EPPP Study Set 1
Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
Reinforcement will happen at a regular time, like snack at 2, or paycheck every 2 weeks. Has the least operant strength, so easiest to extinguish. If someone stops getting paid, they will stop working pretty quickly!
Approach - approach
Struggling between two good things and when you pick one, the other becomes less appealing, though initially you may have struggled to distinguish what was most appealing
Approach - avoidance
Struggling to choose when something has both positive and negative sides
Projective Hypothesis
-Assumption that ambiguous and unstructured stimuli can elicit meaningful information about an examinee's personality and underlying conflicts -Projective tests are less susceptible to "faking" and tend to reveal more unconscious, global aspects of personality
MMPI-2 Validity Scales - L (Lie)
-High score: attempts to present self in a favorable light or lack of insight; associated with reduced ability to benefit from therapy -Low score: frankness, exaggeration, or independence
Rancho Scale of Cognitive Functioning Revised
-Purpose: developed as a measure of cognitive recovery during the first weeks to months following a head injury -Scoring: 10 levels of functioning that describe response and level of assistance required; lower levels indicate poorer functioning
Graduate Record Exam (GRE)
-Purpose: measures general scholastic ability to evaluate examinee's readiness for grad school -General Test: provides scores for analytical writing, verbal reasoning, and quantitative reasoning -Subject Tests: available for 8 disciplines
BDI-II
29 and above= severe depression
Helms Disintegration
2nd status WRIDM increased cross-racial interactions, more awareness of "whiteness," produces conflict, confusion
APA's Record Keeping Guidelines (2007) suggest keeping adult records for _________ after last date of service delivery.
7 years
Triangulation
Extended Family Systems Tx: Bowenian Theory Triad that occurs when two members in conflict involve third person. (usually parents involve child) Third person immobilized: can't please either one
A client who reports that certain external events have a particular personal meaning would be demonstrating what type of symptom (e.g., belief that newscasters are talking directly to the client)?
Ideas of reference
To determine two rater's level of agreement on a test you would use the
Kappa coefficient.
What exercise involves women tightening pelvic floor muscles, as if to stop urinating, and is used to strengthen the perineum to prepare for pregnancy, treat incontinence, and enhance sexual pleasure?
Kegel exercise
Mf MMPI
Masculinity-Femininity Stereotypical interests
George Kelly
Perhaps the first cognitive theorist and introduces his "psychology of personal constructs" A construct is synonymous with a schema, which is a cognitive template through which the word is interpreted.
The ________ Theory suggests depression is a result of low serotonin and low norepinephrine levels, while mania is caused by low serotonin and high norepinephrine levels; the effectiveness of SSRIs support this theory.
Permissive
A person with Delusional Disorder who believes they, or someone they know, is being malevolently mistreated best qualify for what type of the disorder?
Persecutory Type
A person presents for therapy after family members noticed significantly increased paranoia following a car accident where the person sustained a head injury. Collateral information suggests the paranoia presented only after the accident. What is the most likely primary diagnosis?
Personality Change Due to a General Medical Condition
What biological antecedent to mental retardation is caused by a lack of the enzyme necessary to oxidize phenylalanine (and amino acid in protein foods)?
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Principle, recognizes that "psychologist establish relationships of trust with those whom they work"
Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility
Principle, although ethically permissible in certain situations, deception should be used only with great care.
Principle C: Integrity
Principle, recognizes that all persons should benefit for contributions of psychology and be treated with equal quality
Principle D: Justice
Principles, enjoins psychologists that their own biases and limitations of competence do not result in unjust practices.
Principle D: Justice
Principle, includes respect for the rights of privacy, confidentiality, and self determination.
Principle E: Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
Principle, psychologists should try to eliminate the effect of biases due to demographic factors.
Principle E: Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
Draw a Person Test
Projective Test Goodenough, measure of children's intelligence represents expression of self or body image man, woman, self similar to Harris House-Tree-Person
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective Test Murray tell a story for picture, useful for diagnostic distinctions, not for specific diagnosis
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Projective Test ages 2 and older, most frequently used ten blots Exner's Comprehensive System most common scoring Questionable reliability/validity, improved w/ Exner
Wholeness
Property in systems theory every part of system is interrelated; change in one part = change in other parts
Negative Feedback
Property in systems theory maintenance of homeostasis by attempting to correct changes in status quo eg. yelling at disruptive child
Equipotentiality
Property in systems theory one cause can lead to different results ex., incest = promiscuity or inhibition
Homeostasis
Property in systems theory tendency for a system to restore status quo Degree of homeostasis dependent on management of pos. and neg. feedback
Non-Summativity
Property in systems theory whole is greater than sum of parts Look at family as whole, rather than as collection of individuals
Cannon and Bard
Proposed that emotions and thoughts occur more or less simultaneously.
Self Verification Theory
Proposes that people seek confirmation of their self-concept.
Most of HIPAA's general provisions govern _______________, there are more stringent protections for _____________________.
Protected Health Information (PHI); psychotherapy notes
Consultation/Supervision/training/referral, feminist therapist finds she is imposing ideas on traditional woman
Referral
Thalamus
Relay station. Thalamus-"T" for train station, for Thames. All senses relayed through save the sense of olfaction.
Emic
Study a culture from inside, think of an epidemic in a city.
In-vivo aversive conditioning used to treat
Substance Dependence, Paraphilias, & self-injurious behaviors
What is the 3rd most frequent cause of death for infants between 1 month and 1 year old?
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Standard Error of Estimate
This tells us how far we can expect to be off when making predictions based on a regression (prediction) equation. Keep in a box in your mind labeled "correlation coefficient."
Paraprosopia
Visual hallucinations of terrifying faces.
Occipital Lobe
Visual processing center
"Business Necessity" and "Job Relatedness" are related to
adverse impact.
The earliest symptoms of Huntington's Disease are usually
affective changes (e.g., irritability and depression)
spontaneous recovery
after extinction, behavior returns without any reinforcement trials
limbic system- emotion
amygdala (fear/aggression, flashbulb) Buci syndrome hippocampus (learning/memory, stm to ltm) cingulate cortex (pain)
specificity
correct identification of true negatives
sensitivity
correct identification of true positives
reciprocal inhibition
counterconditioning (relaxation when anxious)
In _______, the court has right to information and there is no confidentiality or need for a release.
court-appointed evaluations
In __________________,the court hires the psychologist and the client is the court.
court-appointed evaluations
HIPPA - Psychologist Duties - Written Privacy Policy, Must be given to ____________, and reflect compliance with ________________________.
all patients, HIPAA and state laws
Thalamus
all senses relayed through it, except for smell or olfaction
delirium
aloc and inability focus, shift attn
Deception in research, should be avoided unless: 2. __________________, without deception, are not available.
alternative procedues
S-delta stimulus
an environmental cue that a behavior will NOT be reinforced. Child learns that Mom will not allow him to borrow car; pigeon learns that pressing lever while Red light flashes will not produce food. Mom & red light are S-delta stimuli
General symptoms that may accompany the third stage of Alzheimer's Dementia include:
apathy and emotional blunting
With the rare exception of private practice that does not accept third-party reimbursements or use electronic transmission, HIPAA ________________________________.
applies to all psychologists
absence (petit-mal) seizure
blank stare, no motor
General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services (1987), recognized specialties (4)
clinical, counseling, IO, and school
Bartering is permissible as long as it is not ___________________________ and not __________.
clinically contraindicated; exploitative
Harmful multiple relationship occurs, should "attempt to resolve it with due regard for the ________________________ and maximal ___________
best interests of the affected person; compliance with the Ethics Code
The decision to seek consultation, supervision, training or refer out should always be based on the ___________________________________.
best interests of the client
Client variables & txt outcome
best predictors of txt outcome high intelligence, openness, low defensiveness, high ego strength, high anxiety tolerance, moderate expectations = good outcome
biodata
biographical information bank lack face validity (questions may seem unrelated to job and they may invade privacy)
implicit memories
memories retrieved without conscious effort or awareness. Procedural memory can be implicit
Motivation & txt outcome
mixed results: motivation at beginning doesn't seem to be as important as motivation developed during txt
Preamble, the goal of psychologist is to __________________ of individuals, organizations, and society.
improve the condition
Among bilinguals, code-switching (language switching)
is a way for the speaker to better express his or her attitude toward the listener.
Paraprofessionals & txt outcome
just as effective as professionals
Children, Elderly & txt outcome
just as effective for children and elderly as for adults age has little relationship to txt outcome adolescent girls may respond better than boys
zone of proximal development
just beyond kid's ability, but with scaffolding they can learn
inter-rater reliability
kappa statistic or coefficient of confordance; affected by consensual observer drift
Bem's social learning theory on gender-role identity
kids develop schemas from expereinces
Depth perception in infants develops in which of the following sequences?
kinectic (as young as 3 weeks), binocular (2-3 months), pictoral (7 months)
Recommendations for working with Native American clients
know details of tribe and family system non-directive, history-oriented, accepting, cooperative approach consider including elders, medicine people, legends goals often not problem-focused
Misconduct by colleagues, consider: 1. how you __________. 2. the ______ and _____ of the offense committed 3. if an _________ _________ was attempted
learned of the offense; type and severity; informal resolution
stimulus generalization
learned response to one stimulus then same response to different, but similar stimulus
observational learning
learning that occurs when one watches another perform a behavior & then replicates the behavior.
brocas
left frontal, expressive (motor)
left/right confusion most likely caused by lesion where?
left parietal lobe
wernicke's
left temporal, comprehending (sensory)
When clients are legally incapable of giving consent, must obtain permission from a _______________________________.
legally authorized person
Rancho Scale of Cognitive Functioning
neuropsych test measure of cog. recovery following injury 1-10, no response to purposeful-appropriate responses
cerebellum
damage produces aTAXia ; slurred speech, severe tremors, loss of balance (like alcohol effects)
Broca's Aphasia
damage to Left frontal, expressive language, difficulty getting the words out, can understand you, hard to get the words out, but can understand them
Wernicke's Aphasia
damage to Left temporal, problems with comprehension, cannot understand what you are saying, also misproduce speech sounds so that you cannot understand them. Considered receptive or sensory aphasia
Hypnosis involves three factors
dissociation, absorption, suggestibility
anti-alcohol drugs
disulfiram and naltrexone
GABA
eating, seizure, anxiety, huntingtons low in anxiety
The Standards for educational and Psychological Testing address "professional and technical issues of test development and use in __________________________________________."
education, psychology, and employment
Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS)
empirical criterion keying, high school jrs & srs 4 scales: occupational scales (109); College major scales (40); Vocational Interest Estimates (ten similar to Holland); Dependability Indices (validity)
random selection
enables investigator to generalize findings from the sample to population
memory process
encoding storage retrieval
Deception in research, subjects must be debriefed as early as possible, usually at the ________________, but definitely no later than at the _________________________.
end of participation; end of data collection
Which of the following is an endogenous (produced inside the body) opiate?
endorphins
Sexual relations with persons who are near to clients, may not terminate therapy with a client in order to ___________________________
engage in such a relationship
Once any information is transmitted electronically, HIPAA's rules apply to the ________________ of a psychologist or institution.
entire practice
Services through organizations, psychologist appointed by court to evaluate a defendant, should explain that ____________________________.
feedback will not be shared with defendent
turner
females only
Therapist variables & txt outcome
few have a consistent relationship with outcome Competence = good outcome
corpus callosum
fibers connect 2 hemispheres (epilepsy it is severed)
long-term potentiation
glutamate, hippocampus
bandura's social cog theory
goal-setting, observation, evaluation, reaction
tourettes
high dopamine. 1 verbal and several motor. haldol tx.
fake bad = what scores
high f or low k
which combinations causes most work stress?
high job demand and low job control
Sexual harassment specifically prohibited, includes: 1. any unwelcome, offensive, etc that creates a ________ workplace, and the psychologist _______
hostile; knows or is told this
absolute threshold
minimum stimulus to detect sensation
avolition
low goal directed behavior
According to Berry's acculturation model, marginalization is characterized by:
low involvement in both the mainstream culture and the minority culture.
lewinsohn's behavioral model
low respponse-contingent reinforcement
Participating Leader
low task and high relationship orientation
Delegating Leader
low task and low relationship orientation
lpc scale
low: task oriented (best in bipolar ends), unfavorable coworker
paraplegia
lower body paralyzed
herzberg 2 factory theory
lower level: job context; pay, benefits, coworkers, cause dissatisfaction higher level: job content; responsbility, recognition, advancement, don't cause dissatisfaction
paraparesis
lower limb weakness
The suicide rate for African-American adolescent males over the past few decades has been:
lower than the rate for white adolescent males, but there has been an increase in the rates for both groups.
stepping
makes walking movements
Civil liability is the issue in ___________.
malpractice
Interruption of psych services, the term "unless otherwise covered by contract" means you do not have further ethical responsibilities when a ____________________________ restricts number or session or requires termination of care.
managed care company
Correctional psychologists, ethical guidelines encourage sensitivity to ethical pitfalls of dual relationship (therapist/parole advisor), but it is ________________
still a permitted relationship
all-or-none principle
stimulation in neuron exceeds threshold; the action potential will be the same intensity
iconic store
store for visual information
whites outperform blacks on which test by one standard deviation
stanford binet and other iq tests
mnemonic devices
strategies that can improve one's memory for information.
Issues with confidentiality and patient access to records is typically governed by the state, however HIPAA is a federal law that can _____________________________________________.
take precedence over state law
Research debriefing, when participants have suffered harm, psychologists must _________________ to reduce this harm.
take reasonable steps
test-retest method
testsame test to same group twice. the reliability coefficeint indicates degree of stability (consistency). used for attributes that are stable over time (aptitude, but not mood)
forebrain : subcortical
thalamus hypothalamus basal ganglia limbic system
thalamus
thalamus- relay, wernicke 1st (ataxia,confusion,eye moviements) then korsakoff-antero and retrograde amnesia and confabulation (low thiamine)
Avoiding Harm, psychologists are enjoined to avoid harming clients and others __________________, and to minimize harm _________________.
whenever possible; when it is unavoidable
thought stopping
yell stop or snap rubberband
Stroop Color-Word Test
neuropsych test measure of cognitive flexibility and selective attention; frontal lobes color word printed in other color, task is to name color of ink prepotent response: habitual response to read the name left frontal lesion= unable to inhibit prepotent
Accuracy in teaching, Instructors may change or adapt course outlines when necessary, as long as students are still given the ________________________.
opportunity to fulfill course requirements
surface structure of language
organization of words
occipital lobe
visual cortex
anosognosia
poor insight
retroactive vs proatice
porn proactive old material interferes retroactive new material interferes
monetary incentives
positive effect whether or not employee involved in goal setting
law of effect
positive outcomes increase behavior, negative outcomes have no effect
true positive false positive true negative false negative
positive= expected to success true/false= did they succeed?
ltm parts
procedural - how to declarative-info (semantic is facts, episodic; flashbulb) prospective remember to remember
bg, cerebellum, motor cortex
procedural and implicit memory
HIPAA, psychotherapy notes refer to "________________"
process notes
state dependent learning
remember better when in same emo state
response burst
removal of reinforcer does not initially produce extinction. Behavior temporarily increases then gradually declines. (Parent training with older child temper tantrums---parent ignores, child screams louder & more frequently initially)
dismantling strategy
repeated exposure to CS without the US is responsible for desensitization (administer different componenets to diff groups)
Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) Scoring
-0-13: minimal depression -14-19: mild depression -20-28: moderate depression -29-63: severe depression
item discrimination
-1 - 1, differentiates between examinees who obtain high vs. low scores on the test or external criterion. if all examinees in upper group and none in the lower group answer the item correctly, D = +1. 0.35 is acceptable, 0.5 is ideal
MMPI-2 Validity Scales - Cannot Say (?)
-30+ cannot say items may indicate invalid profile -High score: reading difficulties, indecisiveness, distractibility, or defensiveness
Actuarial vs Clinical Predictions
-Actuarial: statistical; based on empirically validated relationship between test results and specific criteria -Clinical: based on the decision-maker's intuition, experience, and knowledge; clinical judgement -Research has found that actuarial method alone is more accurate than clinical judgement alone
Multi-Informant Report
-Advantages include increased information about the client -Disadvantages can include inconsistency in reports across various informants
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III)
-Age Range: 1-42 months -Scoring: 5 subtests (cognitive, motor, language, social-emotional, adaptive behavior)
Kaufman Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT)
-Age Range: 11-85+ -Scoring: provides fluid, crystallized, and composite IQ scores
Strong Interest Inventory (SII)
-Age Range: 15+ -Development: utilized both logical content methods and empirical criterion keying -General Occupational Scale (GOT): provides info on Holland's six occupational themes (RIASEC) -Basic Interest Scale (BIS): provides scores for 30 basic interest scales -Occupational Scales (OS): indicate degree to which examinee's interests are similar to those of satisfied workers of the same gender across 122 occupations -Personal Styles Scale: (PSS): scores are provided for work, learning, environment, leadership, risk-taking, and team styles -Administrative Indices: provide information on the types and consistency of responses
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (H-R)
-Age Range: 15+ -Purpose: used to detect the presence of brain damage and determine severity and possible locations -Interpretation: performance on individual subtests, as well as Halstead Impairment Index (HIII) -HIII ranges in value from 0-1 (0-.2: normal functioning; .3-.4: mild impairment; .5-.7: moderate impairment; .8-1: severe impairment)
Haptic Intelligence Scale for the Adult Blind
-Age Range: 16+ -Theory: for use with individuals who are blind or partially sighted by making use of tactile stimuli -Scoring: includes 6 subtests (digit symbol, object assembly, block design, object completion, pattern board, bead arithmetic)
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)
-Age Range: 16-90 -Theory: intelligence as a global ability comprised of numerous interrelated functions -Administration: 10 core and 5 supplemental subtests; reverse rule used if examinee scores 0 on the first two items; discontinue rule depending on number of consecutive items scored incorrectly or within timeframe -Scoring: Subtest scores (M=10, SD=3) are converted to FSIQ and Index scores (M=100, SD=15); interpret with caution when there is a 1.5 SD difference between any two indices or any two subtests that make up an index; General Ability Index can be derived from VCI and PRI -Psychometric Properties: FSIQ(r=.97-.98); Factor Indexes(r=.90-.96); Subtests(r=.78-.94); evidence for testing gains on test-retest due to practice effects
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
-Age Range: 18+ -Theory: original scales developed on the basis of empirical criterion keying; newer content scales based on rational content analysis -Scoring: uses T-scores (M=50; SD=10); >=65 is clinically significant; begin with evaluating validity scales; conduct profile analysis using highest 2 (or more) scores -Psychometric Properties: majority of standardization sample had college education; validity of individual scales is questionable, as many scales are highly correlated; 2-3 point profile are more valid; African American examinees tend to score higher or lower on some scales than White examinees
Rorschach Inkblot Test
-Age Range: 2+ -Administration: examinee is presented with 10 inkblot cards; free association phase (examinee describes what they see on the card) and inquiry phase (examiner actively asks questions about the examinee's response) -Interpretation: number and ratio of responses falling into each category -reliability ~.80; validity ~.40
Beery-Buktencia Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Berry VMI)
-Age Range: 2+ -Purpose: used to assess visual-motor integration skills and identify deficits associated with neurological impairment -Administration: series of increasingly difficult geometric figures the examinee must copy
Slosson Intelligence Test Primary (SIT-P-1)
-Age Range: 2-7 -Purpose: designed as a method for obtaining a quick estimate of mental ability and for identifying children at risk for educational failure or who require more extensive testing -Appropriate for children with IQs between 10-170+
Woodcock-Johnson (WJ IV)
-Age Range: 2-80+ -Theory: based on contemporary CHC theory -Test of Cognitive Abilities: evaluates broad and narrow cognitive abilities -Test of Oral Language: assesses oral expression, listening, comprehension, etc -Test of Achievement: evaluates reading, writing, mathematics, and academic knowledge
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB5)
-Age Range: 2-85+ years of age -Theory: Based on a hierarchical g model of intelligence that incorporates five cognitive factors from the CHC theory; divided into verbal and non-verbal subtests -Administration: tailored to examinee's level of cognitive functioning; routing subtests (object series/matrices and vocabulary) determine starting point on following functional subtests; testing continues until examinee reaches ceiling level -Scoring: Subtests scores (M=10, SD=3) are combined to create composite score (M=100, SD=15): Full Scale IQ, Factor Index, Domain, Abbreviated Battery, and Change Sensitive Scores -Psychometric Properties: Composite scores (r>.90); subtest scores (r=.84-.89)
Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV)
-Age Range: 2:6 - 7:7 -Scoring Age >4: FSIQ, 3 Primary Index Scores (Verbal Comprehension, Visual-Spatial, Working Memory), 3 Ancillary Index Scores (Vocabulary Acquisition, Nonverbal, General Ability) -Scoring Age >=4: FSIQ, 5 Primary Index Scores (Verbal Comprehension, Visual-Spatial, Working Memory, Fluid Reasoning, Processing Speed), 4 Ancillary Index Scores (Vocabulary Acquisition, Nonverbal, General Ability, Cognitive Proficiency)
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-4)
-Age Range: 2:6-90+ -Theory: measures receptive vocabulary; useful for individuals with motor or speech impairments -Administration: 228 cards containing 4 pictures each; for each card, the examinee is provided with a stimulus word and must select the picture that matches the word
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
-Age Range: 3+ -Purpose: brief measure of visual-motor integration -Administration: examinee is shown 16 cards; copy phase (asked to copy each design as best they can) and recall phase (asked to draw as many of the designs as possible from memory) -Scoring: Global Scoring System, rating drawings from 0 (no resemblance) to 4 (nearly perfect)
Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII)
-Age Range: 3-12 months -Theory: based on research indicating that measures of information processing administered during infancy are good predictors of childhood IQ -Scoring: assesses infant's selective attention to novel stimuli; score is determined by amount of time spent looking at pictures of new versus familiar faces
Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude
-Age Range: 3-17:6 -Theory: measure of learning ability for children who have hearing or language impairments -Administration: can be verbal or pantomime and consists of 12 nonverbal subtests
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II)
-Age Range: 3-18 -Theory: measure of cognitive ability designed to be culture-fair by minimizing verbal instructions and responses -Scoring: 5 Scales (simultaneous, sequential, planning, learning, knowledge) -Interpretation: can be based on CHC model of cognitive abilities or Luria's neuropsychological processing model (which is recommended when the examinee's performance on measures of crystallized knowledge may be negatively impacted by cultural background, hearing or language impairment, autism, etc)
AAMR Adaptive Behavior Scale
-Age Range: 3-18 for ABS-School and 18+ for ABS-Residential and Community -Purpose: used to assess adaptive functioning in five areas (personal self-sufficiency, community self-sufficiency, personal-social responsibility, social adjustment, personal adjustment)
Leiter International Performance Scale (Leiter-3)
-Age Range: 3-75+ -Theory: designed to be a culture-fair measure of cognitive ability; emphasizes fluid intelligence across 4 domains (visualization, reasoning, memory, attention) -Administration: can be administered without verbal instruction; examinees must match a set of response cards to corresponding illustrations
Columbia Mental Maturity Scale (CMMS)
-Age Range: 3:6 - 9:11 -Theory: designed to assess general reasoning ability in children with disabilities; does not require verbal responses or fine motor skills -Administration: consists of 92 cards that contain 3, 4, or 5 drawings; for each card, the examinee indicates which picture does not belong with the others
Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-III)
-Age Range: 4-50 -Purpose: assesses 8 areas of achievement identified by IDEA legislations as important for identifying LDs; designed to assist with IEPs
Slosson Intelligence Test for Children and Adults (SIT-R3-1)
-Age Range: 4-65 -Purpose: screening test for crystallized (verbal) intelligence -Appropriate for individuals with IQs between 36-164; can be used to assess individuals with visual impairments
Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT-2)
-Age Range: 4-90+ -Purpose: brief screening test of verbal (crystallized) and nonverbal (fluid) ability
Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA-3)
-Age Range: 5-12 -Theory: Osgood's communication model; distinguishes between channels of communication, psycholinguistic processes, and levels of organization -Purpose: designed to evaluate strengths and weaknesses in linguistic ability, assist in diagnosis of LD, and track progress -Scoring: 11 subtests that provide 3 Global Composite Scores (general language, spoken language, written language) and 8 Specific Composite Scores
Cognitive Assessment System (CAS2)
-Age Range: 5-17 -Theory: based on the PASS model of intelligence which distinguishes between 4 cognitive functions identified by Luria (planning, attention, simultaneous processing, sequential processing) -Scoring: provides full scale score, PASS scale index scores, and subtest scores
Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT-4)
-Age Range: 5-94 -Purpose: rapid screening device for assessing reading, spelling, and math skills; used to assist in diagnosis of LDs -Administration: 4 subtests (sentence completion, word reading, spelling, math computation)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)
-Age Range: 6-16 -Theory: based on contemporary structural theories of intelligence and development -Scoring: provides FSIQ, scores on 5 Primary Index Scales (Verbal Comprehension, Visual-Spatial, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory, Processing Speed), and 7 subtest scores (similarities, vocabulary, block design, matrix reasoning, figure weights, digit span, coding)
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)
-Age Range: 6:6-80:11 -Purpose: assess the ability to form abstract concepts and shift cognitive strategies in response to feedback; sensitive to frontal lobe damage; poor performance associated with alcoholism, autism, schizophrenia, depression, malingering -Administration: consists of 4 stimulus cards and 64 response cards; examinee is asked to sort response cards under the 4 stimulus cards using a sorting strategy not disclosed to them; the examiner provides feedback on whether the strategy is right or wrong; after 10 correct sorts, the examiner changes the sorting strategy without warning -Scoring: based on trials required to identify the correct sorting strategy
Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT)
-Age Range: 8+ -Purpose: used to assess visual memory, visual perception, and visual-motor skills -Administration: examinee is shown 10 cards with geometric figures which they must then reproduce from memory -Scoring: based on number of figures reproduced correctly and number of errors
Denver Developmental Screening Test (Denver II)
-Age Range: birth-6 years -Administration: child is evaluated based on direct observation of their responses to items designed to assess 4 developmental domains (personal-social, fine motor adaptive, language, gross motor) -Scoring: developmental delay is scored when the child fails an item that 90% . of children normally pass at a younger age -Can be administered by paraprofessionals and only requires a few hours of training
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Vineland-II)
-Age Range: birth-90 -Purpose: used to evaluate personal and social skills and to assist in the development of educational and treatment plans -Scoring: provides an Adaptive Behavior Composite Score, scores for three domains of adaptive functioning (Communication, Daily Living Skills, Socialization), and scores for Motor Skills Domain and Maladaptive Behavior Index
Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT)
-Age Range: grades K-12 -Purpose: group intelligence test that evaluates reasoning abilities in verbal, quantitative, and nonverbal domains; used to predict school grades and determine eligibility for placement in gifted/talented programs
Kuhlmann- Anderson Test- Eighth Edition
-Age Range: grades K-12 -Purpose: group intelligence test that evaluates school learning ability -Scoring: provides verbal, quantitative, and total score -Content is somewhat less dependent on language than other individual and group intelligence tests
Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB)
-Age range: 8+ -Scoring: raw scores range from 0-2, with 0 indicating normal functioning and 2 indicating brain damage; item scores and summed and converted to T-scores -Compared to H-R, LNNB takes less time, is more highly standardized, provides more complete coverage of neurological deficits, and more precise identification of brain damage
Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS)
-Age range: grades 11-12 and above -Development: empirical criterion keying -Occupational Scales: indicate strength of the relationship between examinee's interests and those of satisfied workers across 109 occupations -College Major Scales: scores are provided for 40 college majors -Vocational Interest Estimates (VIEs): provide overview of examinee's interests in 10 areas similar to Holland's occupational themes (RIASEC) -Dependability Indices: validity check
Solution Focused Brief Therapy Goals and Techniques
de Shazer & Berg Goal: move toward solution-orientation, from complaint to solution narrative Techniques: Formula tasks (prescriptions for change) Direct and indirect compliments Skeleton keys (general solutions, not nec. for present) Exception question (when did problem not exist) Scaling question (what is worst, what is best) Miracle question (what if symptom gone) Narrative: conversations change w/ therapist input Effective for juvenile offenders, substance abuse, at-risk youth
Informed consent in assessment exception; when the testing is designed to assess __________________________.
