 2020, Verywellmind, How to become a more effective learner.).
Homo Sapiens upset balance evolution
One of the basic tenets of evolution is that the generation of new forms of life outstrips the extinction of older species by a wide margin thus ensuring strong biological diversity. Scientists believe, however, that for the first observable time in evolutionary history, another species — Homosapienssapiens — has upset this balance to the degree that the rate of species extinction is now estimated at 10,000 times the rate of species renewal. Stratosphere to the artificially changed courses of the majority of river systems on the planet.
Reports on environmental sustainability and Some Indicators of Global Environmental Stress
Organizations suchas the WorldCommission on Environment andDevelopment, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, and several others including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the National Academy Report to Congress have all issued reports on various aspects of the state of society and the environment. Forests, soil, fresh water, marine fisheries, biodiversity, atmosphere, toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, waste,
sustainable
Our common future (Brundtland commission report) (1987, world commission on environment development) 1. meets needs of the present without compromising with the future. 2. not a fixed state, but process of change in which exploitation of resources, orientiation of technical development, and institutional change, are made consistent for future and present. Caring for Earth (IUCN, WWF, UNEP, 1991) Sustainable development means improving the quality of life and living with the ecosystem. Maastricht Treaty on European Union (article 2, treaty on European Union, 1992) harmonious balanced development of economic activities, sustainable and non inflationary growth respecting the environment. Blueprint for a Green Economy ('Blueprint 1'). David Pearce, et al (1989), Earthscan, London Weak Sustainability: Only the aggregate of stocks of capital, regardless of their type, has to be held constant for future generations; these forms of capital are completely substitutable for each other. 'Itis the aggregate quantity that matters and conciderable scope of human wealth with natural assests. More recently, environmentalists have argued that the intellectual history of the concept of sustainability can be traced back to the terms 'stationary' or 'steady-state economy' used by 19th-century political economists. - John Stuart Mill, the 19th-century political economist, 'stationary' was not a static concept but referred to a balance between production and natural resources implying equality of access to natural resources for successive generations. Also traced back to indigenous people/ cultures. intergenerational equity is captured in the Inuit saying,'wedonotinherittheEarthfromourparents, we borrow it from our children'.TheNativeAmerican'Law of the Seventh Generation' is another illustration. According to this, before any major action was to be undertaken its potential consequences on the seventh generation had to be considered. Homo Sapiens would be 6000 generations old and have 300-year-old time scale decisions if they think of 7 generations. At the beginning of this chapter the observation was made that sustainable development is not a self-evident concept but politically contested one the need to arrest environmental degradation and ecological imbalance; • the need not impoverish future generations; • the need for quality of life and equity between current generations. 300 different interpretations of the concept have been identified. These differing — sometimes conflicting — interpretations are not accidental. They are the products of conflicting worldviews, differing ideologies, varied disciplinary backgrounds, opposing knowledge traditions, value systems, and vested interests. Such differences in understanding and approach make consensus towards common agenda difficult. in a sharply divided world, it is not uncommon for the rich and powerful to have one agenda, and the poor and underprivileged to have another Canada, one of the first countries to embrace 'sustainable development' as an official national policy. tried to translate sustainability in 1992, people misunderstood it despite lessons a study found. UN has the same problem. clarity about the concept is crucial when it comes to selecting which issues are to be emphasized, whose needs and interests are to be prioritized, and whois to be involved in the decision-making. This, in turn, informs what framework is to be set and what policies and instruments are to be employed. Business-as-usual is no longer an option. Social institutions — including economic systems and political arrangements — cannot continue as they are. If the core elements of sustainability — ecology, economy, and equity — be regarded as the tips of a triangle, then it is the relationship between ecology and economy, and economy and equity respectively, that constitute the flashpoints in the sustainable development debate. More specifically, the themes are the weakness of economic models, the nature of growth, the culture of consumption, and equity.
PCB
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were widely used in industrial production due to the unique physical and chemical properties. As a kind of persistent organic pollutants, the PCBs would lead to environment pollution and cause serious problems for human health
principels
Principles is absolutes. A system of absolutes.
