EP 2013 exam 3

Coleman Griffith :

"founding father of contemporary western sport psychology"

Neuromechanics Laboratory :

- 2 force plates - Wireless EMG system - 12 camera motion capture system (at CAVS) - 8 camera motion capture system in McCarthy

The premotor cortex (PM) :

- Anterior to MI, inferior to SMA - Motor map for larger muscle groups - Complex movements (turn torso and head, simultaneously) (visual/tactile cues)

The supplementary motor cortex (SMA) :

- Anterior to MI, superior to PM - Postural stabilization - Complex movements (Internally generated; planning, sequences) (Generally bilaterally)

Who uses biomechanics?

- Biomechanists - anatomists - Athletic trainers - Physical therapists/Occupational therapists - Engineers - orthopedists - Coaches - Ergonomists

Scapula specific terms :

- Elevation/Depression - Upward/Downward Rotation - Retraction/Protraction

diarthrotic :

- Extremely movable - based on how many axes the articulating bones can move.

Joint Actions (general terms) :

- Flexion/Extension - Abduction/adduction - Internal Rotation/External Rotation - Horizontal Abduction/Horizontal Adduction

The Cerebellum :

- Maintenance of balance and posture - Coordinator and predictor of movement - Mediates the skilled manipulation of muscles - Motor learning

The History of Sport and Exercise Psychology

- Mental preparation began in Ancient Greece - The first sports psychologist has said to be Norman Triplett a North American man from Indiana, born in 1898. - Late 19th Century - universities in eastern Europe made efforts to establish sport psychology as a scientific discipline

Bimanual coordination skills :

- Motor skills that require simultaneous use of two hands (Symmetric bimanual coordination or Asymmetric bimanual coordination)

Movements :

- Movements are the component parts - Can vary across actions - A variation of movements can be used to achieve the same action goal

Parkinson's disease :

- Neurological disorder - James Parkinson (1817). Essay on the Shaking Palsy. - Neurodegenerative disease - Decreased levels of dopamine results in the motor deficits associated with Parkinson's disease

Ankle specific terms :

- Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion - inversion/eversion (sprain ankle)

The basal ganglia mainly encode for :

- The decision to move - The direction of movement - The amplitude of movement - The motor expression of emotions

Wrist specific terms :

- Ulnar/Radial deviation

Biomechanical Tools :

- Video cameras - Force Platforms - Motion Capture Systems - Electromyography

Examples of Newton's Third Law :

- Walking/Running/Jumping (ground reaction force) - Hitting a baseball/tennis ball - Throwing a bounce pass in basketball

Main aspects of Applied Anatomy :

- directional terminology - planes and axes - skeletal system (bones, bone vernacular) - joints - types of Joints, Ligaments, Joint Actions - muscle system (muscle actions and skeletal muscle function)

Clinical Biomechanics :

- examining the mechanics that cause an injury (mechanopathology) and the mechanics that are the result of an injury (pathomechanics)

Handwriting :

- motor control demonstrates characteristics of a coordinative structure - People demonstrate much individual variation in terms of limb segment involvement - Each individual's motor control of handwriting demonstrates "motor equivalence"

Characteristics of motor skill :

-Action goal -Performed voluntarily -Requires movement of body, head, and/or limb(s)

Behavior :

-Anything an organism does that can be measured -Not all changes in behavior are due to experience, and not all experiences are learning experiences

Rhythmic structure of locomotion :

-Components of a step cycle -Rhythmic relationship between arms and legs -Pelvis and thorax relationship during walking

Causes of performance problems :

-Consistency -Bias

Motor Development :

-Is about age related changes and functions -Human developmental issues related to either Motor Control or Motor Learning.

Motor Learning :

-Is about changes -The process of changes due to practice or experience leading to improvements in motor skills in terms of accuracy, speed, and movement smoothness.

Motor Control :

-Is about functions -The coordination and activation of muscular, skeletal, and neurological functions to produce movements.

who teach motor skills ?

-Physical education teachers -Adapted physical educators -Gerontologists -Physical therapists -Coaches

The primary motor cortex :

-Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobes -Contralateral control - Corticospinal track (MI → Spinal cord) - Large for hands and Small for trunk

Motivational properties of Augmented Feedback :

-Produces motivation or energizes the learner -Effective during fatigue, boredom -Effective if public

Assessing Learning :

-Tests of a practiced skill that a learner performs following an interval of time after practice has ceased

Smyth & Silvers (1987) experiment results :

-Vision provides important info for the motor control of handwriting

Motor Development

-the continuous, age related process of change in movement -as well as the interacting constraints (factors) in the individual, environment, and the task that drives these changes

Performance Characteristics of Skill Learning :

1. Improvement 2. Consistency 3. Stability 4. Persistence 5. Adaptability

three components of prehension :

1. Transport- Movement of the hand to the object 2.Grasp- The hand taking hold of the object 3.Object manipulation- The hand carrying out the intended use for the object

Why should you study Biomechanics?

1. improve human performance 2. reduce a person's risk of injury

human develop in four main domains :

1. physical 2. cognitive 3. affective 4. motor

acceleration :

A measure of how much a person is speeding up or slowing down in a particular direction - change in velocity over change in time m/s2

Motor Skill (Action) :

Activities or tasks that require voluntary head, body, and/or limb movement to achieve a goal.

