Epidemiology

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Healthy people 2030

A plan for the nation with 355 measurable objectives

risk factors

Actions or behaviors that represent a potential health threat

What are the positive risk factors for CVD?

Age Family History Cigarette Smoking Physical Inactivity BML/Waist circumference Blood Pressure Lipids Blood glucose

Health reputable resources

CDC, NIH, ACS, AHA

secondary prevention

Efforts to limit the effects of an injury or illness that you cannot completely prevent.

primary prevention

Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring.

Traditional model of healthcare

Get sick, go to the doctor, and then get the problem repaired

What is the negative risk factor for CVD?

HDL > 60 mg/dL

Tertiary prevention

actions taken to contain damage once a disease or disability has progressed beyond its early stages

bmi risk factor/ waist circumference

bmi- > (or equal to) 30 kg/m^2 Waist girth > than 102 (40 in) for men and > 88 cm (35 in) for men

second leading cause of death

cancer

third leading cause of death

covid

What is the cigarette smoking risk factors for CVD?

current cigarette smoker or those who quit within the previous 6 months or exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

mortality

death

There if significant _______ among sexes and ethnic groups in terms of life expectancy

differences

Optimal health is a _______________________ of physical , emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual health

dynamic balance

Cohort/longitudinal study

follows a group of people over time

leading cause of death

heart disease

blood glucose risk factor

> 100 mg/dL

lipid risk factor

> or equal to 130 mg/dL or HDL of < 40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women or on a lipid lowering medication orrr > 200 mg/dL for total serum cholesterol

life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

John Shaw

-identified clusters of cholera outbreaks -added chlorine to the water

death rate in usa

1043 per 100000

What percent of the population is black?

14

What percent of the population is hispanic?

19

Mortality in usa

3.5 million

population

335 million

the top 2 COD equal______ percent of mortality

38

What is the life expectancy range between sexes?

5 years

What percent of the population is white?

62

Life expectancy for male

76.1

life expectancy for females

81.1

What is the life expectancy range among ethnicities?

9.3 years

physical inactivity risk factor

<75 mins of physical activity per week

What is the family history risk factor for CVD?

Myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, or sudden death before 55 in father or other male first degree relative or before 65 in mother or other female first degree relative

NCI

National Cancer Institute

NHLBI

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

morbidity

illness

positive risk factor

increases risk for disease

Health for Human Wholeness

made by Dr. Paris Watts, the purpose of the model is the illustrate all the factors that influence health

What is the age for CVD risk factor?

men > 45 Women > 55

incidence rate

number of people contracting a disease during a time period

Health is influenced to a great extent by___________ and not just physicians and other healthcare professionals8

personal behaviors

Findings of Framingham Heart Study

predictors/ risk factors for CHD and stroke

Findings of Alameda County Study

predictors/risk factors of survivability

The traditional model of medical care has very little emphasis on _________

prevention

What was the purpose of the Framingham Heart study?

prospective study to determine causes of CHD and stroke

Purpose of Alameda County Study?

prospective study to determine factors of survivability

prevalence rate

s the number of cases in a population who have a disease at any given time

risk factors work together using

synergism and maximize affects

bp risk factor

systolic > 130 mmHg and or diastolic >80 mmHg based on an average of > 2 readings obtained on > 2 occasions, or on antihypertensive medication

experimental study

the researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables

Epidemiology

the study of the determinants anddistribution of disease or injury in large populations.

Tx

treatment

What is the purpose of epidemiology?

• To search for causes of health and disease • To estimate individual risk from group experiences • To study the history of the health of a population • To diagnose the health of a population and trackinfectious diseases * To study subsets within a population • To study the effects of health services


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