decisional capacity
Repetitive exercise and hypnosis are therapeutic techniques used to establish the "relaxation response" which involves _______activity.
decreased sympathetic nervous system.
theta
deep relax, light sleep stage 2
delta
deep sleep stage 4 , slow wave
validity (3 types)
degree to which test measures what it was designed to measure 1. content 2. construct 3. criterion-related (many steps)
what is best way to establish CR?
delayed conditioning
neuron parts
dendrite axon cell body (soma)
General symptoms that may accompany the first stage of Alzheimer's Dementia include:
depression, anomia, irritability, anger
survivor syndrome
depression, anxiety, guilt, decreased job satisfaction and committment
overcorrection
designed to both eliminate undesirable behaviors & promote alternative one. Both correction of negative behavior & repeated, exaggerated practice of desirable behaviors.
emotional contagion
detect emotion of others
halstead-reitan battery
detects brain damage and location, ages 15 and up. scores from 0 -1.
functional behavioral analysis
determine purpose of undesirable behavioral and find replacement
Implosive therapy (implosion)
developed by Stampfl; imaginal exposure to feared stimulus + psychoanalytic component. Masters, et al. 1987 suggests the psychodynamic component likely unnecessary
The Standards for educational and Psychological Testing, In test selection, a potential user should depend heavily upon the _________________________________ that is clearly related to the intended application.
developer's research documentation
MCMI-III
diagnosing axis 1 and 2 disorders, MACI used for age 13-19
before age 5 sleep
different slow wave stages are not discernable on eeg
slope bias
differential validity, regression lines are different
Recommendations for Asian American clients
direct, structured, short-term approach consider placing presenting issue in context of academics/vocation
APA's Record Keeping Guidelines (2007), some records should ideally be maintained for perpetuity, such as when a client has a ____________________, and such records will continue to be needed throughout the lifetime (e.g., ____________ )
disability documented during childhood; (e.g., to receive SSI etc.)
classical extinction
disappearance of CR with repeated presentation of CS alone
Guidelines for child custody evaluations, participants are informed that consent to an evaluation means they are consenting to _______________________________ in the forthcoming litigation or proceedings, and that ________________.
disclosure of the evaluation's findings; there will be no confidentiality
HIPPA - Psychologist Duties, Psychologists must track ________________________________.
disclosures of PHI
Animal research, psychologists must make efforts to minimize __________ and _________.
discomfort and pain
2002 Ethics Code - Introduction
discusses the intent, organization, procedural considerations, and scope of application of the Ethics Code
negative practice
do the unwanted behavior til subject is exhausted (do tic behavior over and over, don't suppress it)
Ethics Code only requires that informed consent be _____, as in a ______________________ recording that information was given and understood.
documented; progress note
The Ethics Code ______________ that informed consent must be in written format, such as a form.
does not specify
Informed consent for recording is not needed in research that involves deceptions, however consent must be obtained ___________________________________.
during the debriefing
Self-Directed Search (SDS)
-Age range: high school students and above -Theory: based on Holland's theory of career choice; importance of matching individual characteristics to job characteristics -Scoring: provides three letter summary code based on RIASEC -Congruence score: degree of consistency between the examinee's expressed interests and summary code -Coherence score: degree to which the examinee's expressed interests belong to the same RIASEC categories -Consistency score: similarity of the examinee's two strongest measured interests -Differentiation score: degree of distinctiveness in the examinee's measured interests (high score on one theme but low score on all others) -Commonness score: frequency with which the examinee's summary code occurs in different normative groups
According to Beck, depression is caused by
dysfunctional automatic thoughts.
group heterogenity is preferable on?
dysjunctive tasks
Informed consent in assessment exception; when part of a routine __________________________, consent is implied.
educational or organizational activity
main effect
effect of 1 IV on the DV
interaction effect
effects of IV diff at diff evels of another IV
What effect do neurotransmitters have on postsynaptic cells?
either an excitatory or inhibitory effect
You can provide services not competent in during emergencies, however should terminate the services as soon as the _____________ or more ____________ have been secured.
emergency has passed, appropriate services
Psychologist may not withhold records that are necessary for _______________________ because a client owes them money.
emergency treatment
two-factor theory
emo per context
amygdala
emotion to memory, ptsd
cognitive appraisal theory
emotions are universal; depends on how person sees it 1. primary-beneficial or irrelevant 2. secondary- resources to cope w/situation 3. preappraisal-monitor/modify
speec/accuracy hypothesis
emphasize speed over accuracy first
Hall's Low-Context Communication
emphasizes direct, verbal message and elaborated codes (many words) more characteritic of anglo-americans (contrased to high-context)
Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-IV)
-Age range: older adolescents and adults -Scoring: provides scores for each subtest, as well as 5 index scores (auditory memory, visual memory, visual working memory, immediate memory, delayed memory); Interpretation: index scores can be compared to the WAIS-IV GAI to determine if memory is consistent with their general level of cognitive functioning
EAP program, the employer has right to know whether ___________________________, however does not have the right to _______________________.
employee has attended sessions; confidential information about session content
equity theory
employees compare their input/output to other employees
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
-All disabled people from infancy to 21 years must be evaluated by a team of specialists to determine their specific needs -An IEP must be developed for each disabled child enrolled in public education that provides education in the "least restrictive environment" and that has been approved by the child's parents -While reliable, valid, and nondiscriminatory psychological and educational tests may be used, assignment to special education classes cannot be made on the basis of IQ test alone
Aptitude vs Achievement
-Aptitude: measures of innate capacity or potential for learning a specific skill; aptitude tests often have low differential and predictive validity -Achievement: measures of knowledge or behavior acquired in a classroom or other controlled setting
Mechanical Aptitude Tests
-Assess manual dexterity, perceptual and spatial skills, mechanical reasoning, mechanical information, etc -Females excel in dexterity and perceptual discrimination, while males excel in mechanical reasoning and information -Minnesota Paper Form Board; Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test
propranol (inderal) is prescribed for
essential tremor
Performance-Based Assessment (PBA)
-Authentic assessment; involves observing and judging a student's skill in actually carrying out an activity or producing a product -Provides an egalitarian method of evaluation making it useful for assessing students from culturally diverse groups -May reflect prior knowledge and experience rather than what was learned in the current class
Withholding records, it is technically _______ but actually ______ to withhold records for nonpayment in a non-emergency situation.
ethical; legal
job evaluation vs job analysis
evaluation: determine worth of jobs to set salaries, comparable worth (comparable work get comparable pay)
stimulus discrimination
eventually responding only to CS with CR , can distinguish between 400hz and 500hz when original is 350hz
alderfer's 3 needs
existence, relatedneess, and growth
expectancy theory
expectancy: successful task performance instrumentality: rewards valence: rewards as desirable
Assessment Tools for Depression and Suicide
-Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) -Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression -Geriatric Depression Scale -Children's Depression Inventory -Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) -Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSI)
Concordance Rates for IQ
-Bouchard & McGue: concordance rates in IQ for identical twins reared together (.85), identical twins reared apart (.67), fraternal twins reared together (.58), bio siblings reared together (.45), bio siblings reared apart (.24), bio parent and child together (.39), bio parent and child apart (.22), adoptive parent and child (.18)
graded exposure or graduated extinction
exposure to aspects of the feared stimulus to prevent the paradoxical effect of increasing the fear during flooding
Assessment Tools for ADHD
-Broad-Band Scales: assess general behavioral and psychological functioning and help distinguish ADHD from other disorders; ex: BASC-2, CBCL -Narrow-Band Scales: used to obtain detailed information on symptoms to confirm diagnosis and facilitate treatment planning; ex: ADDES-III, Stroop, CPT-3
Larry P. v. Riles (1979)
-Case brought to plaintiffs on behalf of African American children who were overrepresented in special education classes in San Francisco public school systems -Judge ruled that IQ tests are racially and culturally biased and could not be used to place Black children in special education classes
Assessment Tools for Autism Spectrum Disorder
-Child Autism Rating Scale-2 (CARS2) -Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) -Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R)
Older adults are less likely than younger adults to
express feelings of depression or sadness. They are more wiling to express feelings of hopelessness, anxiety, and have memory problems.
Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory of Cognitive Abilities (McGrew)
-Combination of the Horn-Cattell and Carroll theories; serves as basis for the WoJo -Distinguishes between 10 broad-stratum abilities and over 70 narrow-stratum abilities -G is omitted from this theory because McGrew did not believe it to contribute to psychoeducational assessment
Computer-Assisted Assessment
-Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT): computer tailors the test to an individual examinee by choosing subsequent items based on previous answers -Increases precision and efficacy, as all examinees are tested with the same degree of reliability and reduced testing time -Computer-based interpretations should not be used to replaced clinical judgement
HIPAA - Right of Amendment, The record may never be _________________, instead changes to the record should be noted as ____________________.
expunged, amendments
group polarization
extreme decisions
performance =
f(ability, motivation, environment)
Assessing Members of Culturally Diverse Populations
-Considerations include acculturation, identity, language proficiency, availability of appropriate norms, cultural equivalence of content measured by the test, and availability of more culturally appropriate alternatives -There are no truly culture-fair or culture-free tests -Research has found no consistent effect of match or mismatch between examiner and examinee in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture
MMPI-2 Validity Scales - K (Correction)
-Considered to be a "suppressor variable" since scores correlate with defensiveness, education level, and SES, which are unrelated to what is measured by clinical scales but impacts scores on those scales -K Scale score is used to correct scores on certain clinical scales -High score: defensiveness or denial, desire to "fake good," or responding false to all items; associated with resistance and poor treatment prognosis -Low score: excessive frankness, self-criticism, or "faking bad"
Infant and Preschool Test of Intelligence
-Considered valid screening devices for developmental delays and neurological impairment -When administered to children <=2, limited validity in predicting later IQ scores -Most infant tests assess sensorimotor skills, while IQ tests emphasize verbal reasoning and visual-motor problem solving
When reporting research results, psychologists should never ______________, and take _______________ to correct any errors in published data.
fabricate data; reasonable steps
IQ Differences related to Race/Ethnicity
-Consistent evidence that Whites tend to outperform African Americans by about 1 SD on IQ and achievement tests -Measures of cognitive ability have been developed by and for white middle-class populations, and therefore are biased against individuals from different backgrounds
MMPI-2 Validity Scales - Infrequency Pathology (Fp)
-Consists of items that were infrequently endorsed by psychiatric patients -High score: attempts to "fake bad" even if the examinee is a psychiatric patient
Factors associated with Cognitive Decline
-Decreases in processing speed - older people are able to better when provided with as much time as needed -Physical health, especially cardiovascular functioning -Some skills fall into disuse, and declines can be reversible with training and practice
Neuropsychological Assessments
-Designed to screen for and diagnose neurological disorders
Custody evaluation-multiple relationship, you can testify as a __________________, but the psychologist should generally decline the role of an __________
fact witness, expert witness
continious schedule
fastest acquisition of a behavior (reinforced immediately after behavior) since satiation and rate of extinction is high, switch to intermitten schedule once operant behavior is acquired
General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)
-Developed by the US Employment Service to assess aptitudes relevant to a range of occupations for the purpose of vocational counseling and job placement for high school seniors and adults -Current version assesses 9 aptitudes with 8 paper-and-pencil tests and 4 performance tests -Test is high speed and may not be appropriate for individuals who are unable to work quickly
Instructional Assessments
-Directly linked to what examinees have learned in the classroom or other controlled setting -Include curriculum-based and performance-based assessment
The effects of parental discipline on the development of conscience in toddlers is mediated by the toddler's level of:
fearfulness.
The Ethics Code specifies that students should usually receive _____________________ when their dissertations are published as articles.
first authorship
Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory
-Distinguishes between 8 types of cognitive ability: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic -Intelligences are not static and can be developed by exposure to appropriate learning environments
Factor Analysis Method of Test Construction
-Entails administering a large pool of items to a group of examinees, factor analyzing the intercorrelations of items to identify underlying factors/traits, assigning labels to the identified factors, and including items in the test so that each factor is adequately assessed -Ex: Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, NEO Personality Inventory
Behavioral Assessment
-Focuses on overt and covert behaviors that occur in specific circumstances -May utilize behavioral interviews, observation, cognitive assessment, or psychophysiological measures -Functional behavioral assessment (FBA): determines the purpose of a behavior by identifying antecedents and consequences
ssri
fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, setraline best for melancholic depression faster effect than tricyclics serotonin syndrome; when combined w/another maoi or serotergnic agent; may lead to coma/death
Differential Aptitude Test (DAT)
-Includes 5 tests that assess specific job-related abilities and 3 tests that assess broad intellectual abilities -Designed for use with students grades 7-12 for educational and career counseling, but also used with adults for purposes of vocational counseling and employee selection
Dynamic Assessment
-Interactive approach and deliberate deviation from standardized procedures to obtain additional information about the examinee -Associated with educational assessment -Testing the limits: involves providing examinees with additional cues, suggestions, or feedback; ordinarily done after standardized administration -Graduated prompting: giving the examinee a series of verbal prompts that are graduated in terms of difficulty level -Test-teach-retest: following the initial assessment with an intervention designed to modify the examinee's performance, then re-assessing
Assessing Children
-Interviews can be used to obtain reliable and valid data from children as young as 6 -Goals include establishing rapport and maintaining the child's cooperation, and can be accomplished by using descriptive statements, reflections, and open-ended questions; providing labeled praise; and avoiding critical statements and leading questions
divided attention
focus attention on more than one event simultaneously (debatable)--driving & listening to radio
feature integration theory
focused visual attention is what allows us to perceive an object as an entire entity rather than as a meaningless cluster of features
Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM)
-Involves periodic assessment of school-aged children with brief standardized and validated measures of basic academic skill that reflect the current school curriculum -Diagnostic Dynamic Indicators of Basic Literacy Skills (DIBELS): set of one-minute measures used to regularly monitor the development of early literacy and reading skills
Theoretical Method of Test Construction
-Items are chosen to measure the constructs identified by a specific personality theory -Construct validation procedures are used to ensure the test of consistent with the theory -Ex: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, based on Jung's personality theory
selective attention
focusing on one event while filtering out or ignoring irrelevant events (typing while ignoring tv)
Publication credit, minor contributions should be acknowledges in a ______________ or ______________________________.
footnote; introductory statement
Rorschach Interpretations
-Large number of whole responses suggests integrated, organized thinking -Many color responses suggest emotionality and impulsivity -Use of white space suggests oppositional tendencies -Confabulation (overgeneralizing a part of the inkblot to the whole) suggests brain damage, emotional disturbance, or intellectual disability
Examiner Qualifications
-Level A: may be administered and interpreted by a non-psychologist -Level B: require some technical knowledge of test construction and use, as well as completion of supporting educational and psychological subjects -Level C: should be administered only by individuals with at least an MA in psychology and at least one year of supervised experience under a psychologist
response cost
form of negative punishment. take away pre-specified reward each time a target behavior is performed. fine for a traffic violation, no TV for talking back to parent. Considered to be one of the most effective
Rorschach Scoring Categories
-Location: where in the inkblot the examinee's perception is located (whole, common detail, unusual detail) -Determinants: what in the inkblot determined the examinee's response (form, movement, color, shading) -Form Quality: how similar the examinee's perception is to the actual shape of the inkblot -Content: the category the perception falls into (human, animal, nature) -Popularity/Frequency of Occurrence: how often a certain inkblot elicits a particular response
Assessment of Malingering
-Malingering is a conscious effort to fabricate or exaggerate psychological or physical symptoms for the purpose of obtaining an external reward -Should be suspected when there are inconsistencies between the individual's test or subtest scores, behavioral observations and test results, and/or information obtain from the individual and from collateral sources
MMPI-2 3-Point Codes
-Neurotic Triad or Conversion V: high scales 1 and 3 with lower scale 2; indicates somatization, lack of insight, chronic pain -Paranoid Valley or Psychotic V: high scales 6 and 8 with lower scale 7; indicates delusions, hallucinations, disordered thought
IQ Differences related to Gender
-No differences in average performance -Females do better on some measures of verbal ability -Males do better on some measures of spatial and mathematical skills -Evidence for both biological and environmental factors impacting performance
contingency contracting
formal written contract between a therapist & client/teacher & student/parent & child that specifies target behaviors & the reinforcers &/or punishers that will be used. Follows rules of all written contracts--explicit, detailed, ability to be monitored, full participation by both/all parties
The Ethics Code does not prohibit having a sexual relationship with _____________________ as it does with ________________.
former students; former clients
group stages
forming, storming, norming, performing, adjouring
Cronbach's coefficient alpha
formula used to find average degree of inter-item consistency. if items are scored dichotomously (right/wrong) Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 KR-20 is used
Types of Scoring
-Norm-Referenced: comparison between an examinee's scores and the scores of the norm group; percentile ranks, standard scores -Criterion-Referenced: domain or content referenced; scores based on what the examinee can do or knows with regard to clearly defined content; percent correct -Self-Referenced: ipsative; intra-individual comparison of scores; relative strengths or weaknesses
Direct Observation
-Observational study; method of collecting evaluative information in which the evaluator watches the participant in their usual environment to evaluate ongoing behavior processes; can be overt or covert -Structured: most appropriate when standardized information needs to be gathered and results in quantitative data -Unstructured: provides qualitative data -Disadvantages can include participant and observer bias
Self-Report
-One of the most common data collection methods -Advantages include quick production and scoring, and low cost -Disadvantages can include weaker reliability and validity
Psychological Assessment
-Process of using psychological tests, clinical interviews, behavioral observations, and other assessment tools to gather data on an individual's cognitive, social, and behavioral functioning for the purpose of description, classification, prediction, and intervention
Spearman's Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence
-Proposed a general intellectual factor (g) -Argued that performance on any cognitive task depends on g plus one or more specific factors (s) unique to the task
Empirical Criterion Keying Method of Test Construction
-Proposed test items are administered to appropriate criterion groups, and items that distinguish between groups are included in the test -Ex: MMPI, MCMI
Stroop Color-Word Association Test
-Purpose: assesses the degree to which examinees can suppress a prepotent (habitual) response in favor of an unusual one' measures cognitive flexibility, selective attention, and response inhibition; sensitive to frontal lobe damage; poor performance associated with ADHD, mania, depression, schizophrenia -Administration: examinee presented with list of words; must say color of word instead of word
Tower of London
-Purpose: measures attention, memory, and executive functioning; poor performance linked to frontal lobe damage, ADHD, autism, depression -Administration: requires examinee to move disks, one at a time, to end up at a particular goal configuration
Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE)
-Purpose: screening test for cognitive impairment in older adults -Administration: assess 6 aspects of cognitive functioning (orientation, immediate recall, attention/calculation, delayed recall, language, visual construction) -Scoring: max score of 30; scores below 23/24 indicate cognitive impairment
Glasgow Coma Scale
-Purpose: used to assess level of consciousness following brain injury -Administration: rating of the patient in terms of visual response, best motor response, and best verbal response -Scoring: ranges from 3-15, with lower scores indicating more severe brain injury; scores of 3-8 indicate an unconscious state
Troiden model of homosexual identity development
four age-related stages sensitization (puberty, homosexual experiences w/o understanding as identity); identity confusion (self-recognition, realizes may be homosexual, 17/18); identity assumption (comes out, 19/23); identity commitment (adopting homosexual lifestyle, 21-24)
Myers-Briggs Type
four bipolar dimensions IE SN TF JP
Mandating reporting laws with regard to abuse reporting and Tarasoff vary _______________________
from state to state
ssri side effects
gastro sx, insomnia, anxiety, sexual dysfunction
prenatal dev
germinal 2 weeks'zygote embryonic 8th week (teratogens) fetal birth
testing the limits
giving feedback or cue after person has completed standardized test
tbi severity
glasgow coma scale, post-traumatic amnesia, duration of aloc
Stability & group therapy
greater stability=greater cohesion esp. true for short-term groups closed group - no new members open group -new members, can be less stable
When an impulsive group decision that reflects an incomplete consideration of alternatives and consequences is the result of high stress, high group cohesiveness, and a directive leader, this is an example of
group think.
chunking
grouping large amounts of information into smaller related units.
super 5 job stages
growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, disengagement.
typical antipsychotics
haldol, chlorpromazine, thiothixene, fluphenazine positive sx dopamine hypothesis anticholinergic effects; dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision tardive dyskensia NMS (neuroleptic malignant syndrome): rapid hr, hyperthermia, aloc; stop meds immediately
Safeguards regarding mandatory ind or group therapy are intended to protect graduate students and to prevent ____________________________________.
harmful multiple relationships
postdivorce mother behavior
harsher and inconsistent punishment
The size of the caudate nucleus
has been linked to impulsivity in children with ADHD - the smaller the caudate, the greater the impulsivity.
A kappa coefficient of .93 would indicate that the two tests
have a high degree of agreement between raters.
HIPAA Transaction Rule, a _____________ accepts written data, transforms to electronic, and then transmits to insurance company.
health-care clearinghouse
A exogenous substance (produced outside the body)
heroin
multitrait-multimethod matrix: organize data for convergent/divergent validity, this matrix contains 4 correlation coefficients
heterotrait-monomethod : 2 traits measured with 1 method. (large monotrait-heteromethod = evidence of convergent validity) convergent and divergent validity are methods for assessing construct validity
need for achievement (nACH)
high nACH=choose moderate diffculty and risk tasks. good salespeople, not good managers
mmpi2 (mean of 50, SD of 10, t score of 65 higher clinically significant)
high scores: L- lack of insight or look good F- fake bad, malingering (t score of 100 or higher invalid profile) K- fake good, denial, suppressor variable Cannot say- 30 or more indicate invalid profile f back- fake bad on last 197 questions VRIN- consistency in responding (t score of 80 or more invalid profile) TRIN- paired items that are opposite of each other, consistency in responding Infrequency Pathology- fake bad even when psych patient
Telling Leader
high task and low relationship orientation
One of the most consistent findings of the research on client factors in the therapy process is that
higher levels of intelligence predict better therapy outcomes.
general menta cog ability tests (gma)
highest validity coefficient across jobs and settings
groupthink.
highly cohesive group suspends critical thinking
80% (4/5) rule
hiring rate for majority group is x80% to determine the minimum hiring rate for minority group.