Scientific Process
Scientific Process Science attempts to describe and understand the nature of the universe in whole or in part. Science has many fields; those fields related to the physical world and its phenomena are considered natural sciences. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation. A scientific theory is a well-tested and consistently verified explanation for a set of observations or phenomena. A scientific law is a description, often in the form of a mathematical formula, of the behavior of an aspect of nature under certain circumstances. Two types of logical reasoning are used in science. Inductive reasoning uses results to produce general scientific principles. Deductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that predicts results by applying general principles. The common thread throughout scientific research is the use of the scientific method.
Sustainable ethics
Sustainable ethics assumes that the earth's resources are not unlimited and that humans must use and conserve resources in a manner that allows their continued use in the future.
Gaia theoreticians
The Gaia hypothesis /ˈɡaɪ. ə/, also known as the Gaia theory or the Gaia principle, proposes that living organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth to form a synergistic and self-regulating, complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet.
Wuppertal institute
The Wuppertal Institute estimates that humans are now responsible for moving greater amounts of matter across the planet than all natural occurrences (earthquakes, storms, etc.) put together.
Environmental ethics
The concept of ethics involves standards of conduct. These standards help to distinguish between behavior that is considered right and that which is considered wrong. The ways in which humans interact with the land and its natural resources are determined by ethical attitudes and behaviors.
Define environmental science.
The field that looks at interactions among human systems and those found in nature, and how human impact environment.
pH of a solution
The pH of a solution is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.
pH of a solution
The pH of a solution is a measure of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution and as such is a measure of the acidity or basicity of the solution.
Pre cautious principle
The precautionary principle is central to environmental sustainability (Kriebel et al., 2001). A 1998 consensus statement characterized the precautionary principle this way: "when an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established scientifically". The great complexity, uncertainty, and potential for catastrophe from global climate change are among the strongest motivators for those urging precaution in environmental policy.
Categorizing
The process for sorting through and organizing
unified cell theory
The unified cell theory states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells arise from existing cells. Each cell runs on the chemical energy found mainly in carbohydrate molecules (food), and the majority of these molecules are produced by one process: photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
Through photosynthesis, certain organisms convert solar energy (sunlight) into chemical energy, which is then used to build carbohydrate molecules. Directly or indirectly, the process of photosynthesis provides most of the energy required by living things on earth. Photosynthesis also results in the release of oxygen into the atmosphere. In short, to eat and breathe, humans depend almost entirely on the organisms that carry out photosynthesis.
principles
a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning. Thus science based, evidence based. Ethics is then science based, evidence based, moral, truth. Then fascists, rasicts, criminals, extremists in any way can not exist. Politics can only be done by science. Human rights is a science, and meant as the absolutes of science about what should be the human rights, minimally, but never this basic skipped. Humans develop but not next year all human rights are different. Science changes, and we do have to add the absolute truths we find in the future. But it is absolutes. Principles is absolutes. - a general scientific theorem or law that has numerous special applications across a wide field. The system used has to be a principle, a truth, a system based on rules, because of truth. This makes a difference ,then just some principles made by a dictator. -> what happened in history to go a route of truth, we mean natural truth science, and wanting to find truth leads to the same, but people trying to rule with own ideas, without truth happened too and started to say we are having "principles" when one has a system... but we still need natural sciences truth, absolutes, what human are and need and what the environment is. Natural sciences was first? it seems so, but in history of principles? When did one think of the words principles? Would the difference be, must be based on scientific principles? And some did and some did not, in the end we have now human rights, thus one must do that science. And we have science duty, arbowet. Science is in any way truth etc-> we need science on this...own opinion is free but not as cure, in work, using others for your opinion etc and in development one has natural researching ability and that is a maturity. So we can say, science is always the basic principle Because others did sometimes something else we need to go through this, and get to all details of what, first