Epidemiology
Healthy people 2030
A plan for the nation with 355 measurable objectives
risk factors
Actions or behaviors that represent a potential health threat
What are the positive risk factors for CVD?
Age Family History Cigarette Smoking Physical Inactivity BML/Waist circumference Blood Pressure Lipids Blood glucose
Health reputable resources
CDC, NIH, ACS, AHA
secondary prevention
Efforts to limit the effects of an injury or illness that you cannot completely prevent.
primary prevention
Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring.
Traditional model of healthcare
Get sick, go to the doctor, and then get the problem repaired
What is the negative risk factor for CVD?
HDL > 60 mg/dL
Tertiary prevention
actions taken to contain damage once a disease or disability has progressed beyond its early stages
bmi risk factor/ waist circumference
bmi- > (or equal to) 30 kg/m^2 Waist girth > than 102 (40 in) for men and > 88 cm (35 in) for men
second leading cause of death
cancer
third leading cause of death
covid
What is the cigarette smoking risk factors for CVD?
current cigarette smoker or those who quit within the previous 6 months or exposure to environmental tobacco smoke
mortality
death
There if significant _______ among sexes and ethnic groups in terms of life expectancy
differences
Optimal health is a _______________________ of physical , emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual health
dynamic balance
Cohort/longitudinal study
follows a group of people over time
leading cause of death
heart disease
blood glucose risk factor
> 100 mg/dL
lipid risk factor
> or equal to 130 mg/dL or HDL of < 40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women or on a lipid lowering medication orrr > 200 mg/dL for total serum cholesterol
life expectancy
A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live
John Shaw
-identified clusters of cholera outbreaks -added chlorine to the water
death rate in usa
1043 per 100000
What percent of the population is black?
14
What percent of the population is hispanic?
19
Mortality in usa
3.5 million
population
335 million
the top 2 COD equal______ percent of mortality
38
What is the life expectancy range between sexes?
5 years
What percent of the population is white?
62
Life expectancy for male
76.1
life expectancy for females
81.1
What is the life expectancy range among ethnicities?
9.3 years
physical inactivity risk factor
<75 mins of physical activity per week
What is the family history risk factor for CVD?
Myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, or sudden death before 55 in father or other male first degree relative or before 65 in mother or other female first degree relative
NCI
National Cancer Institute
NHLBI
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
morbidity
illness
positive risk factor
increases risk for disease
Health for Human Wholeness
made by Dr. Paris Watts, the purpose of the model is the illustrate all the factors that influence health
What is the age for CVD risk factor?
men > 45 Women > 55
incidence rate
number of people contracting a disease during a time period
Health is influenced to a great extent by___________ and not just physicians and other healthcare professionals8
personal behaviors
Findings of Framingham Heart Study
predictors/ risk factors for CHD and stroke
Findings of Alameda County Study
predictors/risk factors of survivability
The traditional model of medical care has very little emphasis on _________
prevention
What was the purpose of the Framingham Heart study?
prospective study to determine causes of CHD and stroke
Purpose of Alameda County Study?
prospective study to determine factors of survivability
prevalence rate
s the number of cases in a population who have a disease at any given time
risk factors work together using
synergism and maximize affects
bp risk factor
systolic > 130 mmHg and or diastolic >80 mmHg based on an average of > 2 readings obtained on > 2 occasions, or on antihypertensive medication
experimental study
the researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables
Epidemiology
the study of the determinants anddistribution of disease or injury in large populations.
Tx
treatment
What is the purpose of epidemiology?
• To search for causes of health and disease • To estimate individual risk from group experiences • To study the history of the health of a population • To diagnose the health of a population and trackinfectious diseases * To study subsets within a population • To study the effects of health services