Hypothalamus
homeostasis, keeps body in homeostasis, involved in fight/flight, temperature regulation, hunger/thirst, sleep, cyclic sexual hormone secretion
babies have 3 cries
hunger, pain, anger
pituitary gland problems
hypo- dwarf hyper- gigantism (in adults acromegaly which is enlarged hands, feet, face)
hypothalamus
hypothalamus- learning/memory, hunger, sleep, sex, thirst, temp, emo (uncontrollable anger/rage/agg). homeostatis. houses the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) for circadian rhythm and sleep cycles and SAD
Release of the sex hormones by the gonads dependes on signals from the
hypothalamus.
During consultations, should not reveal detailed information that could lead to ___________________, unless consent or disclosure obtained.
identification of a client
gifted children better at?
identifying what strategy to use (metacognitive skill = thinking about thinking), but same level for cognitive monitor (how well they are doing)
matching law
if lever 1 gives reward every 30 seconds and lever 2 gives reward every 60 seconds, rat will press lever 1 2/3 of the time and lever 2 1/3 of the time (lever 1 pressed twice as often)
extinction
if the CS is presented repeatedly without the US the CR will diminish (become extinct)
experimental neurosis
if the discrimination task is too difficult & the stimuli cannot be differentiated readily enough, the evoked response is confusion
According to family therapists
if the family system changes, the identified patient will improve.
Ethics complaint, _________ or _________ of an Ethical Standard is not considered an adequate defense.
ignorance or misunderstanding
covert sensitization and implosive
imagines an aversive stimulus
tricyclics
imipramine, clomipramine, amitryptaline, notryptline, doxepin best for depression w/low appetite, sleep problem, anhedonia, vegetative/somatic sx also for ocd, bulimia, panic disorder block reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine. support catecholamine hypothesis *cardiotoxic. can be fatal w/overdose
what is the most conflictual relationship in Helm's racial model?
immersion/contact
cross's black identity model
immersion/emmersion: go away from dominant and like your own
Personal problems, don't initiate services if personal problems will _______________, and seek consultation about whether to ______________________________.
impair competence, limit, suspend, or terminate practice
Frontal Lobe Lesion
impaired executive functioning.
Parietal Lobe Lesion
impaired spatial orientation.
Anosagnosia
impairs a person's ability to understand and perceive his or her illness.
hawthorne effect
improvement in job performance from participating in research study: attention, new task and interest in it. rate busters: too much chiselers: little
Treatment variables & txt outcome
include things like duration, type of txt therapeutic alliance = good outcome type of txt - doesn't seem to matter duration - up to 26 seems to be positive correlation, but time-limited seems to be favored
Somatization
includes join pain, headache, sexual indifference, impaired coordination, paralysis, double vision
According to the research findings of Patterson and his colleagues, parents of aggressive children typically use discipline wihich is:
inconsistent, and oftern not assocaited with teh child's behavior.
assimilation
incorporating new knowledge into existing schemas
stress inoculation
increase coping skills; conceptualization, skills acquisition/rehearsal, follow through imagination or in-vivo
incremental validity
increase in decision-making accuracy by using predictor to make selection decision (a validity coefficient as low as .2 can increase decision making accuracy) in conjuction with selection ratio and base rate: improves decision making accuracy
Reduced incidence of substance abuse among Native American adolescents would most likely result from
increasing bicultural competence.
flynn effect
increasing iq score
Holland's Self-Directed Search Themes (RIASEC)
-Realistic (R): preferences are technical, physical, mechanical, and outdoor activity -Investigative (I): preferences are scientific, mathematical, analytical, and scholarly -Artistic (A): preferences are music, art, writing, drama, and other creative activities -Social (S): preferences are activities that involve working with and helping others -Enterprising (E): preferences are activities that include competition, management, sales, and public speaking -Conventional (C): preferences are structured, unambiguous activities that involve organizing data, attending to detail, and following through on instructions
Reliability vs Validity
-Reliability: degree to which test scores are free from the effects of measurement error Validity: degree to which a test measures what it was designed to measure
independent vs dependent variable
ind=changes the dependent variable (treatment)(each IV must have at least 2 levels, and comparisons on the DV are made across diff levels of the IV) dep=status on this variable depends on the iv (outcome of tx)
social loafing
individual exerts less effort in group
person-organization fit (PO)
individual's values match organization's values
Scholastic Achievement Test (SAT)
-SAT Reasoning Test (SAT-I): used to predict college success of high school seniors; consists of critical reading, mathematics, and writing sections -SAT Subject Test (SAT-II): assesses knowledge in english, history, math, science, and languages -Scoring: scores range from 200-800, with 500 indicating examinee answered half of items correctly -Validity: writing section is best predictor of first-year college GPA; somewhat less accurate for predicting college GPA of examinees who scored in the mid-range than on extremes
Slope Bias vs Intercept Bias
-Slope bias: occurs when there is differential validity (different validity coefficients for different groups), making the predictor more accurate for one group than another -Intercept bias: occurs when the validity coefficients and criterion performance for different groups are the same, but their mean scores on the predictor differ, resulting in the predictor under- or over-estimating performance on the criterion for one group
Carroll's Three-Stratum Theory of Intelligence
-Stratum III: generalized intelligence (g) -Stratum II: 8 broad abilities including fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, general memory and learning -Stratum I: specific abilities each linked to one of the second stratum abilities
When treatment involves intervention techniques not generally recognized or established, psychologists should ___________________, as well as potential ________ and possible ____________________.
inform clients of this, risks, alternative treatments
short term memory
information transferred from sensory memory when it becomes the focus of attention
Even research involving deception requires ________________________.
informed consent
Guilford's Convergent and Divergent Thinking
-Structure-of-intellect model -Convergent: relies on rational, logical reasoning and involves the use of logical judgement and consideration of facts to derive the correct solution to a problem; focus of intelligence tests -Divergent: involves non-logical processes and requires creativity and flexibility to derive multiple solutions
Structured vs Unstructured Interview
-Structured: fixed set of close questions; easier to replicate and test for reliability; not as flexible and answers may lack detail -Unstructured: more flexible; questions can be adapted as needed; generate a lot of qualitative data; time consuming; interviewers need more training
Guidelines for child custody evaluations, obtain ____________________ from adults, and _______ from child participants.
informed consent; assent
Confluence Model
-Studies have found a relationship between family size, birth order, and IQ, with children's IQ scores decreasing from first born to last born -First borns may show an advantage because they do not initially have to share the parent's attention, are exposed to more adult language, and are more likely to act as "tutors" to the younger siblings
primary reinforcer
inherently desirable; food and water
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
-Successful intelligence is the ability to adapt to, modify, and choose environments that accomplish one's goals and the goals of society -Composed of three abilities: analytical, creative, and practical -Intelligence tests focus on analytical ability
MMPI-2 Validity Scales - F (Frequency)
-T-score >=100 means invalid -High score: deviant or atypical response patterns; can signal attempts to "fake bad," significant pathology, or random responding -Low score: attempts to "fake good," social conformity, denial or problems, or absence of significant pathology
MMPI-2 Validity Scales - True Response Inconsistency (TRIN)
-T-score >=80 suggests invalid profile -Additional measure of consistency; consists of paired items that are the opposite of each other
MMPI-2 Validity Scales - Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN)
-T-score >=80 suggests invalid profile -Measure of consistency in responding; consists of paired items that would be expected to be answered in the same direction
Logical Content Method of Test Construction
-Test items are derived on the basis of reason and deductive logic, which may or may not be guided by a theory of personality -Ex: Edwards Personal Preference Schedule
serotonin (5HT)
inhibitory effect: mood, hunger, temp. sex, arousal, sleep, aggression, migraine. high in schizo, autism, anorexia food restriction low in bulimia, ptsd, ocd, depression, suicide, social phobia
Standardization
-The examinee's responses, the apparatus, and the scoring have been fixed so the scores collected at different times and places are fully comparable; any deviations from standardized administration and scoring may result in invalid conclusions -The test has been administered under standard conditions to a representative sample for the purpose of establishing norms; the greater the discrepancy between the examinee and the norm group, the less likely the test results will be valid
Heritability Estimate
-The proportion of variability in intelligence due to inherited factors -Most range from .60-.80, which means 32%-64% of variability in intelligence is due to genetic factors -Can only be used to described heritability within groups, not within an individual or between groups
Recommendations for Elderly Clients
integration of medical, social, env't programs identity transitions, interpersonal connections, understanding depression reminiscence therapy few differences in effectiveness of tx for elderly
kappa statistic
inter-rater reliability
NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-3)
-Theory: assesses the Big Five Personality traits, as well as facets of each trait; original identification of these traits was based on an atheoretical lexical approach -Research has found the five-factor model is replicable across cultures, although some cultures differ in strength of certain traits
Kuder Career Search
interest test Activity preference scale: ten Kuder Career Clusters scale: indicates careers best/worst suited based on pattern of interests
Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS)
-Theory: based on Murray's personality theory of 15 basic needs -Administration: forced choice format -Scoring: item pairing helps control for social desirability effects; creates ipsative scores that allow comparison of relative strength of the 15 basic needs within an individual examinee
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
-Theory: based on Murray's theory of need -Administration: examinee is asked to make up a story about each picture card -Scoring: Murray's system involves identifying the hero and evaluating the frequency, intensity, and duration of needs, environmental pressures, and outcomes -Research suggests it has low utility for specific diagnostic classification, but can be useful for gross diagnostic distinctions and as a "wide-band" measure of personality
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
-Theory: based on work of Jung; described personality in terms of 4 bipolar dimensions (Introversion-Extroversion; Sensing-Intuition; Thinking-Feeling; Judging-Perceiving) -Interpretation: examinee is classified in terms of 16 personality types that represent varying combinations of the dimensions -Often used in career counseling
Disclosure of personal information may be required if it is necessary to help students who are having personal problem that ___________________________-, or that pose a ____________________.
interfere with clinical work; risk of harm
It has been found that abused children often cling to their abusive parents. This can be explained in behavioral terms as eh effect of
intermittent reinforcement
learned helpness model (reformulated)
internal stable and global attributions lead to depression
Irving Yalom felt the most important therapeutic factors in groups were
interpersonal learning, catharsis, and cohesiveness. These factors are relative. Higher functioning groups rate interpersonal learning and universality as more important. Lower functioning groups feel the instillation of hope is more important.
On the Halstead-Reltan, the Impairment Index is used as a measure of brain damage and
is derived from the number of subtests on which the examinee scored below the criterion score.
validity
is test measuring what it was designed to measure
Raven's Progressive Matrices
-Theory: designed to be a culture-fair, nonverbal measure of general intelligence (g) -Administration: requires examinee to solve problems involving abstract figures and designs by indicating which of several choices complete a given matrix -Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM): age 6+ -Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM): shorter and easier version designed for children age 5-11, older adults, and individuals with mental or physical impairments -Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM): designed for adolescence and adults with above-average intelligence
Dementia due to Head Trauma
is usually progressive only in cases of repeated head trauma.
Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
-Theory: factor analysis identified 16 primary personality traits -Scoring: provides 16 primary scales, 5 global scales, and 3 validity scales -Interpretation: examinee's profile can be compared to profiles associated with specific groups (e.g., delinquents, neurotics)
maois
isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine best for atypical depression *hypertensive crisis (avoid tyramine foods) give fluids for tx
agnosia
issue naming ppl/objects
ideomotor apraxia
issue putting idea into movement
Flynn Effect
-Until the 2000s, IQ test scores consistently increased by at least 3 points per decade in the US and other industrialized countries, seemingly due to increases in fluid intelligence -Believed to be the result of environmental factors and not genetics -Research conducted post-2000 suggests the Flynn effect has stopped or reversed (in US, it has continued for individuals with IQs ranging from 70-109, but reversed for individuals with IQs >110)
Seattle Longitudinal Study (Schaie)
-Used a cross-sequential design that combined cross-sectional and longitudinal methods -Demonstrated that cross-sectional studies are more likely to demonstrate age-related declines in IQ, due to confounding effects of educational effects between age cohorts (e.g., younger cohorts tend to be better educated than older cohorts) -Longitudinal methods found that for most people, only perceptual speed declines substantially prior to age 60, while other abilities remain relatively stable until 70-75
MMPI-2 Validity Scales - F Back (Fb)
-Used to identify attempts to "fake bad" on the last 197 items -Interpreted similarly to F
Psychophysiological Measures
-Used to observe physiological functions which can often describe the emotional state of an individual -Advantages include ability to analyze momentary experiences without intervening in the interaction while it occurs -Disadvantages can include monetary expense and that not every momentary experience may be important
Psychomotor Tests of Specific Aptitudes
-Usually designed to assess speed, coordination, and motor responses -Generally have low validity due to practice effects and high degree of specificity -Purdue Pegboard; Crawford Small Parts Dexterity Test
item reponse theory is linked with?
item characteristic curve (for each item) difficulty level= ability level where 50% of examinees in the sameple obtained a correct response discrimination = indicated by the slope of the surve, the steeper = greater the diiscrimination probability of guessing correctly= point at which trhe curve intercepts the vertical axis (y)
item relevance
items contribute to the goals of testing
identification of job performance criterion starts with
job analysis (clarify job requirements) worker-oriented method: KSAO (knowledge, skills, abilities, other characteristics. PAQ position analysis questionnaire job-oriented method: characteristics of tasks that are performed on job
roe
job choice related to needs and personality toward other people or not toward other ppl
how to increase worker motivation?
job enrichment; more freedom, autonomy, control, responsbility
synesthesia
joining senses
Psychologist who participate in forensic activities should ensure that they are "reasonably familiar with the ___________________________________ governing their roles"
judicial and administrative rules
MMPI-2 Validity Scales Patterns
-V-shaped LFK: suggest attempts to "fake good;" common pattern in child custody litigations -High F with high F-K: "faking bad," malingering -L and K ~50 with slightly elevated F and high/low scores on alternative scale: malingering -High F and high scores on all clinical scales: random responding to test items -L and K <50 with elevated F and right side clinical scales: examinee answered all items "true" -Elevated LFK and left side clinical scales: examinee answered all items "false"
Wonderlic Tests
-Wonderlic Personnel Test (WPT-R): 12 minute, group test of cognitive ability for adults containing 50 verbal, numerical, and spatial items; primarily used by employers to assist with hiring decisions -Wonderlic Basic Skills Test (WBST): 40 minute, group test which assesses job-related verbal and math skills ; used by educational institutions and employers to evaluate employability for entry-level positions
standord error of estimate minimum and maximum values
0 and sd of criterion
item difficulty
0-1, larger values indicate easier items. p value of 0.50 is optimal except for T/F tests, then it's 0.75.
group intelligence tests for school/industry
kuhlmann-anderson: evaluates school learning ability. cognitive abilities ttest: measures reasoning ability for academic success wonderlic test: use for hiring decisions (also the DAT- differential aptitutde test)
chomsky language
language acquisition device, exposure causes language
linguistic relativity hypothesis
language determines nature of thought and cultures think different ways. piaget thinks that language depends on culture
reliability coefficient
0-1. when it's 0= all variability is due to measurement error, when it's +1= all variability in scores reflects true score variability. it's never swuared. Ex. 0.84 reliability coefficient= 84% variability in scores is due to true score differences among examinees and 16% is due to measurement error.
aphasia
language issue
three research findings re: exposure
1) Foa & Kozak (1985) in-vivo flooding more effective than imaginal flooding; 2) Stein & Marks (1973) prolonged exposure more effective than brief exposure, 3) in-vivo flooding or graded exposure particularly effective treatment for Agoraphobia & OCD (long term range up to 75% when in-vivo exposure employed)
Masters and johnsons sexual cycle
1) excitement, when person becomes physically or emotionally/psychologically aroused. Where sensate focus targets. 2) plateau. 3) orgasm. 4) resolution
Role of Group Leader
1) knowledge of group dynamics and ability to manage conflict 2) handle multiple transference/countertransference 3) encourage participation from all members, avoid discussion of presenting symptoms
Left Brain
language, analytical, logical, reasoning
differences between operant & respondent behaviors
1) operant behaviors voluntarily emitted. respondent behaviors automatically elicited by stimuli; 2) operants do or don't occur as the result of environmental consequences (cost/rewards), respondents occur as a result of pairings between unconditioned & conditioned stimuli
three components of LTM
1) procedural memory--how to do things ; 2) semantic memory--knowledge about language, facts, rules of logic & inference; 3) episodic memory--autobiographical memory, events that have been personally experienced
what affects the reliability coefficient?
larger test length= larger reliability coefficeint maximized when range of scores is unrestricted (when sample is heterogenous and item difficulty is moderate)
Informed consent in assessment exception; when the testing is mandated by ____________________.
law or government regulations
Psychologists may dispense with informed consent when permitted by __________________________________.
law or institutional regulations
behavioral assessment process
1) situational analysis--sampling the typical situations in which the target behavior(s) occur. 2) response enumeration phase--a listing of the responses the person typically emits in these situations. 3) Response evaluation--typical responses evaluated as to their adaptive or maladaptive effectiveness. AKA the ABC model--antecedents, behaviors, consequences
When does aversion work best according to research
1) the program is part of the individual's natural environment; 2) a biologically appropriate aversive stimulus is used, preferably in the same modality as the target behavior; 3) person is encouraged to take self-control of the situation; & 4) the aversion conditioning is combined with positive reinforcement of adaptive responses
Informed consent, exception occurs when ____________________________________ mandate conducting these activities without consent.
laws or governmental regulations
contingency theory of leadership
leadership style + favorable situation
Stanford-Binet Cognitive Factors
1. Fluid Reasoning (FR; object series-matrices, early reasoning, verbal absurdities, verbal analogies) 2. Knowledge (KN; procedural knowledge, picture absurdities, vocabulary) 3. Quantitative Reasoning (QR; quantitative reasoning verbal and non-verbal) 4. Visual-Spatial Processing (VS; form board, form patterns, position and direction) 5. Working Memory (WM; delayed response, block span, memory for sentences, last word)
latent learning
learning that occurs without reinforcement & does not immediately manifest itself in performance
glutamate
learning, memory, LTP. too much in excitotoxicity, alzeheimers, hungtingtons
rater biases
leniency (rate everyone high) vs strictness bias (Rate everyone low)
Conduction Aphasia
lesion between broca and wernickes, also known as associative aphasia,They are fully capable of understanding what they are hearing, but fail to encode phonological information for production, difficulty with repetition
HIPAA - Right of Amendment, If a psychologist determines a change would make the PHI ________________, the request may be denied.
less accurate
In a normal distribution of scores, the range of raw scores represented by the percentile rank range of 50 to 55 is _______the range of raw scores represented by the percentile rank range of 90 to 95.
less than
MMPI-2 Clinical Scales
1. Hypochondriasis (Hs): preoccupation with physical symptoms 2. Depression (D): depression, hopelessness, dissatisfaction with self 3. Hysteria (Hy): repression, denial, immaturity, somatic complaints 4. Psychopathic Deviate (Pd): antisocial behavior, rebelliousness, social alienation 5. Masculinity-Femininity: stereotypic masculine or feminine interests 6. Paranoia (Pa): paranoia, cynicism, interpersonal sensitivity 7. Psychasthenia (Pt): anxiety, obsessions, compulsions 8. Schizophrenia (Sc): psychosis, unusual thought processes, social alienation 9. Hypomania (Ma): unstable mood, impulsivity, grandiosity, flight of ideas 0. Social Introversion (Si): shyness, social withdrawal or avoidance
Conflict between ethics and the law: 1. Make known your ___________. 2. Take steps to resolve conflict in a _______________.
1. Make known your commitment to the ethics code 2. Take steps to resolve conflict in a responsible manner.
Preamble states the GOALS of the ethics code 1. "the ______ and _______ of individuals and groups with whom the psychologists works." 2. the education of members, students, and the public regarding _____________________.
1. Welfare and protection 2. ethical standards of the discipline
Psychologists who are responsible for educational and training programs, must ensure they are designed to meet the requirements of _________ and other __________________-.
licensure; goals stated by the program
HIPAA right - Access to Records, Records may only be withheld when disclosure would jeopardize the __________________________ of the patient or others.
life or physical safety
overshadowing
light and tone presented together before shock, only ONE will produce CR, whichever is more salient to the subject
blocking
light flashed WITH tone and then shock comes. the light flashed alone will NOT produce CR bc the tone already predicted it, the light is redunant
Anger management training for children has been criticized for:
limited positive effects due to focusing on the individual
score transformations
linear= distributions look alike nonlinear= look different (percentile ranks bc they are always flat)
mood stabilizer
lithium. carbamazepine, valproic acid, clonazepam (anticonvulsants) lithium- bipolar (fine hand tremor), monitor blood levels. avoid salts 3 anticonvulsant drug; good for rapid cyclers.
diabetes mellitus
little insulin
open-head injury
localized (gunshot), no aloc
dominant- left hemisphere
logical/analytical thinking , language, positive emotions
Occipital Lobe Damage
loss of depth perception and visual agnosia.
hemiplegia
loss of muscle tone
SES & txt outcome
low SES may be correlated with poorer tx outcomes, but likely due to therapist variables (low expectations, poor referrals)
When a multiple regression analysis is employed to predict outcome, there should be
low intercorrelations among the predictors and high correlation of each predictor with the criterion.
maternal employment
low ses, working moms; sons do better in school in high ses, sons do worse
WAIS-IV Indexes and Subtests
1. Working Memory Index (WMI): initial registration and mental manipulation of stimuli (digit span, arithmetic, letter-number sequencing) 2. Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI): retrieval of verbal information from long-term memory and reasoning with verbal information (vocabulary, similarities, information, comprehension) 3. Processing Speed Index (PSI): verbal, motor, and visual-motor processing speed (symbol search, coding, cancellation) 4. Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI): reasoning with nonverbal, visual stimuli (block design, matrix reasoning, visual puzzles, figure weights, picture completion)
Penalties for failure to comply with HIPAA: 1. _______ __________ by the office of civil rights-health/human services. 2. Civil penalties of ______ per violation, up to ________ a year. 3. for deliberate or knowing violations, fines up to ______________ or _______________.
1. administrative sanction 2. $100; $25,000 3. $250, 000; ten year imprisonment
eriksons 8 developmental stages
1. bun- trust vs mistrust (0-18months) 2. shoe- autonomy vs shame (18-3) 3. tree - initiative vs guilt (3-5) 4. dinosaur - industrious vs inferior (5-13) 5. diver- identity vs identity development (13-21) 6. sticks- intimacy vs isolation (21-40) 7. heaven- generativity vs stagnation (40-65) 8. plate - integrity vs despair (65 beyond)
HIPAA - right of accounting, accounting should include: 1. Information about the ___________________________. 2. ______________________ the info was disclosed. 3. Description of ___________, and for __________.
1. date of disclosure 2. The party to whom 3. what was disclosed, and for what purpose
kubler-ross stages of grief
1. denial/isolation 2. anger 3. bargaining 4. depression 5. acceptance DABDA
Marcia 4 stages of identity statuses
1. diffusion- nothing has happened 2. foreclosure-imposed by parent 3. moratorium-exploration 4. achievement-committing; "identity achieved" DFMA: DON'T FORGET MY ART
Dispense with informed consent (no harm or distress): 1. Normal __________________________ 2. anonymous _________, naturalistic observation, or ________ research. 3. the study of a ______________________ effectiveness.
1. educational practices 2. questionnaires, archival 3. job or organization's
intermittent schedules
1. fixed interval (time; every 30 seconds); scallop (Stop responding for a bit) 2. variable interval (time; about every minute); pop quizzes 3. fixed ratio (every 5 response); 4. variable ratio (every 2 or 5 or 10 responses; gambling)
Standard, Conflicts between ethics and law: 1. Clarify the __________. 2. Make known their __________________. 3. take _______________ to resolve the conflict.
1. nature of the conflict 2. commitment to the ethics code 3. reasonable steps
kohlberg 3 moral reasoning levels
1. preconventional-punishment/obedience , goodness/badness ; must avoid punishment 2. conventional-good boy/good girl, law and order, must get approval by others 3. postconventional-democratic laws, ethics
brain development stages (5)
1. proliferation 2. migration 3. differentiation 4. myelination 5. synaptogenesis please make different motor signs
systematic desensitization
1. relaxation 2. hierarchy construction 3. imagination 4. in vivo
For a malpractice claim against a psychologist to be held valid, three elements must be proven:
1. the psychologist must have had a professional relationship with the client 2. the psychologist must have been negligent or failed to live up to that duty. 3. harm to the patient must have resulted.
Goals of maintaining records: 1. to facilitate ______________________ 2. to allow for replication of ___________ 3. to meet ________________________ 4. to ensure accuracy in __________ 5. to comply with ________
1. to facilitate future provision of services 2. research results 3. institutional requirments 4. billing 5. the law
Enforceable, provide specific guidelines for the ethical behavior of psychologists.