and when, and how.. what the boundaries are, the scientific law would be of having to do science as a principle... we do still mean natural science, also in thoughts, the real truth, the actual formula, people grow into, some faster than others, but we mean this logic and logical true development without interference a healthy development, because it is nature... nature can be force, abuses, but is not the true basic principle, because one is born without, it happens?? because ?? that science explains right from wrong in abuses and what input is right and what is wrong and what principles we actually have.. We mean the natural development, which one can also scientifically understand (but needs to be studied, to show we understand, we do not mean, is not studied yet, so untrue. We mean could be true, but need to study it and naturally, feasible and scientific method (which is all one) shows the system of what happened naturally, truthfully. One can find that in nature, so taken chickes from the mother is unethical and dangerous, one could say, first science, but this would kill, we do not take them away, we first do science, and let nature be... And then at a moment it comes together, and we are aware we always must study more, and til we have absolute formula, scientific laws, there is the boundary, but still changes, like evolution, and changes by the universe and environment, and development etc cumulative, standard, and to bigger complex... so we always have "surprises" ... Can we be faster than the development... so it could seem safe to at a point in some situations take the chickens... but still all can die, mother of chickens, and the chickens etc.. when one is finding absolute truth, scientific laws we have the principle... and always has an option for more... but this should be a very slow change, the same as humans are millions of years old, homo sapiens 350.000 years. https://www.expii.com/t/scientific-principle-definition-examples-10310#:~:text=via%20Wikimedia%20Commons-,Principles,Principles%20are%20qualitative.&text=They%20are%20more%20like%20guiding,predictions%20and%20develop%20new%20laws.
healthy environment
a healthy environment is not only an economic a long term economy, but a precondition for a healthy economy Ecologist Bill Rees argues that sustainability is a 'more complex problem from the ecological perspective than it appears to be from the economic mainstream'. In recent years there has been strong criticism of mainstream (neo-classical) economics for its short-sightedness on environmental and social (e.g. equity, gender, and culture) factors. This failing is not only inefficient, it leads to the 'externalizing'—or passing onto society or future generations—of environmental and social costs. Strides are being made in several areas to increase resource and energy productivity (make 'more with less') by factors of 4 to 10. These are being advocated by research institutes, lobbying associations, and the European Commission to reduce both 'input' and 'throughput' in the economy.
sustainable
able to meet the current demand for a resource without depleting the future supply
imminent
about to happen
Biospheric
all living organisms on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms
Norman Myers
an ecologist from Oxford University who coined the term biodiversity hotspots "a whole flock of miner's canaries singing with decibels of warnings"
CFC
any of a class of compounds of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine, typically gases used in refrigerants and aerosol propellants. They are harmful to the ozone layer in the earth's atmosphere owing to the release of chlorine atoms on exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Matter
anything that takes up space (and )has mass At its most fundamental level, life is made up of matter (OpenStax College, 2013). All matter is composed of elements, substances that cannot be broken down or transformed chemically into other substances. Each element is made of atoms, each with a constant number of protons and unique properties. A total of 118 elements have been defined; however, only 92 occur naturally, and fewer than 30 are found in living cells. The remaining 26 elements are unstable and,therefore, do not existfor very long or are theoretical and haveyettobedetected. Eachelement is designated by its chemical symbol(such asH,N,O, C, andNa), and possesses uniqueproperties. These unique properties allow elements to combine and to bondwith each other in specific ways.
inflationary
characterized by or tending to cause monetary inflation.
Environment and Sustainability
developing strategies and practices that create a world economy that the planet can support indefinitely - Sustainability refers to three simple concerns: the need to arrest environmental degradation and ecological imbalance, the need not to impoverish future generations, and the need for quality of life and equity between current generations.
contested
disputed or made the object of contention or competition
Environmental Science
environmental science, the interdisciplinary and dynamic study of the interaction of the living and nonliving parts of the environment with special focus on the impact of humans on the environment. - The study of environmental science includes circumstances, objects, or conditions by which an organism or community is surrounded and the aggregate of social, historical, and cultural factors that influence the life of an individual or community.
plethora
excess; overabundance, a large or excessive amount of something.