Two classes of applied anatomy :

Anatomical Kinesiology and applied Anatomy and Pathophysiology

purpose of assessing learning :

Assess how permanent the performance level is achieved during practice

Transfer tests :

Assess the adaptability of what was learned during practice

Practical benefit of analyzing rhythmic structure of gait patterns :

Assessment of coordination problems trunk and legs

Corpus callosum :

Commissural fibers that connect the two hemispheres

kineamatics :

Description of motion without regards to the forces that cause the motion - How can you describe a person's motion as they run? Swing a bat? Throw a ball? Land from a jump? (distance and displacement)

kinetics :

Force as the cause of motion - Includes both external and internal forces (force, moment, and moment arm)

Prehension :

General term for actions involving reaching for and grasping of objects

Another important motor control characteristic of locomotion :

Head stability

velocity :

How fast or slow a person is moving in a particular direction - change in displacement over change in time m/s

When is demonstration most effective ?

It has been shown that demonstration leads to better skill learning than other instruction forms when - The skill being learned requires the acquisition of a new pattern of coordination

Newton's Second Law of Motion :

Law of Acceleration - acceleration of an object is proportional to the force causing it, in the same direction, and inversely proportional to an object's mass - it takes an unbalanced to change the velocity of an object

Hick's law :

Number of response choices - Increase in choices => Increase in RT

Industrial Revolution :

Recognition of the value of fitness

Sport psychologists are more interested in...

Sport psychologists are more interested in helping athletes use psychological principles to achieve optimal mental health and to improve performance (performance enhancement).

Applied Anatomy :

The aspect of the discipline of anatomy important for a sound understanding of basic structure and how these structures produce movement.

Cerebral Cortex :

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.

The Motor Cortex :

The primary motor cortex (MI) The premotor cortex (PM) The supplementary motor cortex (SMA)

Sport and Exercise Exercise Psychology :

The scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise activities and the practical applications of that knowledge.

Application of Biomechanics :

Two broad areas of application - clinical biomechanics - sport biomechanics

Internal imagery :

Visual image of performing the task inside his/her body (first person)

External imagery :

Visual image of watching yourself perform the task as if a spectator (third person)

isometric :

a muscle action that occurs when a muscle generates tension that is equal to the resistance at the joint, resulting in no noticeable change in the joint angle

eccentric :

a muscle action that occurs when a muscle generates tension that produces a smaller torque than the resistive torque at the joint, resulting in a lengthening of the muscle and a change in the joint angle in the direction of the resistive torque. R>F

concentric :

a muscle action that occurs when a muscle generates tension that produces a torque larger than the resistive torque at the joint, resulting in a shortening of the muscle and a change of the joint angle in the direction of the muscular torque. F>R

Applied anatomy may also provides...

a teacher, coach, researcher, or therapist with valuable information on how a movement is produced to guide training and conditioning techniques

Moment (torque) :

a turning or rotational force (Nm)

Distance :

amount of ground covered (m)

the mountain of motor development :

an approximation or representation of human motor development, a starting point for discussion, dissection, and even testing of human motor development.

what is the foundational science for kinesiology students ?

applied anatomy

Newton's Laws of motion :

apply to any type of movement ◦1st Law: Inertia ◦2nd Law: F = ma ◦3rd Law: Action/Reaction

mechanics :

branch of physics that examines force as the cause of motion and the description of motion caused by these forces

Displacement :

change in distance with respect to a starting position or origin (m)

Example of Newton's First Law :

changing speed/direction - bowling ball - passenger in a car

Stages of learning :

cognitive, associative, autonomous

Muscle Actions :

concentric, eccentric, isometric

Clinical Biomechanics is used by :

different clinical specialists, including orthopedists, athletic trainers, physical and occupational therapists, and many others

3 constraints acting on movement :

environment, task, and individual

Symphysis :

fibrocartilage pad - (1) pubic symphysis and (2) intervertebral discs

Synchondrosis :

hyaline cartilage - Costochondral joints of the ribs and sternum

goals of sport and clinical biomechanics :

improve performance and reduce injury risk

Syndesmosis :

ligaments - between the (1) tibia/fibula, (2) metacarpals, (3) metatarsals (interoseousmebrane)

Bio :

living

moment arm :

perpendicular distance from line of force application to the axis of rotation (m)

Retention tests leads to

persistence

Fitts' Law :

showed we could mathematically predict movement time for speed - accuracy skills

ampiarthrotic :

slightly movable - Syndesmosis - Symphysis - Synchondrosis

biomechanics :

study of the structure and function of biological systems by the means and methods of mechanics (The application of mechanical principles to the study of biological systems)

3 types of joints :

synarthoritic ampiarthrotic diarthrotic

what does the applied anatomy integrate ?

the components of skeletal structure and function in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and allied health.

Force :

the effect of one object on another (N)

Mechanopathology :

the mechanics that leads to an injury (landed incorrectly)

pathomechanics :

the mechanics that result from an injury (change mechanics)

Motor behavior :

the study of how motor skills are learned, controlled, and developed to assist people as they practice and experience physical activity.

exercise psychologists are interested in ...

understanding how participation in exercise and physical activity affects an individual's psychological development, health and well-being throughout the lifespan.

Motor behavior guides ...

us in providing better situations for learning and practice, as well as understanding why some cues and feedback are better than others.

Sport Biomechanics :

utilized to analyze athletic performance and technique - analyze the type of equipment being used

motor behavioral applications focus on ..

what, how, and how much to practice.

Motor Skills :

•Performed to achieve an objective; goal oriented •Require body and limb movements •Voluntary •Developed as a result of practice •Must be learned or relearned

synarthoritic :

◦non-movable ◦Sutures of cranial bones