10 Ethical Standards
vocab at 36 months
1000 words
at what age understand death?
10yo
relational crisis at age
12. "perfect good woman" "loss of voice"
vocabulary growth at age
18 months
what age kids express jealousy and embarassment?
18-24 months
Ebbinghaus
1st major studies of memory, 1885, self as subject, nonsense syllables as material to be learned
Pre-Encounter Cross
1st stage of MPN values dominated by euro-american; integration and assimilation believe to be solutions, blame african americans for problems
Helms Contact
1st status of WRIDM Ignorance and disregard of racial differences limited contact w/ other races, unaware
sensory preconditioning
2 CSs are paired in preconditioning sessions (e.g. tone & light) then one (tone) is paired with a US (food) and the response (salivation) originally exhibited at the sight of food is now given when presented with the tone. Might get salivation when shown the light because of previous pairing with tone
behavioral contrast
2 separately reinforced behaviors. 1 behavior extinguished. Other behavior increases in frequency
self-awareness at what age
2 years
What percent of people over age 85 have dementia?
20%
parkinson's
20% have depression before, 50% have depression during it. tx is l-dopa
3 month baby memory how many hours?
24
Encounter Cross
2nd stage of MPN personal or social event disrupts worldview, more receptive to racial identity; search for african american identity
opponent-process theory
3 bipolar receptors
maternal depression seen in infants at what age
3 months
APA's Record Keeping Guidelines (2007) suggest keeping minor records for 7 years also, or __________________, whichever is LATER.
3 years after minor reaches age of majority
pmdd
3-5%
A child who is not putting together two-word phrases, by which of the following ages, should be taken in for an evaluation?
30 months.
personality stable at what age
30 yo (overtime increase in agreeableness and acceptance, decrease in sociability)
To diagnose Conduct Disorder, the person has to display ________ or more signs for at least ________ months, with at least one sign present in the past ________ months.
3; 12; 6
Immersion-Emersion Cross
3rd stage of MPN destroy "old" identity and form "new" denigrate whites and white culture, deify african american individuals and culture
Helms Reintegration
3rd status WRIDM resolve conflict by adopting position that white is superior. Helm believes American norms allow whites to stay at this status.
babbling starts at age
4 months (deaf children do same w/hands)
Aversive control of behavior
4 paradigms; positive punishment, escape learning, avoidance learning, and over correction
Rorschach Administration
4 steps: Introduction: allay anxiety Instructions: tell all you see, non-directive such as handing the card Responses: free association, verbatim recording & time spent Inquiry: after all ten, clarify responses, gather any additional data
what age does separation-individuation begin?
4-5 months
what age do kids master their language
4-6
stroke depression
40% of ppl
Internalization Cross
4th stage of MPN resolve conflict b/w old and new worldviews characterized by openness, friendships w/ whites, african american remains primary reference group
Helms Pseudo-Independence
4th status WRIDM dissatisfaction with reintegration, re-examine beliefs about racial inequalities
Are aspirational in nature and should never be used to impose sanctions.
5 General Principles
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence has a male to female ratio of about
5 to 1
best size for group cohesiveness?
5-10
Internalization-Commitment Cross
5th stage of MPN translates identities into activities that are meaningful for the group; political activism (mature, meaningful)
Helms Immersion-Emersion
5th status WRIDM embrace whiteness w/o rejection minorities pride w/o racism
rutter's indicators
6 factors
social referencing
6 months "visual cliff"
stranger anxiety
6-8 months, ends around 2yo
cooing starts age age
6-8 weeks
Areas Under the Normal Curve
68.26%- scores fall within 1 SD above and below the mean. 95.44%- scores fall between above and below 2 SD. 99.7%- scores fall between above and below 3 SD. 34% of scores found between mean and 1 SD or vice versa.
Helms Autonomy
6th status WRIDM internalize a nonracist white identity value and seek out cross-racial interactions
cerebral cortex
80% of brain weight, 4 lobes
echolalia starts age age
9 months, repeating adult sounds and sentences but have no meaning
Predictors of Child Psychopathology (Rutter)
low socioeconomic status, severe marital discord, large family size, parental criminality, and placement of children outside the home.
hypoglycemia
low sugar (too much insulin); palpitation, anxiety, dizzy, hunger
A post-menopausal woman is most likely to find that her reduced level of estrogen has
made intercourse uncomfortable.
Differential reinforcement of other behavior
A combination of operant extinctions and positive reinforcement. So we stop reinforcing the undesirable behavior and differentially reinforcing the behavior we want to increase
An external locus of control and internal locus of responsibility are characteristic of
A depressed person.
Single subject research design
A design in which the subject serves as its own control
Repudiation
A maladaptive tendency in which the adolescent compensates for a lack of identity by fusing the group that eagerly provides its members with details of an identify: religious cults, military organizations, or hate groups.
Synesthesia
A perceptual condition in which stimulation of one sensory modality is reliably perceived in one or more other senses. For example, individuals with synesthesia may hear odors or see sounds. The cause is unknown, but is more prevalent amount women and non-right-handed people.
Repetition compulsion
A phenomenon of Transference. repeats feelings and affects from the past into the present, as a repetition of unresolved unconscious conflicts.
Ex post facto design
A quasi experimental design in which subjects are not randomly assigned but rather grouped based on some pre-existing situation. So if you were looking to see how advertising impacts self self esteem among women of different weight, the weight would be a preexisting condition and be the "ex post facto" factor.
Cluster Sampling
A sampling technique in which groups of participants are selected instead of individuals.
A/B/A/B design
A single subject, reversals design in which the subject is measured at baseline (A), is measured after the treatment (B), the treatment is removed or reversed and then they are measured (A), and then the treatment is reapplied and measured (B). So an example is baseline, give Paxil and measure, get off Paxil and measure, give Paxil again and measure.
Extraneous (Confound) Variable
A source of systematic error that affects the relationship between IV and DV.
Heteronomous Morality
A term used by Piaget to describe preschool children who believe that rules are absolute and unchangeable.
Cultural encapsulation
A therapist problem, when we encapsulate a culture and say all African Americans are like x
Instructors may not require students to disclose personal information unless the educational program has ______________________________.
made this requirement clear in admission and program materials
rem rebound
making up for sleep deprivation
klinefelter
males only
If a client has not signed a release of information, psychologists may only release test data if ____________________________.
mandated by law or court order
Psychologists do note need patient authorization for ___________ ___________.
mandated disclosures
The first authorship standard regarding dissertation publication does not apply to ___________________, as this is usually part of a larger on-going research project.
master's theses
krumboltz's social learning theory
maximum career dev= more exposure
Psychologist may/may not pay another professional for a referral.
may not
hallucinations after cocaine/amphetamines
may persist for weeks after stopping drug
in negative distribution, what do 3 measures look like?
mean is less than median which is less than mode
what does variance measure?
measures all scores, not just lowest and highest
Statements by others, it is prohibited to compensate a ______________________ for publicity or reporting. When paid ads are used, they __________.
media employee; must be identified as such
alzeheimer's most loss of cells
medial temporal lobe
hindbrain
medulla (breathing, heart, bp,) pons (connects 2 halves of cerebellum, integrates movements of both sides, relaxation) cerebellum (balance and posture)
schema theory of memory
memory is filtered through our schema--cognitive structures or frameworks that influence how we look at the world
Solution Focused Brief Therapy Summary
AKA solution focused or brief therapy de Shazer and Berg Focus on solutions to current rather than root causes Clients have resources needed, intervention only to guide, six sessions or less Resistance=if resistant, not the right solution change inevitable
______ cannot suspend or revoke license, but can inform state of actions taken.
APA
Examples: Record Keeping Guidelines, general guidelines for child custody evaluations, specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists, etc.
APA guidelines
In general, _________________ are suggestions or recommendations for professional behavior by psychologists.
APA guidelines
may also occur if the APA member is convicted of a felony, expelled or suspended from a state association, or has license revoked.
APA sanctions
gas
ARE
Instrumental abise
About control
learned helplessness
Abramson, Seligman, & Teasdale (1978) occurs when a person believes that personal outcomes are uncontrollable. Used to explain depression--depressed people blame themselves for bad outcomes. Internal attributions global (everything)& stable(always)
What term is used to describe the phenomenon that a person's substance use relapse leads to feelings of guilt and failure, which in turn lead to more relapses?
Abstinence Violation Effect (AVE)
HIPAA right, Patients have the right to inspect and receive a copy of PHI that is in the medical record.
Access to Records
Idiosyncracy Credits
According to Hollander in order to successfully challenge the majority opinions of a group, a person must first conform to the group in order to establish credibility as a competent insider. By becoming accepted members of the group, we accumulate these which are like brownie points.
Separation (Berry)
Acculturation Model High minority, low (rejection) mainstream assc. w/ high stress
Integration (Berry)
Acculturation Model High retention of minority culture and maintenance of mainstream; assc. w/ low levels of stress
Marginalization (Berry)
Acculturation Model Low minority, low mainstream assc. w/ high stress
Assimilation (Berry)
Acculturation Model Low retention minority culture & high maintenance of mainstream; assc. w/ moderate levels of stress
internal working model
mental representation of self and others that influence future relationshiops
Berry's Acculturation Model
Acculturation has two dimensions: retention of minority culture & maintenance of mainstream culture The more mainstream, the less minority, vice versa Four possible modes: integration, assimilation, separation, marginalization
This is diagnosed when a person develops emotional or behavioral symptoms in reaction to an identifiable stressor/s within 3 months of the onset of the stressor/s; once the stressor is terminated, symptoms last less than 6 months.
Adjustment Disorder
Group Therapy Key People
Adler Burrow J.L. Moreno (created group movement, journal) Yalom (current leader in field: The theory and practice of group psychotherapy)
Self reinforcement
Administrating reinforcement to ones self. Part of a larger category of self control procedures.
Co-Therapists
Advantages (Yalom): complement and support one another; broadens range of transference reactions; male-female evoke primary family group Disadvantages: competition No open disagreement during first few sessions
The tendency to experience losses more heavily than gains of equal magnitude results in less risky decisions and is referred to as:
Adverse Impact
Moderator Variables
Affects direction and strength of IV and DV. Ex) an IV works better the older the participant is; age is the moderator and can be tested as an IV itself.
Research on psychotherapy outcomes suggest that, overall, culturally diverse groups do about as well as Anglo clients. However, as a specific group, less favorable outcomes are shown by
African Americans
According to research on sex-role determinants, the characteristic that is most related to genetics as opposed to socialization is:
Aggression
As defined by the DSM, this condition involves "anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or in which help may not be available in the event of having an unexpected or situationally predisposed panic attack or panic like symptoms."
Agoraphobia
The three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome are ________, in which the body's sympathetic arousal system is mobilized; with prolonged stress the ________ stage occurs, in which defenses are stabilized and symptoms disappear, but at a cost; the final stage, ________, results from prolonged resistance that leaves the body susceptible to organ failure or complete collapse.
Alarm reaction; resistance; exhaustion (remembered by acronym "ARE")
Communication/Interaction Tx Summary
All bx is a form of communication, and can be verbal or nonverbal. Maladaptive communication = profound impact on family. Goal is effective communication. Developed Palo Alto
Apraxia
All involve damage to areas in the frontal and/or parietal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere. A defining characteristic is that it is not due to paralysis, cognitive impairment, or sensory loss.
Hypnotherapy.
Altered state of consciousness. Light, medium and deep trance. Light France is muscke relaxed. In medium trance, reduced. Deep hypnosis could have surgery without anesthesia. Can be used to aid memory. People under hypnosis are more likely to report false memory.
Which of the following method of establishing a test's reliability is, all other things being equal, likely to be lowest?
Alternate Forms (best reliability coefficient)
The initial stages of ________ involves forgetting tasks and repeating questions, which progresses to impaired ability to perform day-to-day tasks independently (e.g., cooking, driving, getting dressed). In the final stages, incontinence, severe language impairment, and the inability to walk or sit-up are typical.
Alzheimer's Disease
When a person's amnesia is due to a medical condition, such as hypoxia, seizures, or head trauma, the correct diagnosis is:
Amnestic Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition (with specific condition indicated)
Positive feedback loop
Amplifies decision, increases change in a system.
Assimilative Integration
An approach to psychotherapy integration Commitment to one theory, willingness to use other techniques
High K, High L, and Low F
An attempt to be viewed in an overly favorable light ("faking good").
Rancho Los Amigo Scale
An evaluation of eight levels of cognitive functioning used in acute rehabilitation settings following release from intensive care.
Functional Amnesia
An inability to remember significant events in life, after a psychological trauma, including autobiographical memories.
Wernicke's Aphasia (Receptive/Fluent Aphasia)
An individual who produces normal sounding speech that makes little or no sense and is usually unaware of this deficit.
Ravens Progressive Matrices
An intelligence test that is completely non-dependent on language.
This condition is characterized by a refusal to maintain age and height appropriate body weight, fear of losing control of one's weight, a distorted body image, and often amenorrhea; weight is usually controlled by restricting caloric intake or bingeing/purging.
Anorexia Nervosa
What drug produces severe nausea when taken in conjunction with alcohol and is used to assist in the treatment of alcoholism?
Antabuse
Aversive conditioning
Antabuse as an example. Pair stimulus with a new, stronger, negative stimulus. Used with paraphillias. High rates of relapse.
Significant impairment in one's ability to learn new information is referred to as ________ amnesia, while marked diminishment in one's ability to recall learned information or events is called ________ amnesia.
Anterograde; retrograde
A person with this condition must have had symptoms of Conduct Disorder before 15 y/o and demonstrate a pattern of disregard for and violation of others' rights; some symptoms include lack remorse/empathy, impulsivity, irritability and aggressiveness, and deceitfulness.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
People with Somatization Disorder frequently exhibit ________ and ________, which are often the reasons for their initial therapy visit.
Anxiety; depression
System
Any group of interacting components which together constitute an entire organization. Emphasis on relationships and transaction.
Thurstone
Applied his method of factor analysis to intelligence leading to his proposed theory of Primary Mental Abilities (that individuals possess varying degrees of sub-components of intelligence).
Discriminant Function Analysis
Appropriate multivariate technique when two or more continuous predictors will be used to predict or estimate a person's status on a single discrete (nominal) criterion.
Miller and Dollard
Are known for a few theories including the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which proposes that frustration always precedes aggression.
Yerkes and Dodson
Are known for identifying the inverted "U" relationship between arousal and performance.
Moro/startle
Arms and legs flail outward and then in towards the body when startled
Diazepam
As well as other pams are benzodiazepines-sometimes used in the treatment of anxiety.
Paradoxical intention
Asking clients to do the thing they fear
Skewed Distribution
Asymmetrical distribution. Determine if negative or positive by where the tail is. Positive- more scores on the low end. Negative- more scores on the high end.
The DSM is ________ in nature and, as such, only addresses the etiology of disorders for which the cause is clearly known (e.g., PTSD).
Atheoretical
Minority Identity Development Model
Atkinson, Morten, & Sue Five stages of identification/rejection of minority/majority culture: Conformity, Dissonance, Resistance & Immersion, Instrospection, Synergistic Articulation & Awareness White counselor at stage 1, minority stages 2-4, either at stage 5
Self Perception theory proposes that people base their:
Attitudes on their Behaviors.
An ___________ is needed for disclosure outside of payment, treatment, or operations.
Authorization
____________ refers to obtaining patient permission to disclose information on a release of information form.
Authorization
What disorder is characterized by delayed or abnormal functioning in: social interaction, language as used in social communication, or symbolic or imaginative play by age 3?
Autism Disorder
Autonomic Nervous System
Automatic, heart rate, digestion, respiration
Covert sensitization
Aversive counter Conditioning
Classical extinction
Avoidance keeps phobias and fears alive, so people avoid the CS, never allowing it to get extinguished.
This condition is characterized by a persistent pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, resulting in limited social contacts despite a longing for contact and relationships.
Avoidant Personality Disorder
The Ethics Code defines _________ as "the acceptance of goods, services, or other nonmonetary remuneration in return for psychological services."
Bartering
Interpersonal therapy
Based on Sullivan and neo Freudian. Interpersonal, short term, time limited.
Counter Conditioning
Based on reciprocal inhibition. So if they have fear, will come up with the opposite and make that so strong it makes it hard to feel fear.
Repression
Basic defense mechanism. Pushing something unwanted out of consciousness.
Projective Hypothesis
Basis of projective tests individual's response to vague stimuli reveals personality and underlying conflict
Shrinkage
Because the same chance factor operating in the original sample are not operating in the subsequent sample, the correlation coefficient tends to "shrink" on cross-validation. Greatest when the original sample is small and the number of predictors is large.
Becks CBT
Becks model had empirical hypothesis testing as opposed to arguing or convincing patients. With that, he is known for Socratic questioning, making it more collaborative.
This idea suggests that the core of ADHD is not attention deficits but rather a lack of ability to adjust activity levels to fit the requirements of different settings.
Behavioral disinhibition hypothesis (Barkley)
What form of therapy has been shown to be fairly successful in treating people with Autism?
Behavioral therapy, particularly techniques such as shaping and operant conditioning, has helped people with Autism replace abnormal behaviors with more desirable ones
Reciprocal determinism
Behaviorism that takes systems thinking into account. So, behavior is reinforced by a situation in which in turn shapes the individual which internships the behavior which internships the situation, so on and so forth.
Divorce
Better outcomes that if chronic fighting but worse than kids in Happy intact homes. Aggression and reduced socializaion
Somatic Therapies
Bio-medical model, three types 1) drug therapy, psychopharmacology 2) ECT, muscle relaxant, anesthesia, non-dominant brain hemisphere, depression 3) psychosurgery: severe depression, anxiety, OCD, lobotomy or leuctomy (cutting connections)
According to Gottesman, what are the lifetime probabilities for developing Schizophrenia among biological siblings, dizygotic (fraternal) twins, and monozygotic (identical) twins, in percentages?
Biological = 10%; dizygotic twins = 16%; monozygotic twins = 48%
adhd meds
methylphenidate (for narcolepsy too) prolonged use= paranoid schizo drug holidays
bronfenbenner
mi- face to face relationships me- interactions like family n school exo- broad env to childs env ma-culture, politic chro-lifetime stuff like ses, familyy structure change
If you learn of ethical violation through other means, consider severity of violation: _______ ______, first discuss with colleague and explain why actions are unethical __________ ______, you can bypass informal resolution and report
minor offense; severe offense
accomodation
modifying schemas to incorporate new knowledge
postdivorce parenting
moms are usually authoritarian but inconsistent noncustodial dads are permissive better outcome if living with same-sex parent (except in adolescents, both do better w/mom parent conflict causes problems in kids, not the divorce itself small effect size for remarriage (worse for girls), better for children if done before age 9. stepfathers are more distant and disengaged
This is characterized by a change in prior functioning due to the experience of depressed mood or loss of pleasure, in addition to at least 5 other symptoms of depression, during a two-week period. Major Depressive Episode ________ involves the presence of at least 1 manic or mixed episode at some time, and the person may or may not have experienced 1 or more major depressive episodes; the diagnosis of ________ is given when 1 or more major depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic episode are present.
Bipolar I; Bipolar II
A preoccupation with non-existent physical flaws that interferes with one's functioning and is often dealt with via excessive plastic surgery is characteristic of what disorder?
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
This disorder is characterized by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, significant impulsivity (e.g., suicide threats, substance use), and fear of abandonment/domination.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Parasympathetic
Branch of Autonomic Nervous System, at rest, digestion, elimination, decreases heart rate
Sympathetic
Branch of Autonomic Nervous System, kicks in fight or flight, activating, increases heart rate, adrenaline
A person experiences the sudden onset of at least one psychotic symptom (delusion, hallucination, etc.) that lasts from several hours up to a month, and then returns to premorbid level of functioning, the most appropriate diagnosis is:
Brief Psychotic Disorder
If a Brief Psychotic Disorder is in response to a very stressful event, it is sometimes referred to a ________ and the diagnosis would include the specifier ________.
Brief Reactive Psychosis; With Marked Stressor(s)
Brief Psychotherapy v. Crisis Intervention
Brief therapist more likely to be a real therapist Brief 25 sessions, crisis 5-8 Brief encourages insight, more emphasis on alliance
Harlow--Curiosity & learning sets
monkeys will solve a complicated puzzle for intrinsic reward unless given an external reward, then they will only solve for extrinsic reward.
norepiniphrine
mood, attn, dreaming, learning, autonomic catecholamine hypothesis: low in depression
age 2.5-5 language
more complex sentences, grammer, 50 new words every month
What condition is given when a person persistently binge eats and engages in inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain (e.g., excessive exercise, self-induced vomiting) at an average rate of twice per week for 3 months?
Bulimia Nervosa
____________________________ include evaluations of the meaning of the available research on each test.
Buros' Mental Measurements Yearbook
_________________________________ series contains the most comprehensive and authoritative compilation of test reviews.
Buros' Mental Measurements Yearbook
includes test description, and information regarding test use, construction, administration, scoring, types of scores, normative data, reliability, validity and any concerns.
Buros' Mental Measurements Yearbook
Lists information about tests including title, population designed for, available subtests, updating, authors, and publisher.
Buros' Tests in Print
___________ is a comprehensive bibliography of all known commercially available tests in English.
Buros' Tests in Print
Global Aphasia
more general damage, severe form of nonfluent aphasia, caused by damage to the left side of the brain, affects receptive and expressive language skills.
weber law
more intense stimulus= more JND to detect difference
The term "group polarization" refers to the tendency of groups to make decisions that are
more risky or more conservative than those that might be made by individual members.
interviews
most common good when used with measure of general mental ability
adults over 50 recall most what first?
most recent events and then adolscent
alternate forms reliability
most thorough method for estimating reliability
Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)
most widely used interest test compares your interests to those happy/successful in occupation predictor of career choice/satisfaction, but not success Three reports: six general occupational themes (based on Holland); basic interest scales (general themes broken down even more); main "occupational scales" (124, empirical criterion keying)
goal-setting theory
motivated when employee has accepted goal
apraxia
motor issue
tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure
motor, no memory of seizure
The "fourth force" in psychology has been identified as:
multicultralism
Guidelines for child custody evaluations, psychologist should use _____________________ of data gathering.
multiple methods
Example, treating your best friend's husband
multiple relationship, unethical
Custody evaluations, conducting evaluation with current or prior client, or therapy with current or prior examinee are both considered __________.
multiple relationships
Example include seeing a client socially, or being in a business relationship with someone close to the client
multiple relationships
MS
myelin dies in brain/spinal cord
Exception to informed consent for filming and recording include: ______________________ in which personal identification and harm are avoided
naturalistic observation
Persons who are court ordered, inform of __________ to be provided, the fact services are _______, and of any ____________.
nature of services, mandated, limits to confidentiality
training program starts with?
needs analysis; organization, task, person, demographic
response cost
negative punishment; token economy, late fee on cc, speeding ticket
If you receive a subpoena w/o client permission, assert patient-therapist privilege, and neither _________________________, unless ordered by court.
neither testify nor turn over records
papez circuit
neural circuit to mediate/express emo
Luria-Nebraska
neuropsych battery 11 scales designed to measure specific functions (motor rhythm, receptive & expressive speech, writing/reading, memory, etc.) score from 0(normal)-2(injured) faster and more thorough than H-R
Halstead-Reitan (H-R)
neuropsych battery separate measures of several things (lateral dominance, psychomotor, speech-language, mental flexibility) 11 subtests over 4-5 hours, supplemented w/ WAIS and MMPI
Glasgow Coma Scale
neuropsych test assesses level of consciousness based on 3 responses: eye opening, best motor response, best verbal response 3-15, lower worse
Illinois test of psycholinguistic abilities (ITPA)
neuropsych test chidlren 2-10 based on Osgoods theory of communication process: channels (auditory-vocal; visual-motor) processes (understanding, organizing, expressing) levels (representational, automatic)
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
neuropsych test measure of visual-motor memory, skills, deficits 3 years of age and older two parts: copy and recall phases 16 cards w/ geometric shapes performance impacted by education, correlate with intelligence up to age 10 assesses school readiness, learning disabilities, not accurate for diagnosis or personality
Tower of London
neuropsych test move disks into configuration measure of executive functioning, memory linked to frontal lobe damage, ADHD, autism, depression
Mini Mental Status Exam
neuropsych test older adults 11 questions assess six areas: orientation, registration, attention & calculation, recall, language, visual construction score below 23/30 impaired
Beery Developmental Test of Visual-Motor (Beery-VMI)
neuropsych test similar to BVRT; look at figure & then copy used in children 3-18 for deficits related to learning & behavior
Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT)
neuropsych test used to identify brain damage 8 years and up assesses visual motor skills, visual memory, spatial perception produce from memory geometric patterns (on cards) more errors = more damage
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)
neuropsycho test assess ability to shift cognitive strategies, abstract concepts; autism, schizo, malingering, depression, alcoholism, frontal lobe damage 4 symbols, asked to sort w/o knowing how, change process after 10 correct sorts, scored in terms of trials necessary to learn changes
synaptic transmission
neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft
retroactive inhibition
new experience interferes with recall of an earlier one. only events that occur while awake can cause retroactive inhibition
sex reassignment surgery
no more dysphoria
Gender & txt outcome
no relationship
Therapist Ethnicity & txt outcome
no relationship
Therapist gender & txt outcome
no relationship
therapist Self-disclosure & txt outcome
no relationship
Therapist orientation/education & txt outcome
no relationship, unless truly inexperienced compared to truly experiences, or very difficult clients
alzeheimer's memory deficits
no trouble in procedural, but yes in declarative. opposite for depressed apteints.