equitable
fair just one-fifth of the global population is consuming three-quarters of the earth's resources
equitable
fair, just, embodying principles of justice
consensus
general agreement
Indigenous Struggles
indigenous struggle with not getting their human rights Since the end of the 15th century, most of the world's frontiers have been claimed and colonized by established nations (University of California College Prep, 2012). The United Nations officially classifies indigenous people as those "having an historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies," and "consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing in those territories or parts of them. A few ofthe many groups ofindigenous people around theworld are: themany tribes ofNative Americans (i.e.,Navajo, Sioux) in the contiguous 48 states; the Eskimos of the arctic region from Siberia to Canada; the rainforest tribes in Brazil and the Ainu of northern Japan problems: lack of human rights, exploitation of their traditional lands and themselves, and degradation of their culture. the United Nations proclaimed an "International Decade of the World's Indigenous People" beginning in 1994 For many indigenous peoples, sustainable development constitutes an integrated wholeness, where no single action is separate from others. They believe that sustainable development requires the maintenance and continuity of life, from generation to generation and that humans are not isolated entities, but are part of larger communities, which include the seas, rivers, mountains, trees, fish, animals and ancestral spirits. These, along with the sun, moon and cosmos, constitute a whole. From the point of view of indigenous people, sustainable development is a process that must integrate spiritual, cultural, economic, social, political, territorial and philosophical ideals.
Electrons
negatively charged subatomic particles
inconceivable
not capable of being imagined or grasped mentally; unbelievable
Process of Science
observing events, organizing knowledge, and providing explanations through the formulation and testing of hypotheses
juvenile
of, for, or relating to young people.
Photosynthesis
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
tectonic shift
relating to the structure of the earth's crust and the large-scale processes which take place within it.
Cell
smallest unit of life
Atoms
smallest unit of matter
hydrogen bonding
strong type of intermolecular dipole-dipole attraction. Occurs between hydrogen and F, O or N
Hydrogen bonds are
strongest intermolecular forces
significant
sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention; noteworthy. important, full of meaning.
Energy
the capacity to do work
ecological footprint
the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources. The Ecological Footprint (EF), developed by Canadian ecologist and planner William Rees, is basically an accounting tool that uses land as the unit of measurement to assess per capita consumption, production, and discharge needs (University of California College Prep, 2012) every category of energy and material consumption and waste discharge requires the productive or absorptive capacity of a finite area of land or water. If we (add up) all the land requirements for all categories of consumption andwaste discharge by a definedpopulation,the total area represents the Ecological Footprint of that population on Earth whether or not this area coincides with the population's home region. Land is used for measurement as it holds many processes from gas, to nutrients. EF also has ACC, Appropriated Carrying Capacity, would vary according to socioeconomic and technological factors, one thing is stable: the flows and capacities 'occupied' by one population are not available for another as these resources are finite. Ecological footprint analysis can tell us in a vivid, ready-to-grasp manner how much of the Earth's environmental functions are needed to support human activities. Ecological Footprint of the average American is - conservatively-5.1 hectares per capita of productive land. With roughly 7.4 billion hectares of the planet's total surface area of 51 billion hectares available for human consumption The London-based IIED has calculated that London's ecological footprint is 120 times the size of the city. average Dutch person is slightly less at 3.3 hectares per capita but still import 'land services' fifteen times the territory of the Netherlands itself. Humanity must learn to live off the income of the 'natural capital', and maintain natural stocks rather than continuing to mine them. Wackernagel and Rees suggest that one way would be to focus 'more on living locally than on consuming globally.
hydrogen bonding
the intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule
Ethics
the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions
Clive Ponting
was a senior British civil servant and historian (1946-2020) noted, humans are distinct from all other species in their relationship to the ecosystem in two ways. 'First, they are the only species capable of endangering and even destroying the ecosystems on which they depend for their existence. Second, humans are the only species to have spread into every terrestrial ecosystem and then, through the use of technology, to have dominated them.'
Sustainable Ethics
• Earth has limited supply of resources • Must be managed carefully • Other species require a share of the wealth • Core value is that humans and nature are linked (we shift from "conquerors" of nature to "members and citizens" of it. Major change in thinking).