first words are usually
nominal or labels for objects
scales of measurement
nominal- unordered categories (male or female, religion, place of birth, eye color, dsm dx) ordinal- order of categories (Ranks, likert scales) interval- order, and equal intervals (scores on iq tests, temperature in C or F, can never be 0) ratio- most complex to use! order, equal intervals, and can be absolute 0. (calories, reaction time in seconds, # items correct on a test, temperature on Kelvin scale)
Withholding records for nonpayment, this ethical standard conflicts with current federal law regarding the withholding of records in _____________________.
non-emergency situations
The bottom line is that a psychologist should not withhold records for _______________ in any situation, emergency or otherwise.
non-payment
multiple cutoff
noncompensatory bc a minimum score must be obtained on all predictors before applicant is even considered
which tests for ordinal data?
nonparametric alternatives Mann-Whitney is alternative to the t-test for independent samples Wilcoxon is alternative to the t-test for correlated samples Kruskal-Wallis is alternative to one-way ANOVA
which antidepressant causes most sedation?
nortryptyline
criterion measures (assess employee performance)
objective or subjective (better) supervisor ratings are most reliable peer ratings best for promotion
Psychologists should not base treatment or other decisions on __________ test data, or _________ measures.
obsolete, obsolete
Psychologists may disclose confidential information without client consent in order to __________________, but should only disclose the smallest amount of information necessary.
obtain payment for services
stimulus control (discrimination)
occurence of behavior affected by discriminative stimuli (baby cries in front of parent who picks him up) positive (Sd) ; stimulus generalization negative (S-delta)
synchrony effect
older adults best in am and younger best in am and pm
blocking
on CS inhibits the learning of a 2nd CS
halo bias
one employee only. rater uses one dimension to rate rest dimensions, can be positive or negative
what's most important in choosing research design?
one that minimizes the effects of both systematic and random error
t-test
only used to compare 2 means at a time. if it has more than two means you have to do multiple t-tests, which increases type 1 error
stimulus discrimination
organism gives target behavior in presence of one stimulus but not another (pigeon presses lever when green light, but not red light.) AKA stimulus control
General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services (1987), Professional Psychologists have a doctoral degree in psychology from an _____________, ____________ program in a ________________________- university or professional school.
organized, sequential regionally accredited
Previously published data should not be published in a manner that implies they are ________________________.
original data
Psychologists must provide feedback to students and supervisees, and inform them of the process of feedback as the _________________________________.
outset of the relationship
Discuss limit of confidentiality, Confidentiality is generally discussed at the _____________, and whenever there are
outset of treatment, relevant changes to circumstances
Third party request for services, at the _______ psychologists should clarify: 1. Who the _____ 2. the probable ________ 3. limits _________
outset; client is; uses of services to confidentiality
counter-conditioning
pairing an undesirable behavior with an incompatible behavior to eliminate the undesirable behavior
General symptoms that may accompany the second stage of Alzheimer's Dementia include:
paranoia and labile mood
in vivo aversion therapy aka overt sensitization
paraphilias, self-injurious behaviors, drug/alcohol addictions. electroic shock, odors or emetic drugs
thoracic damage
paraplegia (legs)
According to research on parenting styles, which of the following describes the parents who are most likely to raise very aggressive children?
parents who use frequent and intermittent violence and have a laissez-faire attitude toward their children's behaviors.
HIPAA - right of accounting, Patients have the right to receive an accounting of all disclosures of their PHI for the ___________________.
past six years
The Health Belief Model is a tool for predicting and understanding an individual's health-related decision making. The results from which dimension provide the most information?
perceived barriers
base rate
percent of employees performing satisfactorily without proposed predictor; 0-1. moderate base rates (0.5)= highest incremental validity taylor-russell tables: estimate success of new hires
criterion-referenced interpretation
percentage scores regression equation expectancy table
norm-referenced interpretation
percentile ranks standard scores
norm-referenced scores
percentile ranks and standard scores
buffering hypothesis
perception of support is more important than actual support
reliability
performance on a measure in unaffected by measurement error
overlearning
person practices or rehearses some material beyond the point of mastery. best for simple tasks
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III)
personality inventory 175 t/f items, 21 scales corresponding to DSM categories adolescent version
Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90)
personality inventory general psychiatric symptoms primarily used in research
NEO personality inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R)
personality inventory, most widely used Big 5: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience
dopamine
personality, mood, memory, sleep. dopamine hypothesis: too much in schizo motor diseases: tourette's (too much), parkinsons (breakdown)
what conditions have systematic desensitization been shown to useful?
phobias, stuttering, sexual dysfunction, & insomnia
what is strongest predictor of cog functioning in later life
physical health
Psychologists may never deceive prospective subjects about research that may cause __________________________________.
physical pain or emotional distress
maslow's 5 hierarchy of needs
physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization
sex hormone organs
pituitary and gonads (hypothalamus) = hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
overcorrection
positive punishment; restitution and physically guiding
alogia
poverty of thought/speech
alcohol dependence
ppl acknowledge they have a problem
If an educational program requires participation in individual or group therapy, students must have the option of obtaining treatment from _________________________________.
practitioners not associated with the program.
Termination should usually be preceded by _________________, which may include suggesting alternative treatment providers.
pre-termination counseling
multiple regression
predictor scores weighted together
social inhibition
presence of others decreases performance ; esp unleawrned tasks
social facilitation
presence of others increases task performance; esp on simple or well-learned tasks
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
present-oriented, short-term, highly-structured emphasis on interpersonal problems: role transitions, interpersonal disputes, interpersonal deficits, grief used for depression, based on biopsychosocial
groupthink
pressure for uniformity limits effectiveness
proactive inhibition
previous learning interferes with more recent learning
When a psychologist working out of the Adlerian model serves as a consultant in a school, they
primarily educate the parents and teachers through an emphasis on preventive interventions.
Maintaining confidentiality, The Ethics Code emphasizes that psychologists have a __________________ to protect confidential information.
primary obligation
spontaneous recovery
CR is never lost, just suppressed.
aversive counterconditioning
CS is paired with US that naturally evokes pain response. eventually the CS is avoided.
Trace Conditioning
CS presented, then US presented
A client presents to therapy complaining of nervousness, speaking rapidly, and has a flushed face. He reports having a difficult time sleeping and mentions increased diarrhea. During the session, he coyly states he has started consuming copious quantities of "Red Bull" energy drinks. What is a possible diagnosis?
Caffeine Intoxication
With regards to mandated reporting, most states have adopted some version of _______________________________.
California's Tarasoff statute
Avoidance learning
Can avoid the bad thing all together by doing the desired behavior in time
Empirical Criterion Keying
Can items distinguish between groups?
Escape learning
Can stop the bad thing by doing the desired behavior.
What substance does not lead to physical dependence, has no significant withdrawal symptoms, and has no evidence of causing any long-term negative or toxic effects to it's users (based on governmental studies)?
Cannabis (Marijuana)
Quasi-experimental Design
Cannot randomly assign participant to conditions. Has preexisting groups or single group without control comparison.
Case vs admin consultation
Case is clinically oriented, admin is admin/programmatic issues
What is the most likely diagnosis for a person who becomes catatonic as a direct result of cerebrovascular disease?
Catatonic Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition
What type of Schizophrenia is characterized by psychomotor motor disturbance, including posturing, mutism, rigidity, motoric immobility, extreme negativism, and/or extreme excitement?
Catatonic Type
Must provide services due to lack of providers, psychologist must have closely related _______, and pursue further __________ to obtain necessary competence.
prior training and experience, training
This etiological explanation of depression holds that depression is caused by low levels of norepinephrine in the brain, while mania is due to excess norepinephrine levels; there is some evidence that effective antidepressants (tricyclics, MAOIs) increase norepinephrine in the brain and mood stabilizers (lithium) decrease it, which supports this theory.
Catecholamine Hypothesis
Retention Region
Central portion of sampling distribution. Values likely to occur due to error; fail to reject the null hypothesis. *is equal to one minus alpha.
A child diagnosed with ________ may present similarly as depressed adults, though often mask their feelings with delinquency, phobias, underachievement, psychosomatic complaints, hyperactivity, or aggression; it is often associated with family abuse or neglect.
Childhood Depression
Regarding Conduct Disorder, what differentiates "Childhood Onset" from "Adolescent Onset?"
Childhood Onset diagnosed when symptoms present prior to age 10; Adolescent Onset when symptoms occur at age 10 or later
Drive Reduction Theory
probability of a behavior occurring depends upon the strength of the learning habit & the motivation or level of drive. The desire to reduce the drive motivates learning
In people diagnosed with Conduct Disorder, those with ________ Onset have a worse prognosis and are more likely to receive a later diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder, while problematic behavior of those with ________ Onset is usually a product of their relationships with delinquent peers.
Childhood; Adolescent
A distinguishing characteristic of the Montessori teaching method is
Children are free to select their own learning activities.
Early memory and attention deficits in Alzheimer's disease are believed to be caused by decreased activity in
Cholinergic neurons (acetylcholine).
Avoidance - avoidance
Choosing between two unpleasant possibilities
A person whose arousal increases at night but is very tired during the day, impairing work functionality, might be diagnosed with this disorder.
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder
This term refers to a style of speech that is less serious than loose associations and is characterized by excessive attention to irrelevant and digressive details; often the point is eventually reached.
Circumstantiality
The introduction explicitly states that the Ethics Code is not intended to be a basis for ______________.
Civil liability
HIPAA, ______________________ are notes that document or analyze the content of counseling sessions (e.g., dreams, countertransference).
process notes (psychotherapy notes)
rorscach
projective hypothesis; less susceptible to faking, get more global info vs. surface info. 10 cards, ages 2 and older
classic vs common migraine
Classic: A type of migraine that involves the appearance of neurological symptoms, called an aura (flashing lights or zigzag lines, or temporary loss of vision) 10 to 30 minutes before an attack. Other classic migraine symptoms may include the following: Difficulty with speech Weakness of an arm or leg Tingling of the face or hands Confusion Pain associated with classic migraines may be described as: Intense, throbbing, or pounding felt in the forehead, temple, ear, jaw, or around the eye Starting on one side of the head, but may spread to the other side. An attack may last one or two days. tx is thermal biofeedback/autogenic training
Watson
Classical conditioning-stimulus generalization (little Albert, white rats)
Client centered vs consultee centered case consultation
Client is a single client, consultee is a group of clients.
Developmental Level, Group therapy
Client should have similar developmental level Children, w/i two years, age not as important with adult groups
Withdrawal and Intoxication by what 2 substances share the same diagnostic criteria in the DSM?
Cocaine and amphetamine
Typically, _______ refers to a person's deliberate or inadvertent support of another's addiction or dependence.
Codependency
Michenbaum
Cognitive behavior modification. Modeling with RET and involves a therapist modeling a task and verbalizing while they do it, having the pt do the task while the therapist verbalized, and then the pt does it while verbalizing and then does it themselves. Good wth task completion.
High context communication
Communication where contextual factors play abig role in what is communicated. Minoratized individuals tend to pay a lot of attention to contextual factors
Metacommunication
Communication/Interaction Tx Communication on two levels: report and command Report- intended verbal statement Command- implicit non-verbal message Command represents metacommun., can enhance or contradict report
Symmetrical Communications
Communication/Interaction Tx Equality bw communicators Frequently leads to competition and conflict
Complementary Communications
Communication/Interaction Tx Inequality bw communicators: one dominant one subordinate Reciprocal nature of giving and taking instructions/questions parent/child or therapist/client
Double-bind communication
Communication/Interaction Tx Two aspect of one communication contradicting one another. Results in frustrating conflict in receiver.
The four main stages of neural development are
proliferation, migration, differentiation, myelination.
A person undergoing this seizure appears confused and clumsy and is often mistakenly identified as intoxicated- the person may stare blankly, make chewing movements, and get up and walk around. They can occur in the temporal or frontal lobes.
Complex-partial seizures
WAIS-III Working Memory Index
Comprised of digit span, arithmetic, and letter-number sequencing
WAIS-III Processing Speed Index
Comprised of digit symbol and symbol search
WAIS-III Perceptual Organization Index
Comprised of picture completion, block design, and matrix reasoning
WAIS-III Verbal Comprehension Index
Comprised of vocabulary, similarities, and information subtests
Worldview & Invisible Veil
Concepts relating to Sue & Sue, we assume that everyone shares the same reality regardless of culture, race, etc. This is the assumption of universality, and is flawed.
A child or adolescent who persistently violates social rules and norms, such as acting aggressively toward animals, destroying property, or stealing, is likely to receive what diagnosis?
Conduct Disorder
What is the basic dynamic of personality, according to early psychoanalysis?
Conflict
Sue and Sue (Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model) (1980) prior Minority Development Model
Conformity = like majority, not self/others in minority Dissonance = conflict between the depreciation/appreciation of self and others. Resistance/Immersion = appreciate self and depreciate majority group Introspection = again experiences conflict and questions the basis of appreciation/depreciation of self/others. Integrative Awareness = self-appreciation ans selective appreciation of majority group
The leading cause of infant mortality is
Congenital Malformations.
Secondary processes
Conscious mental processes governed by the ego
Preamble, psychologists make a personal commitment to act ethically, encourage others to, and _________________________.
Consult with others regarding ethical problems
Consultation/Supervision/training, most commonly sought on a one-time or occasional basis.
Consultation
Consultation/Supervision/training/referral, psychologist has little experience treating agoraphobia, but regularly treats panic disorder and anxiety.
Consultation
Consultation/Supervision/training/referral, psychologist recognizes attraction to client, and is concerned about ability to provide effective treatment.
Consultation
Consultation/Supervision/training/referral, psychologist somewhat familiar with treating a particular disorder but not an expert, or question personal objectivity in treating a client.
Consultation
Special Scores & Rorschach
Contamination (CONTAM): two or more impressions in one reponse Deviant Verbalizations (DV): incorrect words Inappropriate Logical (ALOG): strained reasoning possible signs of neurological or psychotic
William and Lange
Contended that we first observe our behavior and then we make an attribution of that behavior in terms of some emotion.
A client presents to therapy reporting he is blind and reveals his loss of sight occurred shortly after witnessing the suicide of a colleague. Medical records, however, suggest no physiological explanation for the blindness. What's the likely diagnosis?
Conversion Disorder (impaired voluntary motor or sensory function that has psychological cause)
Shared Variability
Correlation coefficient for two or more variables can be squared to obtain a measure of _______. Ex) if the correlation between X and Y is .50 this means that 25% of variability in Y is shared with (or is accounted for by) variability in X.
psychologist retained by court, results are shared with court and there is no confidentiality rights.
Court-appointed evaluation
Type of evaluation, no requirement for consent, but nature of evaluation and limits to confidentiality must still be explained _______________.
Court-appointed evaluation; prior to beginning the evaluation
Model of Psychological Nigrescence
Cross Five stage of african american identity pre-encounter; encounter; immersion-emersion; internalization; internalization-commitment
Horn and Cattell's Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
Crystallized (Gc): acquired knowledge and skills; affected by educational and cultural experiences; includes reading, numerical skill, and factual knowledge Fluid (Gf): enables individuals to solve novel problems and perceive relations and similarities; does not depend on specific instruction; relatively culture-free -Crystalized intelligence increases until ~age 60, while fluid intelligence peaks in late adolescence and then declines (related to declines in working memory and processing speed)
________ retardation is often related to early deprivation of nurturance, deficiencies in health care, early deficiencies in social, cognitive, and other stimulation, and poverty.
Cultural-familial
Emic
Culturally sensitive
Solicitation of new business is prohibited when people are vulnerable to undue influence, however the Ethics Code specifies that this prohibition does not apply to ____________________________________.
providing disaster or community outreach services
Media presentations, statements must be based on ______________________, must be consistent with the _______________, and it should be made clear there is _________________________.
psychological literature and practice; Ethics Code; no therapeutic relationship established
When psychologists are presenting their credentials, they should present only those degrees that are the basis for their _____________, or they received from a ______________________.
psychology licensure; regionally accredited institution
_____________________________ must be kept physical separate from the general medical record (or patient chart)
psychotherapy notes
cervical damage
quadriplegia (arms and legs)
homoscedasticity
range of Y scores is about the same for all values of X AKA the range of Y scores at every value of X is equal to the total range of Y scores
Animal research, when an animals life is to be terminated, it should be done __________ and with an attempt to ________________________.
rapidly; minimize pain
central tendency bias
rater uses middle range
selection ratio
ratio of job openings to job applicants (5:100) low: allows employer to choose from many applications. low selection ratio=raise predictor cutoff score=decrease false positives
holland RIASEC
realistic-hands on, construction investigative artistic social enterprising conventional-organization, data
Sexual harassment specifically prohibited, includes: 2. any behavior so severe that any ___________________________________.
reasonable person would recognize it as abusive
Couple or family therapy, when asked to preform conflicting roles (e.g., marital therapist and witness for on party in a divorce) must "take __________________ to clarify, modify, or withdraw from, roles appropriately"
reasonable steps
When enter into employment or contractual arrangements (e.g., managed care contracts) they take _______________ to ensure the client's care will be resolved appropriately when these contracts end.
reasonable steps
In emerging areas in which clear guidelines for competence have not already been established, psychologists should take "______________________________"
reasonable steps to ensure competence
Tarasoff (mandated reporting), notify intended victim, and take ___________________ when a patient communicates a threat of __________ violence against a _______________ victim.
reasonable steps, imminent, reasonably identifiable
Multiple relationships that would not _______ be expected to cause impairment or risk exploitation are not unethical.
reasonably
Psychologists should terminate therapy when it is ______________ that the client no longer needs, is not __________, or is being _________ by treatment.
reasonably clear, benefitting from, harmed
Informed consent, the language used must be _______________________________ to the clients.
reasonably understandable
When persons have "questionable capacity to consent" or testing is mandated by law, psychologists use ______________________________ to explain the nature and purpose of assessment.
reasonably understandable language
state dependence
recall of information better when emotional state same at learning time & recall time
context dependence
recall of information better when the environment the info is learned is similar to the place where it is to be recalled
A 17-year-old male involved in a skateboarding accident suffered a head trauma resulting in deficits to his declarative memory. He would likely have the most difficulty
recalling what he ate for lunch yesterday.
older adults worst memory in what?
recent long-term memory (secondary) due to processing efficiency (encoding)
empathy
recognize and respond to others feeligns
Protocol analysis typically involves
recording specific behaviors that allow one to understand the subject's problem-solving methodology.
trichromatic theory
red blue green
An MRI of a patient in the early stages of Huntington's disease would indicate?
reduced volume of the basal ganglia
Standard-reporting ethical violations, if informal resolution is unsuccessful or inappropriate, psychologists take further action such as _________
referral to ethics committees or licensing boards
Content & Rorschach Scoring
refers to category of specific percepts or subjects human content (H): expected, a lack=identity problems, detachment animal content (A): often see in children
Frequency of Occurrence & Rorschach Scoring
refers to the extent the perception is popular v. original Populars (P): lots=conventionality, depression, defensiveness, low intellect; few = rebelliousness, though disorder
General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services (1987), Retraining psychologists, to qualify for a change in specialty must be under the auspices of a program in a __________________- or _______________ that offers a doctoral degree in that specialty.
regionally accredited university or professional school
fixed ration (FR)
reinforce a behavior after the behavior occurs a set (fixed) # of times. Eg. FR-10 schedule--after 10 occurrences of said behavior reward arrives
superstitious behavior
reinforce something every 15 seconds, subject will do whatever it was doing at time of reinforcement
latent learning
reinforcement isn't necessary, rats developed cognitive maps
fixed interval (FI)
reinforcement occurs after a pre-determined period of time regardless of how often the target behavior occurs. Employee paychecks--not performance based--every 1-2 weeks. Produces lowest rate of responding; lowest resistance to extinction
variable ratio schedule (VR)
reinforcement occurs after a variable # of responses. E.g. VR-10--person receives reinforcement on AVERAGE 1 per every 10 behaviors, but on some trials will receive after 2 occurrences on others after 15. Gambling an example of VR schedule. relationship b/w behavior & reinforcement unpredictable--creates high & constant rate of responding. behavior becomes most resistant to extinction
stimulus discrimination
reinforcement of one stimulus but not others to teach organism to differentiate between stimuli (Bell = Food & Salivation Buzzer = no food & no salivation)
type 1 error
rejects a true hypothesis
type 1 error.
rejects a true null hypothesis equal to alpha increasing alpha from .01 to .05, small sample size, or when observations are dependent increases probability of making this error
shaping
related to response generalization; the subject is reinforced for emitting responses that gradually approach the desired behavior
High LPC Leaders
relationship oriented
Thorndike's principle of trial & error approximates...what?
Darwin's notion of adaptive selection
Anticholinergics
Decrease acetylcholine activity to balance out the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and dopamine. Used to treat incontinence, depression, and sleep problems.
Negative feedback loop
Decreases change . Keeps things the same. Homeostatic
Deductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning moves from the General to the specific. So from a general theory or hypothesis about all of Detroit to an INtimate conclusion based on closer examination.
Reaction formation
Defending against an unwanted feeling by expressing it as another-feeling guilty that you hate your new brother so fawning on him
External Validity
Degree to which a study's results can be generalized to other people, settings, and conditions. *Internal validity is required to achieve ____.
A person with ________ experiences a reduced level of awareness and understanding of the environment, impaired ability to focus, maintain, or switch attention (disturbances of consciousness), as well as memory impairment, disorientation, or language difficulties (cognitive disturbances); sometimes illusions or hallucinations (perceptual disturbance) occur instead of cognitive disturbances.
Delirium
Occurring during alcohol withdrawal, ________ involve typical signs of delirium, in addition to hallucinations, delusions, autonomic hyperactivity, and agitation; they are often associated with a co-occurring medical condition (e.g., liver failure).
Delirium tremens
A person who presents with delusions that are theoretically plausible (non-bizarre), appropriate behavior, and no marked impairment in functioning would receive what diagnosis?
Delusional Disorder
A client is relatively alert, though her memory has significantly declined and she has been experiencing increased difficulty recognizing objects, organizing her thoughts, and understanding abstract concepts. These problems have seriously impeded her normal functioning. What is her most likely diagnosis?
Dementia
The DSM defines Substance _______ as a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues use of the substance despite significant substance-related problems, while Substance ________ refers to less severe maladaptive substance use that leads to general problems in life (e.g., academic, relational, legal).
Dependence; Abuse
What diagnosis is given when there is a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to clinging and submissive behavior and fears of separation; people with this disorder often struggle to make decisions and take responsibility for their lives?
Dependent Personality Disorder
A person who repeatedly experiences a sense of estrangement from self, feelings of unreality, dreamlike states, and ego-dystonic bodily sensations, while reality testing remains intact, would best be diagnosed with what?
Depersonalization Disorder
D MMPI
Depression helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness
The most consistent predictor of adolescent suicide are:
Depression, substance use, and antisocial behavior
Four D's of malpractice:
Dereliction, duty, directly causing damage
Central Limit Theorem
Derived from Probability Theory. Predicts that sampling distribution of the mean 1) will approach a normal shape as the sample size increases, regardless of the shape of the population distribution of the scores, 2) has a mean equal to the population mean, and 3) has a SD equal to the population SD divided by the square root of the sample size.
Qualitative Research
Describes quality of relationships, actions, situations. Naturalistic context approach, inductive, and reflects investigators perspective. Examples) ethnographic, phenomenological, and research based on grounded theory. Methods: observations, interviews, and documented analysis.
This term refers to people who are sexually aroused by wearing clothing usually worn by the opposite sex. Transvestism The 4 stages of the Sexual Response Cycle are ________, characterized by sexual fantasies; ________, which entails feeling sexual pleasure and consequent physiological changes; ________, or the culmination of the sexual pleasure with release of sexual tension; and ________, consisting of general muscle relaxation and well-being.
Desire; excitement; orgasm; resolution
Alpha
Determines the probability of rejecting the null hyopthesis when it is true (probability of making a Type I Error). The value is set by the examiner prior to collecting or analyzing data. Is commonly set to .01 or .05.
Marlat
Developed the relapse prevention model of substance abuse. Unlike AA says addiction is an overlearned habit, not a disease. Do looks for triggers (stimuli) that evoke learned behavior. In substance abuse it's usually internal. So tx revolves around addressing triggers.
Millon
Developer of the MCMI
Developed for the treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder, ________emphasizes mindfulness, social skills training, and affect regulation.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
A person diagnosed with Schizophrenia ________ Type might present with loose associations, incoherence, flat or inappropriate affect, and regressed behavior that is largely uninhibited (e.g., laugh w/ out reason, incongruous facial gestures).
Disorganized
A person who presents with an inability to recall important personal information, usually of a stressful or traumatic nature, and too extensive to be attributed to ordinary forgetfulness, would receive what diagnosis?
Dissociative Amnesia
This condition is characterized by unanticipated travel away from home or work, an inability to remember some or all of one's past, and confusion about personal identity or the adoption of a new identity.
Dissociative Fugue
This diagnosis is given when a person develops at least 2 identifiable personality states that recurrently take control of the person's behavior, and the person is unable to recall important personal information to an extent greater than ordinary forgetfulness.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (previously Multiple Personality Disorder)
Sampling Distribution
Distribution of sample means that would be obtained if an infinite number of equal-size samples were randomly selected from the population and the mean for each sample was calculated. Resembles a normal curve.
Median
Divides scores in half when ranked from highest to lowest.
Ordinal Scale of Measurement
Divides variables into ordered categories. Ex) 1st, 2nd, 3rd places in a race.
Nominal Scale of Measurement
Divides variables into unordered categories. Ex) gender or age.
Positive punishment
Doing a punishment, like hitting. Positive punishment is punishment by adding something. Is a problem because it suppresses behavior it does not change or extinguish. If you do it, should be done immediately after bad behavior, at maximal intensity. You also want to deliver it early if there is a sequence of negative behavior. It is also important to make clear what would allow for reinforcement.
What term refers to the idea that schizophrenia is associated with either an excess of the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate) or with increased sensitivity to the dopamine ordinarily present in the brain?
Dopamine hypothesis
A person who has both Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymic Disorder is best characterized by the condition known as what?
Double Depression
This biological cause of mental retardation occurs due to a faulty distribution of chromosomes when the egg or sperm is formed, leaving the person with 47 rather than 46 chromosomes.
Down's Syndrome (aka Trisomy-21)
Hypoglycemia
During the acute stage it presents with anxiety and panic, during the chronic stage it presents as depression, psychosis, and/or personality change.
Goals and Techniques of structural family therapy
Dysfunction=inflexibility of family structure, goal is to restructure directive toward concrete changes in bx and interactions Techniques: joining, creating a family map, restructuring the family, blocking
This term refers to sexual pain this is not due to Vaginismus (usually not in males).
Dyspareunia
________ are characterized by disturbances in the amount, quality, and timing of sleep.
Dyssomnias
A 24 y/o client reports he has felt "pretty down" for most his life, stating he experiences difficulty falling asleep, low self-image, decreased energy, feelings of hopelessness, and difficulty concentrating and making decisions. He explains, however, that it rarely affected his functional capacities. What's the likely diagnosis?
Dysthymic Disorder
What is the most commonly used modality of biofeedback treatment for tension headaches?
EMG biofeedback
Probability Sampling
Each element in the target population has a known chance being selected for inclusion in the sample. Is used to ensure sample is representative of sample population.
What is the term used to define a person's tendency to repeat the words or phrases of others?
Echolalia
Eric Fromm
Effects of societal structures and dynamics on personality. Society prevents people from realizing their true nature. From identified 5
Anna Freud
Egos capacity for mastery. Also pioneer in using psychoanalysis w children, worked with words not play, focused on a strong positive bond with the child.
Expressive abuse
Emotion explosion
What aspects of Type A behavior are more likely to increase the risk of heart attack?
Emotional and temperamental (anger, hostility), as opposed to behavioral (job involvement)
Ego Psychology
Emphasis is on the ego, which tries to manage the demands of the ID and the super ego. Sees the ego as essential for mastering the tasks of life. Hartman, Anna Freud, and Erick Erickson are leading ego psychologists.
Goals and Techs of extended family systems tx
Encouraging differentiation of self in all family members. Lack of differentiation underlies triangulation, projection, emotional cutoff and multigenerational dysfunction Techniques: genograms and triangulations
Relationship Between Environmental Factors and the course of Bipolar Disorder
Environmental factors are likely to have a greater impact during the early stages of the disorder.
This is a nervous system disorder that involves recurring seizures with no identifiable cause; it affects about .5% of the population.
Epilepsy
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Erikson's final developmental stage where we look at our life and feel that we did the best we could or we regret what we did.
Random Error
Error that is unpredictable (random). Sampling error and measurement error are types.
Multigenerational Transmission Process
Escalation of dysfunction through several generations. = severe dysfunction
High blood pressure that has an unknown cause is referred to as ________, whereas if the high blood pressure is the result of a known disorder it is called ________.
Essential hypertension; secondary hypertension
Peripheral Nervous System
Everything but the Brain and Spinal Cord
Multiple Cut-off
Examinees usually take all the predictors and the predictors are not necessarily administered in any particular order.
Scoring and Interpreting Rorschach
Exner's Comprehensive System Location, Determinants, Content, & Frequency of Occurrance are all part of scoring
Between Groups Designs
Experimental research designs that allow a research to assess the effects of the different levels of one or more IVs by administering each level or combination of levels to a different group of subjects. ***Simply put: each level of IV to a different group.
Classical extinction
Expose repeatedly to the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. So to the bell without the meat powder.
Bowenian Theory
Extended Family Systems Tx Based on eight interlocking concepts: Differentiation of Self Triangulation Nuclear Family Emotional System Family Projective Process Emotional Cutoff Multigenerational Transmission Process Sibling Position Societal Regression
Sibling Position
Extended Family Systems Tx: Bowenian Theory Birth order, influence family functioning. Older children responsible for younger.
Societal Regression
Extended Family Systems Tx: Bowenian Theory Impact of societal stress on family
Differentiation of Self
Extended Family Systems Tx: Bowenian Theory Individual's ability to separate intellectual and emotional functioning Lower ability to differentiate, more fusion with other member's emotions and problems
Nuclear Family Emotional System
Extended Family Systems Tx: Bowenian Theory Mechanisms nuclear family uses to deal with tension and instability
Family Projective Process
Extended Family Systems Tx: Bowenian Theory Projection of parental conflict and general dysfunction onto children
Phase Model of Psychotherapy Effectiveness
Extention of dose-response model; relationship b/w # of sessions and outcome Howard Remoralization: subjective well-being, first few sessions, improvement in hopelessness, desperation Remediation: symptom reduction and relief, 5-15 sessions Rehabilitation: gradual improvement in overall functioning
What controversial PTSD treatment combines both CBT and client-centered approaches with lateral eye-movements, usually involving the client following the finger movements of the therapist?
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Overall view of psychotherapy effectiveness
Eysenck: no significant benefit of tx (except bx txt) Smith, Glass, Miller: benefits Current: therapy is better than nothing, all therapies are equal
TRUE or FALSE: There is no genetic link regarding ADHD.
FALSE: About 57% of children whose parents have ADHD are later diagnosed, while twin studies have revealed a .80 average heritability for hyperactivity/impulsivity
A physician at a hospital discovers that a child she has treated on numerous occasions for similar conditions is likely having symptoms fabricated by his mother. This being the case, the mother would most appropriately be diagnosed with what?
Factitious Disorder by Proxy (or Munchausen by Proxy)
Fundamental attribution error
Failure of others to internal
FERPA stands for:
Family education rights and privacy act
Developed by Minuchin for the treatment of Anorexia Nervosa, the ________ refers to family members and the therapist eating a meal together.
Family lunch
Watson
Father of Modern Behaviorism; Little Albert white rat phobia experiment
Skinner
Father of operant conditioning
Cybernetics
Feedback loops can be negative or positive
What three conditions are parts of the orgasm stage of the Sexual Response Cycle?
Female Orgasmic Disorder, Male Orgasmic Disorder, and Premature Ejaculation
Disorders of the Excitement stage of the Sexual Response Cycle include ________, involving inadequate lubrication/swelling of the genitals and/or subjective lack of excitement, and ________, characterized by recurrent failure to attain or maintain an erection.
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder; Male Erectile Disorder
Cognitive dissonance
Festinger; $1 scenario, insufficient justification
A child who has a short nose, narrow upper lip, small chin, and flat mid-face, and who experiences developmental delays, failure to thrive, and is usually mild to moderately mentally retarded characterizes what non-DSM condition?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (caused by chronic consumption of alcohol by mother during pregnancy)
Synergistic Articulation & Awareness in MID Model
Fifth Stage self-fulfillment regarding cultural identity; individual autonomy; values are examined individually therapist race unimportant
Conformity in MID Model
First stage Person conforms to dominant culture, rejects own culture; preference for white therapist
Object relations family therapy
Focus on the projections and transference occurring in the couple and family with the idea that we project that which we do not want for ourselves.
Low context
Focus on what was literally said. Caucasian then to use this
Neofreudians
Focused on cultural and social factors. Sullivan, Horney, and Fromme.
This French term often refers to when a person in close relation to another person who has a psychotic disorder begins experiencing similar delusions.
Folie a Deux (aka Shared Psychotic Disorder)
Eeg biofeedback
For seizure disorders and ADHD. Targets alpha waves
Emg biofeedback
For tension headaches, back pain, tmj. Emg more effective for tension headaches than thermal is for migraines.
Transfer of Training
Formal study of certain subjects strengthens intellectual functions. Transfer is caused by similarity of concepts & techniques, not the development of intellectual or memory faculties.
Introspection in MID Model
Fourth Stage Conflict b/w personal autonomy and rigidness of immersion stage; questioning of absolute rejection/unequivocal loyalty preference for minority therapist
Displacement
Freudian defense in which negative feelings about something are placed onto an other, i.e., afraid of sex so afraid of snakes. Different than projection, which is when you attribute your negative feelings to someone else, such as having strong feelings of racism which you can't tolerate, so you instead feel that people of color are hostile and cold towards you. Also different than projective identification, in which you project a negative part of you onto someone else, such as you are ashamed of your own procrastination so you criticize your parent if you see signs of it. It is also not Undoing, when you don't appreciate something you did and so try to absolve yourself.
Structural theory
Freuds theory that we all have a psychic structure broken down into the id, ego, and superego
The learned helplessness model of depressikn
From social psych, attributions are global, internal, stable
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test is useful for the detection of damage to the
Frontal Lobe
Often diagnosed as Dissociative Disorder NOS, ________ is characterized by a person providing answers to questions that are close to the truth but not completely True-
Ganser's Syndrome (aka syndrome of approximate answers)
A person whose experience of discomfort with their actual gender role and intense identification with the opposite gender causes functional impairment would receive what diagnosis?
Gender Identity Disorder
Selye, who studied reactions to stress, has described the ________, which is a set of characteristic responses over time under conditions of stress.
General Adaptation Syndrome
These are not enforceable rules.
General Principles
aspirational, goals intended to "guide psychologists toward the highest ideals of psychology."
General Principles
What types of seizures are similar to tonic-clonic seizures, but are very brief and not characterized by post-seizure deep sleep?
Generalized absence seizures (aka petit-mal)
Once referred to as grand-mal seizures, ________ involve episodes of violent shaking, during which the person becomes blue and stiff, and can last up to an hour. After a seizure of this type, the person usually falls into a deep sleep.
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Damage to the parietal lobe, and acalculia, agraphia, difficulty distinguishing right from left, and finger agnosia are characteristic of
Gertsmann's Syndrome
In any substance abuse treatment, the first and most important step involves what?
Getting the person to acknowledge that they have a problem, as denial is common
Stages of Crisis Intervention (Golan)
Golan proposed three stages: 1) formulation: identification of crisis and client's reaction 2) implementation: assess. of life prior to crisis, set short-term goals, steps to meet goals 3) termination: assess progress, discuss end of tx
Delusional Disorder ________ Type is characterized by the delusion that one has made a truly meaningful discovery and/or has a remarkable talent.
Grandiose Type
____________ are aspirational, and differ from standards that are mandatory and enforceable.
Guidelines
flooding
Guthrie; involves exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli while preventing an avoidance response. AKA deliberate exposure with response prevention. best with in-vivo (live exposure), but can work with imagination
A federal law signed into effect in 1996
HIPAA
When state law and HIPAA are contradictory, making it impossible to comply with both, the practitioner must follow ________________.
HIPAA
__________ was designed to protect Americans with medical conditions from losing health insurance when they changed jobs or moved.
HIPAA
HIPPA - Psychologist Duties - Written Privacy Policy, A ___________________, must be designated, in most small practices this would be the psychologist themselves.
HIPAA compliance officer
____________ has no jurisdiction over educational records, these are governed by ______________, also known as the ___________________.
HIPAA; FERPA, the Buckley Amendment
Techniques of Strategic Family Therapy
Haley Directives: direct instructions to family members; can be clear or paradoxical (engage in symptomatic bx to harness change resistance) Reframing: relabel bx to make it easier to change (anxiety=shyness) Circular Questioning: interviewing technique to learn more about patterns, leads to new views=change
Cultural Over-generalization
Hall Therapist assumes that all presenting problems are directly related to culture. Leads to premature drop out and under-utilization of services.
What are sensory perceptions that seem real but occur without the presence of an external stimulus?
Hallucinations
A client who discloses a history of extensive LSD use, though he no longer uses, reports that he occasionally re-experiences hallucinations similar to those he experienced when using the LSD. What is the most appropriate diagnosis?
Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder
Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
Happens after x uneven. number of attempts, like a slot machine or waiting for the bus. Has the greatest operant strength. Is the hardest to extinguish.
Variable interval schedule of reinforcement.
Happens randomly after an amount of time - like getting sick?
Conditioned stimulus
Has been paired
Helms & Racial Identity
Has two models: White & People of Color Racial Identity Models, and has Racial interaction Model Identity status stage affects relationships: parallel, regressive, progressive, and crossed interactions
People with Korsakoff's Syndrome
Have severe antegrade amnesia along with retrograde amnesia for events that occurred in the relatively recent past.
According to the _____________________, a psychologist may NOT withhold records for nonpayment under any circumstances.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Temporal Lobe
Hearing, emotions, visual memory, language comprehension also the location of Wernicke's Aphasia.
Temporal Lobe
Hearing, memory, Wernicke's aphasia
Deviation IQ
Here the IQs are related to the average score for each age group and this is presented in terms of how far the score deviates from that average. In this way, the scores can be more easily compared across ages.
Multicollinearty
High correlations between predictors.
Selling Leader
High task and high relationship orientation
Syntaxic modes
Higher level
Flooding with response prevention
Highly effective in treating phobias. Agoraphobia v effective, OCD.
Racial identity development: middle
Highly value their culture; devalue dominant culture
People with this disorder often act sexually seductive, have exaggerated though shallow emotions that shift rapidly, are easily influenced by others, seek constant reassurance/praise, and may consider relationships to be more close than they really are.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Hypothalamus
Homeostasis. The foundation below (hypo) the station-keeps things even and balanced.
Internal Validity
How sure the experimenter can be that the IV caused change in the DV.
What is the diagnosis when functioning is impaired due to extreme sleepiness for at least 1 month, which has manifested as either prolonged sleep episodes or daytime sleepiness, not due to lack of sleep?
Hypersomnia
Affecting the Desire stage of the Sexual Response Cycle, ________ refers to absent/deficient sexual desires and ________ refers to extreme eversion to and avoidance of sexual contact.
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder; Sexual Aversion Disorder
What condition is characterized by a preoccupation with fears one has a serious disease based on a misunderstanding of normal bodily functions, despite medical evidence and reassurance that nothing is wrong?
Hypochondriasis (no delusions; person is aware of exaggerated fears)
Ma MMPI
Hypomania manic style, excitability
Hy MMPI
Hysteria awareness of problems, physical symptoms, very high = conversion reaction
borderline intellectual functioning
IQ 71-84 without adaptive functioning trouble
Alternative Hypothesis
IV DOES have an effect on the DV.
Primary process
Id functioning-reducing tension in an immediate way without taking reality into play
Guilford
Identified 120 elements using factor analysis that he proposed in sum comprise intelligence. Convergent thinking is the ability to group or analyze divergent ideas usually leading to a unifying concept or single solution. Divergent thinking is the ability to generate creative, new ideas or to elaborate or branch off from traditional approaches, such as in brainstorming or "thinking out of the box."
Primacy effect
If there is a log gap between the message and the report, like between speeches and then voting, we tend to favor the first speaker
Recency effect
If there is a short or no gap between the stimulus/message and the report, we favor the most recent speaker
The difference between ________ and ________ is the former refers to the misperception or misinterpretation of an actual stimulus, whereas the latter refers to false beliefs that are firmly held despite contradictory evidence (and do not represent beliefs widely accepted by one's culture).
Illusions; delusions
Crisis Intervention Summary
Immediate short-term txt (5-8 sessions) for crisis Goals: symptom reduction, increase coping mechanisms, return to previous level of func., prevent future problems
Pairing
In classical conditioning, how did we acquire the learned behavior?
Prototaxic modes
In early infancy, a series or stream of seemingly unrelated sensory information. O-12m.
Reinforcement
In operant conditioning hoe did we acquire the learned behavior?
Modeling
In social learning theory, how did we acquire the learned behavior?
What variable accounts for ethnic minorities being underserved by the mental health system?
Inability of therapists to provide culturally responsive forms of txt
Apraxia or dyspraxia
Inability to perform certain motor movements
Agnosia
Inability to process sensory informations ; prosaposagnosia is the inability to recognize faces.
Prosopagnosia
Inability to recognize familiar faces.
Overall, research on the compressed work week suggest that its effects are:
Increased job satisfaction, with no effect on job performance.
Thermal biofeedback
Increases periferal temperatures, increasing circulation, good for reybauds and migraine
F-Ratio
Indicates if any group means are significantly different. Represents a measure of treatment effects plus error divided by a measure of error only. When the treatment has had an effect, the ratio is larger than 1.0.
Cohen's d
Indicates the difference between two groups in terms of SD units.
Eta Squared
Indicates the percent of variance in the dependent variable that is accounted for by variance in the IVs.
Bronfenbrenners systems model
Individual (individual development is influenced by the other systems); micro (every day interactions with people); meso (specific school events, neighborhood); exo (school system, city) macro (country, culture, enconomu)
Self-in-Reliant Theory
Individuals progress from infantile dependency to mature interdependency.
Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning moves from specific to generalized knowledge . So something INtimate I've observed about my life to possibly reflect or apply to (or not) to all of DEtroit.
Parametric Tests
Inferential statistical tests used when data to be analyzed (DV) is on an interval or ratio scale and when certain assumptions about the population distribution(s) have been met...i.e. when scores on the variable of interest are normally distributed and when there is homoscedasticity (population variances are equal). This includes t-tests and ANOVAs. Advantage: more "powerful" than nonparametric tests.
Non-Parametric Tests
Inferential statistics test used to analyze nominal or ordinal data. Includes chi-square. Less powerful test.
Milton glasses reality therapy
Influenced by RET and Jung. Responsibility. To get pts to accept more responsibility for thier actions.
Wolfgang Kohler
Insight study, important in moving from behaviorism to cognitive behaviorism. Saw how chimps has "Ah ha" moments where they made a cognitive leap to solve a problem.
A person experiencing ________ has trouble falling or staying asleep, or does not feel rested after a sufficient period of sleep, leading to marked distress of impaired functioning.
Insomnia
Gestalt therapy
Integrates pieces, whole greater than parts, are we attending to the figure or the ground?
Racial identity development: end
Integration
Theoretical Integration
Integration of different theories a "grand unified theory"
Practitioners of ________ contend depression is caused by difficulties in relationships stemming from early life, particularly those related to the development of attachment, and serve to maintain depression later in life; this approach embraces the medical model and views depression as a an illness to be treated with both medication and concurrent therapy.
Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
_______ is a present-oriented, structured and time-limited treatment that integrates biological and psychosocial approaches.
Interpersonal psychotherapy
Introjection
Involves absorbing the values or behaviors of others, including the larger society, without really understanding or assimilating those values or behaviors.
Selective Attention
Involves focusing on one event while filtering out or ignoring irrelevant events.
Lenore Walker-Cycle of Violence
Involves three stages, tension building, acute battering incident, and loving contrition
Friedman believes what four components comprise the pathogenic core of Type A behavior patterns?
Irritation, impatience, aggravation, and anger
Dopamine
Is a neurotransmitter associated with Schizophrenia and Parkinson's. When there is too much Dopamine Schizophrenia, when there is too little Dopamine Parkinson's
Acetylcholine
Is a neurotransmitter involved in memory and voluntary movement
Seratonin
Is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, and other, SSRI, used with anxiety, depression
Norepinephrine
Is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, too little depression too much mania
GABA
Is a neurotransmitter, low levels linked to anxiety (benzodiazepines reduce anxiety by enhancing the effects of GABA)
Groupthink
Is an intensive tendency to seek agreement among members of the group, which prevents full consideration of alternative decisions, to the point where the decisions reached may become irrational. Factors which contribute to groupthink include high cohesiveness, homogenous backgrounds and values, and a strong, directive leader.
The Stanford Binet
Is the better measurement for the extremes of the IQ continuum.
Stimulus generalization
Is when a stimulus evokes similar responses to another conditioned response (think white rabbits after Little Albert was conditioned to fear white rats). Can occur in both classical and operant conditioning.
Advantages of concurrent ind. & group tx
Issues identified in group explored further in ind. Group can complement ind. Recommended for BPD and narcissistic
Strategic Family Therapy Summary
Jay Haley Therapy viewed as a power struggle bw family and therapist Focuses on "strategic intervention" Goal is to intervene and change current problem asap 1st step: identify major problem, this will lead to improvement in other areas
What Delusional Disorder type does a man who is convinced his wife is cheating, based on the fact she came home from work with a wrinkled shirt, best fit?
Jealous Type
Self psychology
Kohut. Self psycholog. focused on issues of narcissism. Identified primary narcissism, the self focus of a baby to survive which allows you to develop a healthy sense of self. Need to get your self object needs met. Ways that can happen are mirroring, by displaying thier love and admiration for the baby, the baby having adults worthy of love and idealization, and township, adults they connect with. Focus on therapy on empathetic attuning, focused on the present over the past.
Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder due to thiamine and other vitamin B deficiencies is know as ________.
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Which of the following proposed a behavioral theory of career decision making
Krumboltz
What are the subtypes of Personality Change Due to a General Medical Condition?
Labile, Disinhibited, Aggressive, Apathetic, Paranoid, Other, Unspecified, and Combined
Thorndike
Law of Effect. Operant conditioning. If you do something and it's reinforced, you will do it more.
A person experiencing depression often views negative events as stable over time rather than transient, global rather than specific, and internal rather than external. What is the term used to describe this attributional style?
Learned Helplessness (M. Seligman)
culture fair tests
Leiter-R : age 2-20. measures fluid intelligence, good for nonEnglish/language impairment Raven's Progressive Matrices: measures (g). good for nonEnglish/language impairment. most common one is Standard Progressive Matrices.
Stimulus control
Limits self to exposure to a stimulus
Lisrel
Linear structural relations analysis used to verify a predefined causal model or theory. More complex than path analysis and it allows two-way (non-recursive) paths and takes into account observed variables, the latent traits they are believed to measure and the effects of measurement error.
Mediating Variable
Literally the "middle" variable. IV affects it which then affects the DV. May test this variable using Multiple Regression.
Participant modeling
Live modeling, then you participate in the modeled behavior
Secondary Memory
Long-term memory
What type of speech is a common symptom of psychosis characterized by responses that do not relate to questions asked, or one paragraph, sentence, or phrase is not logically connected to those that occur before or after?
Loosening of Associations (Loose Associations)
Aphasia
Loss of ability to understand or express speech
F-ratio
MSB/MSW MSB=mean square between (measure of variability between tx groups) MSW=mean square within (pooled measure of variability within each of the tx groups)
Classical conditioning
Make associations by pairing
Operant conditioning
Make associations by reinforcement.
Parataxic modes
Making temporal sequences of causality. Transference is a type of parataxic distortion
This term refers to one's deliberate production of either fraudulent or exaggerated symptoms motivated by external incentives (secondary gain).
Malingering
High F Score (range of 80-99)
Malingering ("faking bad")
A ________ Episode involves impaired functionality as a result of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for a period of at least 1 week, in addition to symptoms such as grandiosity, flight of ideas, and increased verbosity; a ________ Episode is similar, however the duration must be 4 days, no psychotic features or functional impairment is present, and hospitalization is not needed.
Manic; Hypomanic
Richard stewart
Marital behavior therapy
Psychodynamic family therapy
Martial schism and marital skew. Marital schism is a separation, discord and distance. Marital skew is when things are heavily weighted to one side or another. Not a threat of separation but one persons needs get met and the others dose not
Disadvantages of concurrent ind & group tx
May be inclined to express more in indv., and therefore not have enough content for group
Effect Size
Measure of the magnitutde of the relationship between IVs and DVs and is useful for interpreting the relationship's clinical or practical significance (e.g. for comparing clinical effectiveness of two or more treatments).
Backward conditioning
Meat powder (UCS) and then tone (CS) does not work!
_________________________ should make it clear that the are not providing treatment, just offering advice and feedback.
Media psychologists
It has been proposed that Seasonal Affective Disorder is related to abnormal regulation of ________ secretions by the pineal gland, hence the benefit of light therapy for people with this condition.
Melatonin
Emotional Cutoff
Methods children use to remove themselves from emotional ties to parents (avoidance). Leads to poor self differentiation.
Minority Stress Model
Meyer identifies distal and proximal factors that impact mental health outcomes in glb proximal (internal): expectations of rejection, concealment of sexual orientation, internalized homophobia distal (external): minority status, exposure to prejudice
Stress inoculation therapy
Michenbaum. eBT for PTSD. Inoculate them against something bad by giving them a small dose of it. Teaching patients how to deal with mild stressors and building thier ability to deal with bigger stressors. 1) education about how faulty cognitions are preventing desirable Behavior and coping 2) coping skills training (both cognitive and behavioral) 3) applications of skills in vivo or imaginally. Also involves relapse prevention, so wants to develop skills for high risk, relapse likely scenarios, and also how to cope with relapse.
Thought to be caused by dilation and spasms of the cerebral blood vessels, ________ are experienced as intense throbbing, usually on one side of the head, and often accompanied by nausea and/or other gastrointestinal problems.
Migraine headaches
What are the 4 degrees of mental retardation and their corresponding IQ scores, as defined by the DSM?
Mild (IQ = 50-55 to 70); Moderate (IQ = 35-40 to 50-55); Severe (IQ = 20-25 to 35-40); Profound (IQ = 20-25 or below)
People with this degree of mental retardation are able to develop social and communication skills during childhood, acquire about a 6th grade level of academic skills, and are able to work and live independently as adults.
Mild Retardation (85% of all mentally retarded people)
Frustration & Aggression study
Miller & Dollard (1939) prior to any manifestation of hostility there is always some frustration.
Family Structure
Minuchin Structural Family Therapy Members related to each other according to implicit structure; set of rules, rituals, etc.
Boundaries
Minuchin Structural Family Therapy Rules that determine amount of contact bw family members Enmeshment: unclear boundaries lead to dependence Disengagement: overly rigid boundaries promote isolation Boundary problems can also include triangulation (each parent demands child support), detouring (reinforce deviant bx bc take focus off of relationship), stable coalition (parent-child against other parent)
Subsystems
Minuchin Structural Family Therapy formed within the family system (parent-child, husband-wife)
A person who reports experiencing both mania and major depression in a single day, for at least 1 week, is experiencing a:
Mixed Episode
After administering a battery of standardized tests of intelligence to a client, results reveal severe deficits in both receptive and expressive language development, while the client's performance on nonverbal measures are considerably higher. What is the likely diagnosis?
Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder
What is often at the core of social learning theory based approaches?
Modeling
Live modeling
Modeling is done live
With this level of mental retardation, people may require guidance and some supervision in social and occupational settings; they usually have no more than a 2nd grade academic level; and as adults, they can contribute to their own support by performing unskilled or semiskilled work under close supervision.
Moderate Retardation (10% of all mentally retarded people)
Therapist Sensitivity & Tx Matching
More culturally aware/sensitive = better therapeutic alliance
Jung
More focused on adulthood over childhood
Gender in group therapy
More important with children, can be fine with adults depending on group purpose
Mode
Most common score in a set. If there are two most commonly occurring the set is bimodal. Easy to find, but not necessarily useful.
Size
Most effective at 7-10 members Less than 5 involves too much therapist interaction More than 10 alienation
Treatment of specific phobias
Most effective is flooding, next systematic desensitization
MMPI-2
Most widely used clinical personality test Developed by empirical criterion keying Has clinical, validity, supplementary, & content scales Mean=50, SD=10, above 65 significant interpreted w/ pattern analysis not recommend w/ non-psychiatric (normal scores don't tell much)
Multiple Regression
Multivariate technique used for predicting a score on a continuous criterion based on performance on two or more continuous and/or discrete predictors.
Cluster Analysis
Multivariate technique used to group people or objects into a smaller number of mutually exclusive and exhaustive subgroups (clusters) based on their similarities (i.e. to group people/objects so that the identified subgroups have within group homogeneity and between group heterogeneity).
A person who voluntarily produces or fakes physical symptoms and who has spent enough time in hospital settings to develop rather extensive medical knowledge would be best diagnosed with what?
Munchausen Syndrome (or Factitious Disorder with Physical Symptoms; hospital addiction)
Extended Family Systems Therapy Summary
Murray Bowen (Bowenian Theory) Incorporates members of extended family Dysfunction = intergenerational process Encouraging differentiation of self in all family members is primary goal.
HIPAA - Right of Amendment, All requests for amendment, as well as whether the requests were granted or denied, ________________________________.
Must be documented
how to assess the Big 5 personality traits?
NEO Personality Inventory 3
Often preoccupied with fantasies of power and success, people with ________ display a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy, which can lead to exploitative relationships.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Cognitive triad of depression
Negative view of the self. Negative view of the world. Negative view of the future.
Sullivan
Neo Freudian. Protaxic, parataxic and syntaxic modes.
What 2 forms of treatment, when done in tandem, have the highest benefit for people in treatment for nicotine dependence (e.g., looking to quit smoking)?
Nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patch) and behavioral intervention (stimulus control, aversive techniques)
This disorder is characterized by repeated awakenings due to frightening dreams that usually involve threats to self-esteem, survival, or security, and causes significant distress or functional impairment.
Nightmare Disorder
Group & confidentiality
No legal precedence for members to maintain confidentiality Imp. to be stressed in group, address issues of breaches
Court Ordered Patient
No need for informed consent
Chi-Square
Nonparametric test used with nominal data. Analyzes frequency of observations in each level or category. The groups are independent and no frequency expected less than 5.
catacholamines
Norepinephrine and opening
Definition of Crisis
Normal ways of adapting and coping insufficient to meet demands of situation
Psychotherapy Integration
Not the same as eclectic: integration attends to relationship bw technique and theory (eclectic does not) Relates to common factors, assimilative integration, theoretical integration, technical eclectism
Autonomic nervous system
Not under conscious control. Has two subsystems, sympathetic and parasympathetic.
Quantitative Research
Numerical data on variables. Emphasizes predictions, generalizability, and causality. Deductive in nature. Can be non-experimental (descriptive) research to collect data, but not test the hypothesis; ex) correlations, archival, and surveys. Can also be experimental research to test the hypothesis and test the effects of one or more independent variables on dependent variables.
personality test
OCEAN (openness to experienced, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) *conscientiousness best predictor across jobs
Object relations
Object relations emphasized interpersonal relationships. People have an inherent need for relationships.
Winnicot
Object relations psychologist. Talked about pathology coming from abandoning your true self and adopting a false self
Melanie Klein
Object relations psychologist. Talked about splitting as a defense, i.e., the good and bad breast, worked with children, interprets play as one would interpret free association.
Mahler
Object relations psychologist. The process of separation and individuation, taking about the physical separation of the infant from the mother and the psychological individuation.
This behavioral approach to treating Specific Phobias involves directly exposing the client to the object of fear until they recognizes there is nothing to fear, which leads to the fear being extinguished. In-vivo exposure ________ are persistent thoughts a person experiences as intrusive, inappropriate, distressing, and uncontrollable; ________ are repetitive behaviors performed according to a rigid set of rules, usually in response to the former.
Obsessions; compulsions
What condition is characterized by a persistent preoccupation with perfectionism, orderliness, and mental and interpersonal control, which severely limits openness, flexibility, and efficiency?
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Type II Error
Occurs when a false null hypothesis is retained (failed to reject the null when alternative hypothesis was valid). Probability of making this type of error is B (power).
Risky Shift
Occurs when a group makes a decision that is riskier than would have been made by the members individually.
Type I Error
Occurs when a true null hypothesis is rejected (rejected the null, but null was valid). Probability of making this type of error is alpha.
Adverse Impact
Occurs when the hiring rate for minority group is less than 80% of the hiring rate of the majority group.
Biofeedback
Offers reinforcement for reductions in autonomic arousal. Decreases sympathetic overarousal. The research is mixed on its efficacy.
What four groups has research found to be most at risk for developing delirium?
Older people (60+ y/o); people with decreased cerebral reserve (e.g., prior CNS injury or impaired cognition); post-cardiotomy patients; people going through drug withdrawal
Freedom from distraction factor
On the WISC III, measures distractability, short term memory, and concentration. On the WISC III, this factor is measured by the Arithmetic and Digit Span subtests.
True Experimental Design
Only type that provides amount of control necessary to conclude observed DV variability is from IV. Also is able to randomly assign subjects.
Describe the typical onset and duration of delirium.
Onset is usually rapid and duration is brief, typically less than 1 month
What condition involves inflammation of the middle ear accompanied by accumulation of liquid in the middle ear cleft and is said to cause cerebellar-vestibular dysfunction, which has been linked to the development of learning disorders?
Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)
Hyperthyroidsim
Overactive thyroid leads to weight loss, huge appetite still lose weight, anxiety, heart palpatations
HIPAA, Typically, chart notes kept on psychotherapy patients are considered to be _________________.
PHI
HIPAA, __________ refers to health information that identifies a patient, and that is transmitted or maintained in any form.
PHI
HIPAA, ____________ includes information about the MH condition (e.g., dx, symptoms, prognosis), provision of services (e.g., meds, treatments), and payments.
PHI
A client reports to her therapist that she experiences immense pain in her abdomen area; however, she discloses doctors have found no physical cause. Recognizing the client's preoccupation with the pain, the therapist is likely to diagnosis what?
Pain Disorder
A discrete period of intense apprehension, fear, or discomfort, often involving a sense of doom, and characterized by at least 4 somatic or cognitive symptoms (sweating, trembling, nausea, etc.) is referred to as what?
Panic Attack
A client reports experiencing numerous panic attacks that are unexpected and, consequently, worries excessively (for at least 1 month) about having another attack. This worry, particularly about losing control, has caused behavioral changes. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Panic Disorder
One-Way ANOVA
Parametric test used to compare the means of two or more groups when a study includes one IV and one DV that is measure on an interval or ratio scale.
Student's t-test
Parametric test used to compare two means.
Pa MMPI
Paranoia level of trust, vigilance
A pervasive pattern of distrust and suspiciousness in which the person consistently interprets the motives of others as malicious is characteristic of what disorder?
Paranoid Personality Disorder
What is the main difference between Paranoid Personality Disorder and Psychotic Disorders involving paranoia?
Paranoid Personality Disorder does not involve delusions, while Psychotic Disorders do
A client who speaks candidly and lucidly about a nonexistent world, is preoccupied with voices telling her "the world is ending," and whose speech, overt behavior, and affect are largely appropriate best fits what type of Schizophrenia?
Paranoid Type
People with ________ have repeated, powerful sexually arousing fantasies or urges to engage in sexual behaviors involving nonhuman objects, suffering/humiliation of self/partner, or children or other non-consenting partners, and the symptoms cause marked distress or impairment.
Paraphilias
What disorders involve abnormal behavioral or physiological events during sleep or at the threshold between sleep and awakening?
Parasomnias
Closed System
Part of systems theory Family is closed when resistant to change bc of rigid or impermeable boundaries. = disorder and disorganization
Open System
Part of systems theory. A family is open when it is able to received energy by interacting with the environment. Open to outside influence. Helps to restructure/revitalize.
Neurosis (Jungian)
Part of the process of figuring out who we really are.
Impulse Control Disorders, characterized by failure to resist an impulse to perform a harmful act, include what?
Pathological Gambling, Pyromania, Kleptomania, Intermittent Explosive Disorder, and Trichotillomania
aggression causes
Patterson; coercive interactions and low parental monitoring
classical conditioning--respondent conditioning
Pavlov--a response (UR) customarily elicited by a given stimulus (US) will also be elicited by a substitute stimulus if the substitute is presented just prior to the original. Food (US)-----------Salivation (UR) Bell--------Food--------Salivation Bell (CS)-------------Salivation (CR)
Social buffer effect
Perceived social support; not how many friends, but how well supported we feel we are
Social facillilitarion
Perform better in the presence of others
Social inhibition
Perform worse in the presence of others. Most common in novel, unfamiliar, and difficult tasks.
Emic-Etic Distinction
Pike Emic- studying a culture from the inside, seeing it as its members see it (recommended for tx) Etic- studying from outside, using universally accepted means of investigation
The ________ symptoms of schizophrenia are distortions of normal functions, such as delusions and hallucinations; the ________ symptoms represent a decrease or loss of functions that are usually present, such as alogia (restricted fluency of thought/speech), avolition (restricted initiation of goal-directed behavior), and flat affect.
Positive; negative
What is the only way to confirm with certainty that a person has Alzheimer's Disease?
Postmortem brain autopsy or biopsy
What is the appropriate diagnosis for a woman who, within 4 weeks after giving birth, experiences mood swings, tearfulness, and other depressive symptoms suggestive of a Mood Disorder?
Postpartum Depression
Galton
Postulated that intelligence is an inherited trait distributed normally across the population.
Kohlberg and Moral Development
Preconventional = Consequences of act, good behavior rewarded and bad behavior punished Conventional = behavior occurs because of a desire to maintain social lows, rules, and norms. Postconventional = self-chosen principles
Crisis Theory
Predictable sequence of response People are basically strong, healthy, etc. Therapy: active and supportive Short term change can lead to long term
Multiple Hurdles
Predictors are administered in a successive order. If the applicant fails on any predictor, he or she no longer completes the subsequent ones.
ADHD has been linked to abnormalities in the ________ by research that found diminished glucose metabolism and decreased blood flow in this region, as well as pathways connecting this region to the caudate nucleus.
Prefrontal cortex
________ is the most common sexual dysfunction in males, while ________ is the most common sexual dysfunction in females.
Premature Ejaculation; Orgasmic Disorder
What condition is characterized by a woman's routine experience of 5 symptoms such as marked depression, hopelessness, affective lability, lethargy, and sleep disturbance (to name a few) during the last week of the luteal phase, with symptoms easing within a few days of the onset of menses and absent the week following menses?
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
A woman's experience of irritability, depressed affect, fatigue, and nervousness a few days before her menstrual period starts is termed what?
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Delayed Conditioning
Presentation of CS precedes & overlaps presentation of US. Most rapid & strongest response
Backward Conditioning
Presentation of US precedes the CS. There is low chance of conditioning occurring in this situation
Goal Setting Theory
Presumes that being given a specific and, presumably, difficult goal results in the greatest effort and performance.
The 2 possible explanations for the development of Conversion Disorder are ________, which is when the symptom reduces anxiety and keeps internal conflict out of awareness, and ________, which is when the symptom helps the person to avoid an unpleasant activity or obtain otherwise unavailable support.
Primary gain; secondary gain
General Principle, Psychologists aim "to benefit those with whom they work and take care not to do harm"
Principle A. Beneficence and nonmaleficence
Principle, psychologists are aware of how their own physical and mental health may affect their capacity to help others.
Principle A. Beneficence and nonmaleficence
Principle, psychologists attempt to resolve conflicts among their professional obligations in a responsible manner that minimizes harm.
Principle A. Beneficence and nonmaleficence
Principle, safeguard the welfare and rights of people they interact with professionally, as well as animals in research
Principle A. Beneficence and nonmaleficence
Principle, psychologist should be concerned with the ethical compliance of others.
Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility
Principle, psychologists are encouraged to contribute some of their professional services for little or no compensation
Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility
Principle, psychologists clarify roles, manage conflicts of interest, and consult with other professionals.
Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility
Principle, promote "accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness" and avoid all fraudulent activities
Principle C: Integrity
Principle, recognize and respect demographic differences, and consider when providing psychological services.
Principle E: Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
HIPAA, right of notice, Patients should be provided with a written copy of the psychologist's ____________________.
Privacy Policy
_________ is the client's right to keep confidential communications from being disclosed in a legal proceeding.
Privilege
Statistical Power
Probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis. Power cannot be directly controlled but is increased by having a large sample, maximizing the effects of the IV, increasing the size of alpha, and reducing error.
Recommendations for working with African American clients
Problem-oriented and time-limited tx Boyd-Franklin recommend multisystems (ecostructural) approach: individual, family, friends, church, social services, etc.
Acculturation
Process of change that occurs when one culture assimilates w/ another culture; can influence tx Less acculturated = stronger preference for racially similar therapist
Neuropsych Assessment
Process of measuring deficits and relating them to known or suspected brain lesions Also for identification of residual strengths, differentiation b/w cases w & w/o brain damage, evaluating degree of impairment, planning rehab, localizing lesions
Ethics Code, include those delivered in person by mail, telephone, internet, or other electronic means.
Professional activities
Consultee vs program centered administrative consultation
Program centered is to modify or change a program, could be to admin or to whole clinic; consultee centered is when having problems with a group of consutees, like program implementation problems or no showing, etc.
Equifinality
Property in systems theory different causes lead to same end result Ex., regardless of content of argument, effect the same Focus on patterns of bx, not individual topics
Positive Feedback
Property in systems theory disruption of homeostasis by encouraging changes in status quo eg., going back to work requires role changes
What is the term used when an elderly person's experience of depression impairs their cognitive ability, but is unrelated to a general medical condition or substance use?
Pseudo-dementia
Pt MMPI
Psychasthenia neurotic, worry, tension, anxiety, ocd
Most studies have found that the best predictors of treatment outcome for substance abusers are
Psychiatric Severity and Problem Severity
Milton Erickson hypnotherapy
Psycho linguistics. Been critiqued as manipulative and paradoxical
The core feature of ________ Disorders are deliberately produced physical or psychological symptoms; people with this condition possess a desire to assume the role of a sick person. Factitious A person diagnosed with Factitious Disorder with Psychological Symptoms is likely to induce their psychological symptoms by the use of ________.
Psychoactive substances
Pd MMPI
Psychopathic Deviate high=antisocial
Adler
Psychopathology is caused by a maladaptive "style of life."
HIPAA, ____________________ refer to "process notes."
Psychotherapy notes
________________ basically include any written or oral statement in any form other than an entirely private conversation.
Public statements
What defense mechanism do people diagnosed with Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder most often rely on?
Reaction formation- defending against an unacceptable impulse by expressing its opposite
A child with this disorder presents with extremely disturbed and developmentally inappropriate relatedness; the Inhibited Type fails to initiate or respond in age-expected manners to social interactions, while the Disinhibited Type is socially indiscriminate (e.g., easily affectionate with strangers).
Reactive Attachment Disorder
"the prevailing professional judgment of psychologists engaged in similar activities in similar circumstances, given the knowledge the psychologist had or should have had at the time."
Reasonable
Intergroup hostility
Reduce by introducing superordinate goals, in which both groups have to coordinate to achieve a mutual goal
Consultation/Supervision/training/referral, the client feels uncomfortable with the therapist
Referral
Consultation/Supervision/training/referral, the therapist lacks competence in treating a presenting problem
Referral
Consultation/Supervision/training/referral, man seeks treatment to overcome fear of driving on freeway. Psychologist practices psychoanalytic, and hasn't done behavior therapy in 15 years.
Referral
Consultation/Supervision/training/referral, the therapist's personal beliefs and issues interfere with the therapy
Referral
Common Factors
Refers to aspects of tx present in most txs. therapeutic alliance, exposure to difficulties w/ opportunity for corrective emotional experience, expectations for change, therapist qualities including attention, empathy and positive regard, rational of problems
Minority Influence
Refers to attempts by a minority to alter attitudes and beliefs on part of the majority typically involving a break with the accepted norms and conventions.
Which of the following best describe the ethical requirements of a licensed clinical psychologist who tests positive for HIV?
Refrain from initiating any professional activities that might be adversely affected by the medial condition.
Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
Reinforcement happens every x times, so you get paid after handing out 100 flyers.
An approach used for the treatment of substance dependence, ________ contends substance dependence is a collection of maladaptive, over-learned habit patterns, rather than physiological responses to substance use; it does not label or blame people, but rather views them as responsible for learning more adaptive habits.
Relapse Prevention Therapy (CBT in nature)
Goals of Brief Therapy
Remove symptoms asap Restore to previous functioning Acquire skills/insight to improve future coping
Overcorrection
Reparation or restitution, and then going beyond.
Within Subjects Design
Research designs in which each subject receives, at different times, each level of the IV (or combinations of the IVs) so that comparisons on the DV are made within subjects rather than between groups.
Single Subjects Designs
Research designs that include at least one A (baseline-without treatment) and one B (treatment-person is own control) phase and include multiple measurements of the DV at regular intervals during each phase.
Factorial Design
Research designs that include two or more "factors" (IVs). They permit the analysis of main and interaction effects.
A client who has had an episode of Schizophrenia and continues to display less severe negative and/or positive symptoms (e.g., flat affect, odd beliefs), though no prominent positive psychotic symptoms are present would be classified as what type?
Residual Type
Conditioned response
Response to a conditioned stimulus (salivation to tone). Unconditioned and conditioned responses are usually the same, though UR are usually stronger
Unconditioned response
Response to an unconditioned stimulus
Tumors, head injuries, viral infection, vascular or other neurological disorders that damage the medial temporal region of the brain affect:
Retrograde and Anterograde amnesia.
Operant Interpersonal Therapy Summary
Richard Stuart Based on operant conditioning and social exchange theory Successful marriage=frequency of reciprocal positive reinforcement, txt=focus on positives Engage in pleasant activities, caring days (list 18, do 5)
HIPAA right, Patients may request changes to their PHI to improve accuracy
Right of Amendment
HIPPA patient right, Patients have right to be informed of privacy policy, how PHI will be used or disclosed, as well as patient's rights to limit uses and disclosures.
Right of Notice
HIPAA right, Patients may elect to have bills mailed to another address other than home, or not call at home, in order to protect confidentiality.
Right to receive confidential communications by alternative means and at alternative locations
HIPAA right - __________________ Psychologists are obligated to agree to _________________ requests to restrict use and disclosure of PHI.
Right to request restrictions; reasonable
Seven-Stage Crisis Intervention Model
Roberts conceptual model, est for crisis 1) crisis assessment, 2) rapport, 3) identify major problems, 4) feelings and emotions, 5) alternatives, 6) action plan, 7) follow-up
Object-Relations Family Therapy
Rooted in psychodynamic Insight is core requirement for change Problems = transference from mother-child relationship Techniques are non-directive listening, analysis of transference & resistance, development of supportive therapeutic env't. Interpretations of play.
stanford-binet intelligence test
SB5 is current version. age range is 2-85. measures general cog ability and psychoed eval
Standard Error of the Mean
SD of sampling distribution of the mean (how much the mean of a sample can be expected to vary from population mean due to sampling error). Larger the sample size, the smaller the SEM.
standard error of measurement (SEmeas)
SDmeas=SDx square root of 1-rxx rxx=reliability coefficient SDx= standard deviation of test scores
While ________ and ________ are considered most effective for treating the classic symptoms of depression, ________ are more likely to be prescribed if the person has atypical symptoms, such as hypochondria or obsessive-compulsiveness.
SSRIs; tricyclics; MAOIs
Structural Family Therapy Summary
Salvador Minuchin: working w/ low SES Concise, directive, here and now Views family as organism or structure Dysfunctional processes = underfunctioning Goal is to disrupt processes (therapist undermines) and push toward better functioning. Family improvement= individual improvement
Rejection Region
Sample values that unlikely to occur as a result of sampling error; reject the null hypothesis. *defined by alpha.
This disorder is characterized by symptoms of both a Mood Disorder and Schizophrenia, where psychotic symptoms are present and mood symptoms absent for 2 weeks or more; psychotic features are more prominent than in a Mood Disorder with Psychotic Features.
Schizoaffective Disorder
People with this disorder are pervasively indifferent to social relationships, express a limited range of emotions in social situations, often prefer to be "loners," and usually function adequately in non-social situations.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
The symptoms of what disorder affect content of thought, form of thought, perception, affect, sense of self, volition, interpersonal functioning, and/or psychomotor behavior, and literally means "splitting of the mind?"
Schizophrenia
Sc MMPI
Schizophrenia thought disorder
What disorder is characterized by a pattern of social and interpersonal deficits involving severe discomfort with and limited capacity for close relationships, as well as perceptual and cognitive distortions and odd/eccentric behavior?
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
This is diagnosed when a person displays onset and remission of Major Depressive Episodes at characteristic times of the year; typically onset is in fall or winter and remission is in spring.
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Dissonance in MID Model
Second Stage Confusion and conflict: questions values of dominant culture, begins to challenge previous beliefs; preference for minority therapist
Attitude Similarity & Tx Matching
Seems to be more important than racial similarity in terms of client preference
Rehm
Self control model of depression. Integrates cognitive and behavioral idea of depression. Says that depression is not just from lack of reinforcement from the outside world, it also comes from negative self evaluations and lack of self reinforcement and high rates of self punishment.
Kohut
Self psychology. V focused on issues of narcissism. Identified primary narcissism, the self focus of a baby to survive which allows you to develop a healthy sense of self. Need to get your self object needs met. Ways that can happen are mirroring, by displaying thier love and admiration for the baby, the baby having adults worthy of love and idealization, and township, adults they connect with. Focus on therapy on empathetic attuning, focused on the present over the past.
As treatment for sexual disorders, ________ requires partners to touch and stroke each other's naked bodies in a comfortable, relaxed setting, desensitizing the couple to anxiety cues usually encountered during sexual play.
Sensate focus
Studies have been conducted to determine the relationship between number of therapy sessions and outcomes. Some of these studies demonstrate that, after only a few sessions, clients are most likely to show improvement in terms of which of the following?
Sense of Hopelessness
Severing the corpus callosum will have the greatest impact on which of the following?
Sensory Systems.
Parietal Lobe
Sensory information, somatosensory functioning, sensation, light, touch, temperature, pain, proprioception- the ability to find your body part in space, problems with dressing apraxia, is damage to the parietal lobe.
Any payments or fee-splitting between psychologists and other professionals must be based on _________________________.
Services provided
2002 Ethics Code - Ethical Standards
Set forth enforceable rules
People with this degree of mental retardation have poor motor skills and communication skills as a child, though may learn to talk and can be trained in simple hygiene tasks; and they are often able to perform simple tasks as a adults, often living in highly supervised settings (e.g., group homes, with family).
Severe Retardation (3-4% of all mentally retarded people)
What is diagnosed when a person displays a sexual disorder that does not meet the criteria for a more specific sexual disorder, such as Ego-Dystonic Homosexuality?
Sexual Disorder NOS
Superordinate goals
Sharif's robber cave study. All about intergroup hostility.
Primary Memory
Short-term memory
The ________, a comprehensive quality of life measure, is used to assess the impact of disease on a person's physical and emotional functioning.
Sickness Impact Profile (SIP)
Also known as Jacksonian seizures, ________ affect only one side of the body and involve an uncontrollable trembling or jerking of an arm or leg.
Simple partial seizures
Correlation Coefficient
Single number depicting degree of association between variables.
Those people who experience intense fears of certain stimuli, such as heights, animals, and closed spaces, are placed in what general diagnostic category? Specific Phobia ________ panic attacks are most characteristic of Specific Phobia and Social Phobia, occurring every time a person is exposed to a specific stimulus.
Situationally bound
An example of ________ panic attacks would be a person who only occasionally experiences panic attacks in certain situations, and may experience attacks in other unrelated situations as well.
Situationally predisposed
Cass model of homosexual identity development
Six stages: identity awareness (conscious of being different); identity comparison (believes may be homsexual, acts heterosexual); identity tolerance (realizes is homosexual); identity acceptance (begins to explore gay community); identity pride (active in gay community); synthesis (accepts self and others)
A person who awakens suddenly, usually accompanied by a panicky scream, though has difficulty recalling the dream would receive what diagnosis?
Sleep Terror Disorder
This disorder is characterized by irresistible episodes of restorative sleep that occur nearly every day for a period of at least 3 months and either cataplexy or repeated intrusions of REM sleep. Narcolepsy Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders include ________ (episodes of breathing cessation), ________ (abnormally low or shallow breathing), and ________ (abnormal blood oxygen and carbon dioxide due to impaired ventilatory control).
Sleep apnea; hypopneas; hypoventilation
This disorder is characterized by repeated episodes of elaborated behaviors that lead to leaving the bed and walking around, without the person being aware of the episode or remembering it later.
Sleepwalking Disorder
Si MMPI
Social Introversion introversion/extroversion, people orientation
A person diagnosed with ________ makes efforts to avoid social or performance situations that might place him under the judgment, scrutiny, or observation of others, or expose him to strangers; being in such situations provokes a severe anxiety response.
Social Phobia
A person who presents as dramatic, vague, and exaggerated and who has made numerous physical complaints over several years, though those complaints have no clear physical cause, would receive what diagnosis?
Somatization Disorder
A person with ________ experiences excessive anxiety and worry about numerous life circumstances and feels incapable of controlling their worry; symptoms, lasting at least 6 months, include restlessness, irritability, difficulty concentrating, etc. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Disorders included in this general class, according to the DSM, are characterized by physical symptoms that have no known physiological cause and are believe to be attributable to psychological factors.
Somatoform Disorders
Therapist-Client Matching Summary
Some research supports that racial matching = greater retention in tx Most research finds that racial similarity, by itself, is not related to tx outcome; may interact w/ attitude similarity, therapist sensitivity, racial/cultural identification, presenting problem
Eclectic Psychotherapy
Specific treatments for specific symptoms Examples: Howard, Nance, Myers Adaptive Counseling and Therapy model; Lazarus' multimodal therapy; prescriptive eclectic psychotherapy (Beutler); transtheoretical approach (Prochaska DiClemente)
What are the dominant defense mechanisms used by a person with Borderline Personality Disorder?
Splitting, idealization, and projective identification
Standard Deviation (SD)
Square root of the variance. Larger the SD the greater the scores disperse around the mean.
This is the most effective treatment for premature ejaculation- it involves one partner squeezing the penis of the aroused partner just before ejaculation, thus inhibiting ejaculation and promoting self-control.
Squeeze technique (aka "stop and start")
Glascow Coma Scales
Standardized test rating three categories of patient responses: eye opening, best motor response, and best verbal response. Eye opening = brain's activating center, Best Verbal Response = condition of the central nervous system within the cerebral cortex, Best Motor Response = Ability to move arms and legs.
Includes three parts: 1. test construction, evaluation, and documentation 2. fairness in testing 3. testing application
Standards for educational and psychological testing
Albert Ellis
Started out as an analyst and was the first cognitive Behaviorist. Very direct. Tires to convince patients that they are being irrational. A- active has events B behavior C consequences (REBT). Very active. Rehearsals. Modeling.
Holland
States career choices are an expression of personality.
Often associated with Mental Retardation, ________ is characterized by repetitive motor behaviors that are not functional, such as head banging or body-rocking, and cause physical harm or significantly interfere with normal activities.
Stereotypic Movement Disorder
Response prevention
Stopping someone from thier typical avoidance response so that they are exposed fully to the CS without the US and without thier avoidance behaviors . Prolonged exposure, aka flooding, works better than multiple brief exposures.
Haley
Strategic family therapy.
Burns transactional analysis
Strokes, life scripts , three Ego states: parent/ adult/child. Focus on the transactions or verbal interchanges, to help pts be more aware of what they are saying and hearing. Transactions occur at obvious, overt, and covert levels. Games are ulterior transactions, such as two transaction levels happen at once.
Minuchen
Structural family therapy. "U" goes with the "u" in Minuchen. All about boundaries and rigid triads. Types of rigid triads are detouring, stable coalitions, and triangulation. Also, looking at the structure of relations ships, talked about disengaged and emerged families.
Etic
Study a culture from outside-think of a heretic as an outsider
Primary processes
Subconscious mental process governed by the id
What is diagnosed when maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes occur during or shortly after using or being exposed to a substance (e.g., alcohol, caffeine, opioids), and the changes are due to the physiological effects of the substance on the central nervous system?
Substance Intoxication
This diagnosis is given when a reversible syndrome develops in a person due to recently terminating or reducing the use of a substance after using it in large quantities over a long period of time.
Substance Withdrawal
When a person's dementia is caused by the persisting effects of substance use, rather than the direct effects of intoxication or withdrawal, the most appropriate diagnosis is what?
Substance-Induced Persisting Dementia (with the responsible substance indicated)
Self serving bias
Success to internal of self, failure of self to external
Assumption of Individualism
Sue & Sue: Aspects of American perspective that influence counseling: 1) class-bound values: time boundaries/schedules, unstructured approach to problem-solving, long-range goals emphasized 2) culture-bound values: individualism, cause-and-effect for problems, emphasis on expression, openness in expressing intimate aspects, separation of physical and mental 3) language variables: standard English stressed
Mean
Sum of scores divided by the number of scores. Less susceptible to sampling fluctuations. Can be thrown off by extreme outlier scores.
Consultation/Supervision/training, generally considered to be an on-going process with careful scrutiny of a case.
Supervision
Consultation/Supervision/training/referral, Typically sought when you are not ready to practice independently in the area or with a new population
Supervision
Consultation/Supervision/training/referral, applying a newly learned technique
Supervision
Consultation/Supervision/training/referral, beginning to work with a specialized population
Supervision
Consultation/Supervision/training/referral, treating a disorder you are trained in but no clinical experience
Supervision
A person with ________ is able to read regularly spelled words, but unable to decipher words spelled irregularly (e.g., reads "fight" as "fit"); a person with ________ might produce responses that are related to the target word in meaning but not visually or phonologically (e.g., substitutes "down" for "up" or "hot" for "cold"), which is referred to as "semantic paralexia."
Surface dyslexia; deep dyslexia
Gsr biofeedback
Sweatiness. Good for anxiety.
3 forms of modeling
Symbolic modeling (filled modeling); live modeling; participant modeling
Normal Curve
Symmetrical, bell-shape distribution, can be defined by mathematic equation and predict based on knowledge of one variable. Areas: 68%- fall between the scores that are plus and minus two standard deviations from the mean; 95%- fall between the scores that are plus and minus 3 standard deviations from the mean.
Clients best suited for Brief Tx
Symptoms have acute onset, ok adjustment before onset, high motivation, good interpersonal skills
Family System in Structural Family TX
System rather than just a set of individuals (same as in general systems theory)
Properties
Systems Theory Systems have properties that determine structure Seven types: wholeness, non-summativity, equifinality, equipotentiality, homeostasis, negative feedback, and positive feedback
TRUE or FALSE: Learning disorders cannot be caused by mental retardation, but mental retardation can be co-diagnosed with a learning disorder.
TRUE: Learning Disorders and Mental Retardation are distinct phenomena that, while not caused by the other, can be co-diagnosed
TRUE or FALSE: Bulimics are more likely than Anorexics to become engaged in treatment due to their awareness that their behavior is abnormal?
TRUE: People with Anorexia usually deny that they have a problem, while people with Bulimia are often aware of their abnormal eating habits
TRUE or FALSE: As people with Autism grow older, they may become more interested in developing relationships, which is usually absent in Autistic children.
TRUE: They usually do not understand the customs that regulate social interaction
TRUE or FALSE: A person can present with more than one type of Delusional Disorder?
TRUE: This is referred to as Mixed Type
Genograms
Technique in extended family systems tx Schematic diagram of family system, at least 3 generations, geographical local, sig. events Gain info. about family patterns/hx
Triangulation as technique
Technique in extended family systems tx Tx involves two family members, therapist is neutral 3rd member in "therapeutic triangle" Helps learn to diffuse fusion and achieve self differentiation
Restructuring the Family
Technique of Minuchin Structural Family Therapy After joining (blending) and mapping Enactment: role-playing Reframing: bxs reframed in more positive light
Blocking
Technique of Minuchin Structural Family Therapy Block old bx to force learning of new bx (block triangulation by forbidding child to discuss problem with parents)
Creating a Family Map
Technique of Minuchin Structural Family Therapy Observes family and charts transactional patterns
Joining
Technique of Minuchin Structural Family Therapy Therapist blends with family system using: mimesis: adopting family's style and language tracking: identifying family values and hx
Jungian therapy: how is behavior determined?
Teleological- determined by future goals not so much the past
Diagnostic Overshadowing
Tendency to attribute all bx/emotional problems to a diagnosis w/o considering alternative explanations
WAIS-III
Tends to overestimate the IQ scores of lower functioning individuals and underestimate the IQ scores of higher functioning individuals.
What are caused by sustained contractions of muscles in the forehead, scalp, and neck, and are often experienced as a band being tightened around one's head?
Tension headaches
Which of the following would be used to measure the internal consistency of a test?
Test-retest reliability
Includes provisions granting the right to access one's own educational records, as well as limiting disclosure to others.
The Buckley Amendment or FERPA
_______________________________ protects the privacy of student records in higher education institutions.
The Buckley Amendment or FERPA
_________ applies only to professional and scientific activities of psychologists, and NOT to their private conduct.
The Ethics Code
HIPPA stand for:
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Null Hypothesis
The IV does NOT have an effect on the DV.
HIPAA rule, provides regulations and safeguards regarding confidential patient information.
The Privacy Rule
HIPAA rule, addresses issues of physical security, such as locking filing cabinets and encrypting e-mails.
The Security Rule
HIPAA rule, requires a nationally standardized format be used for all health-care transactions that are transmitted electronically, most notably all insurance claims.
The Transaction Rule
Functional assessment
The assessment of behavior. Identifies the target behavior that we are trying to increase or decrease and what are the antecedents of that behavior? What are the current consequences of that behavior? What reinforcers and punishers that are maintaining that behavior?
Animism
The belief that inanimate objects have thoughts, feelings, and other life like qualities.
Thalamus
The central relay station for sensory information going to the cortex.
Main Effect
The effect of a single IV on the DV.
Interaction
The effects of one IV at different levels of another IV.
Hartman
The ego does not grow out of the id, but rather they are co developing in parallel. Differentiated between Ego defensive and Ego autonomous functions, like perception, learning, memory, etc.
Magical Thinking
The erroneous belief that one has control over objects or events.
Self fulfilling prophesy or Rosenthal Effect
The expectations we have of children at school shape their performance above and beyond ability
Anterograde Amnesia
The inability to form new memories following a trauma.
Apraxia
The inability to perform complex, purposeful movements, which cannot be explained by problems related to comprehension, coordination, or strength.
Retrograde Amnesia
The inability to remember memories prior to a trauma.
Experimental Design
The investigator randomly assigns subjects to different groups which receive different levels of the manipulated variable.
Erik Erickson.
The maturation of the Ego. Said everything is stage related and so each stage builds on mastery of the previous stages. Had 8 stages of development.
Dependent Variable
The measured outcome of a study using the IV to test a hypothesis. Symbolized by the letter "Y."
Racial/Cultural Identification & Tx Matching
The more the client identifies with a specific racial background, the strong the preference for a racially similar therapist, consistent with minority development model
Intelligence level & group therapy
The most important factor in group composition, should have same or similar intelligence. Crucial for group interaction.
Experimentwise Error Rate
The probability of making a Type I error. As the number of statistical comparisons in a study increases, probability of making a type I error increases.
Approach-Avoidant Conflict
The strength of the positive and negative qualities increase the closer you get to a goal, but the strength of the negative qualities increase more. For example, as I get closer to taking the licensing exam, I may think of just taking it again next time or consider changing careers.
Self-serving bias
The tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors and one's failures to external factors.
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors in explaining other's behaviors.
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies our existing beliefs.
Cattell
Theory distinguished between fluid and crystallized intelligence.
According to both Kohlberg's and Piaget's theory of moral development, which of the following statements is not true?
There may be differences across cultures in the development of moral reasoning, especially in the early stages.
What is the most commonly used modality of biofeedback treatment for migraine headaches?
Thermal hand warming biofeedback (person trained to warm their hands)
Tricyclics (Imipramine, Clomimpramine, Amitriptyline)
These are most effective in relieving vegetative symptoms of depression, including appetite, sleep, and motor disturbances.
MAO Inhibitors
These are most effective in treating atypical depression.
Quasi-experimental Design
These are used when random assignment of subjects to groups is not possible.
Absence or Petit Mal Seizures
These are very brief (30 seconds or less) and are characterized by minimal motor activity and a lack of awareness. These usually begin in childhood and most outgrow the condition by adulthood. Researchers believe that these originate in the thalamus.
Dissatisfaction and Satisfaction (Hertzberg)
These are viewed as two seperate phenomena. The factors taht cause dissatisfaction (hygiene factors) are different from those that contribute to satisfaction (motivator factors), which means that person can be satisfied and dissatisfied at teh same time.
Authoritarian Parents (high control and low warmth)
These children are often insecure, dependent, and perform more poorly on cognitive tests.
Permissive Laissezfaire (high warmth but low control)
These children are often insecure, dependent, and perform more poorly on cognitive tests.
Authoritative (High warmth and high control/demandingness)
These children have better coping skills, are more mature, responsible, and perform better on cognitive measures.
Uninvolved/Rejecting/Neglecting (low on control and warmth)
These children tend to be antisocial, lack self-regulation, are more immature, and score lower on cognitive tests.
Clomipramine, imipramine, SSRIs
These lessen the effects of OCD
Longitudinal Research
These studies the same people are studied over a long period of time.
Egocentrism
Thinking, observing, and judging things in relation to oneself.
Resistance & Immersion in MID Model
Third Stage Rejection of dominant culture, immersion in minority; combating racism/oppression; distrust of majority preference for minority therapist
Medial Temporal Area
This area contains part of the temporal lobe and the hippocampus. This area is associated with long-term memory.
Basal Forebrain
This connects the temporal lobes and is involved in long-term memory.
Alternate Forms or Coefficient of Equivalence
This consists of administering two alternative forms of a test to the same group and then correlating the scores.
Circular Model of Causality
This describes a symptom as both a cause and an effect of dysfunctional communication patterns.
Paradoxial Strategies
This includes prescribing the symptom and relabeling, or changing the label a family attaches to a problem in order to change the meaning.
Moderator Variable
This influences the relationship between two other variables.
Coefficent of Stability (Test-Retest Reliability)
This involves administering the same test to the same group on two occasions and then correlating the scores.
Developmental Research
This involves assessing variables as a function of time.
Shaping
This involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.
Procedural Memory
This is a memory of how to do certain activities.
Split-half Reliability
This is a method of determining the internal consistency reliability.
Method of Loci
This is a mnemonic device in which items are associated with mental images of places.
Achromatopsia
This is a rare form of color blindness that is accompanied by hypersensitivity to light and poor visual acuity.
Eigenvalue
This is a statistic that indicates the degree to which a particular factor is accounting for variability in the variables studied. In other words, this indicates strength of explanatory power.
Confounding Variable
This is a variable in a research study which is not of interest to the researcher, but which exerts a systemic effect on the DV.
Chaining
This is an operant procedure that enables complex behaviors to develop through reinforcement of a sequence of simple behaviors. That is, Behavior A is followed by a reinforcer, which serves as a discriminative stimulus for Behavior B, which is followed by a reinforce, and so on.
Implicit Memory
This is an unconscious, nonintentional form of memory.
Expetancy Theory
This is based on the premise that motivation is a cognitive process involving three variables: expectancy (the belief that effort will lead to success), instrumentality (the beliefs that successful performance will result in certain outcomes, and valence (the value placed on the outcomes)
Disability Rating Scale (DRS)
This is for gauging general level of disability.
Prefrontal Cortex
This is most associated with short-term memory.
Multiple Regression
This is not the appropriate technique when the characteristics measured by the different predictors are noncompensatory.
AVPU Scale
This is primarily used after injury occurs or as pre-hospital information. It rates if someone is alert, response to voice, responds to pain or is unresponsive.
Precentral Gyrus
This is responsible for motor functioning.
Minimization
This is seeing something as less significant than it really is.
Metacognition
This is the ability to monitor one's own cognitive processes while thinking, learning, and remembering. It allows us to identify and use appropriate learning strategies, and the research has shown that learners with below-average intelligence can benefit from training in metacogntive skills.
Criterion Contamination
This is the artificial inflation of validity which can occur when raters subjectively score ratees on a criterion measure after they have been informed how the ratees scored on the predictor.
Personalization
This is the attribution of external events to oneself without evidence of a causal connection.
Needs Assessment/Needs Analysis
This is the first step in developing a training program. This involves identifying the needs of the organization.
Disulfiram
This is the generic name of Antabuse.
Episodic Memory
This is the memory of a particular episode, such as your last birthday
Job Analysis
This is used to describe the requirements of a job.
Job Evaluation
This is used to determine the relative worth of a job.
ANCOVA
This is used to statistically remove the effects of a covariate, or an extraneous variable, on the dependent variable making it easier to determine the effects of the IV on the DV.
Memory of Newly learn Information
This memory function is most likely affected following a stroke or head trauma.l
Retroactive Inhibition
This occurs when a new experience interferes with the recall of an earlier one. For example, an actress struggles to remember her old lines after learning new lines for a play.
Proactive Inhibition
This occurs when a past experience interferes with the ability to remember new information. For example, a person struggles to learn Spanish because they previously took Latin.
Selective Abstraction
This occurs when one focuses on a detail, taken out of context, at the expense of other information.
Fanaticism
This occurs when the person becomes overzealous in identification to a particular role tot he point that he or she is intolerant of others.
Hertzberg
This person derived a two-factor theory addressing worker motivation and satisfaction, not career choices.
Bounded Rationality (Administrative) Model of Decision Making (Herbert Simon)
This proposes that decision makers are not alays completely rational in making choices. Instead, time and resources limit their consideration of alternative, so they tend to consider alternatives only until a satisfactory one is identified.
Emotional Reasoning
This refers to a person believing that because he or she feels a negative emotion, there must be a corresponding negative external situation.
Internalized Racism
This refers to acceptance of negative messages about the abilities and intrinsic worth by members of the stigmatized races.
Nystagmus
This refers to involuntary jerky eye movements.
Personally Mediated Racism
This refers to prejudice and discrimination at the individual level.
Institutional Racism
This refers to restriction or denial of material conditions and access to power to members of minority groups.
Subtle racism
This refers to the beliefs, attitudes, and actions of individuals and is less obvious form of racism.
Satisficing
This refers to the decision-making style of using the minimal amount of information to reach a "good enough" solution.
Principle of Equifinity
This refers to the idea that no matter where the system changes occurs, the end result is the same.
Subpoena
This requires a person to appear at a designated time and place with a copy of the records. It does not necessarily require the person to release those records.
Confluence Model
This simply states that each succeeding child has less of the family's resources available to him or her.
Standard Error of Measurement
This tells us how accurately an obtained score on a test estimates someone's true score on that test, if a true score were ever possible to obtain. Keep this one in a box labeled "reliability of a test."
Standard error of the mean
This tells us how closely our sample mean approximates teh population mean. Keep this in a box in your mind labeled "experiments and samples."
Internal Consistency
This utilizes a single test administration and involves obtaining correlations among individual test items.
Ratio IQ
This was a simple formula used when mental test were first developed. It was a way of determining how the child's mental age differed from his or her chronological age. A problem with it was that IQ scores are not comparable across age groups.
Law of Exercise
Thorndike--A response that is repeated often enough in the presence of a particular stimulus will become more closely bonded to that stimulus & will more likely be repeated in the presence of that stimulus. Strengthens the effect of satisfiers, but not sufficient to produce learning
Law of Spread Effect
Thorndike--minor law--when an act has satisfying consequences the pleasure becomes associated with other acts that occur at approximately the same time.
Law of Effect
Thorndike--responses that are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction tend to be repeated. Responses accompanied by discomfort do not tend to be repeated. Direct precursor to Skinner's Principle of Reinforcement
Law of Readiness
Thorndike--the behaving organism must be ready to perform an act before performing it could be satisfying--motivational state
Secondary process
Thought, communication
Pretest Sensitization
Threat to External validity; Occurs when pretesting affects how subjects react to the treatment. Control by: not administering a pretest or use solomon 4-group design.
Reactivity
Threat to external validity; Occurs when subjects respond differently to a treatment because they know they are participating in a research study. 2 types: 1) Evaluation Apprehension: avoid negative evaluation. 2) Demand Characteristics: cues in a study that inform subjects of purpose of study or expected behavior.
Statistical Regression
Threat to validity; Extreme scores regress towards the mean. Control by: Don't include only extreme scores in the study or use more than one group and all groups have similarly extreme scores.
History
Threat to validity; an event that is external to the research study affects subject's performance on the DV in a systematic way. Control by: having more than one study group and randomly assign participants
Maturation
Threat to validity; physical change, event, or psychological process occurs as the result of the passage of time; ex) fatigue, decreasing motivation). To control: more than one group and randomly assign to groups.
Selection
Threatens internal validity when groups differ at the beginning of the study because of the way subject were assigned to groups and is a potential threat whenever subjects are not randomly assigned to groups.
Which of the following theorists related career development to ego identity development?
Tiedeman and O'Hara
Object constancy
To be able to integrate the good and bad f the other and experience them as a whole, of cannot do than splitting occurs. Is a goal of therapy.
Babinski reflex
Toes fan out when feet are tickled
Standard conditioning
Tone (CS/NS) then meat powder (UCS)
Consultation/Supervision/training/referral, vital when psychologists are unfamiliar with a certain area of knowledge.
Training
Consultation/Supervision/training/referral, you test adults, but when to extend into adolescents
Training then supervision
Independent Variable
Treatment or intervention tested to affect an outcome (DV). Symbolized as letter "X" and must have at least 2 levels of treatment for comparison.
HIPAA, right to request restrictions, T OR F Psychologists are not obligated to agree to any and all limits of disclosure requested by patients.
True
True or False, According to The Buckley Amendment (FERPA), parents cannot access education records (including student health records) without student consent.
True
True or False, a psychologist may request the judge to modify a court order, so that only part of a record is revealed
True
True or false, confidential information can be shared without consent, when permitted or mandated by law
True
TRUE or FALSE: A person cannot be diagnosed with both Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence.
True- if a person meets the criteria for Dependence, Abuse is not diagnosed
Rooting
Turns head when cheek is touched
Helms' White Racial Identity Model
Two phases: "abandonment of racism" and "defining non-racist white identity" Six identity statuses: contact; disintegration; reintegration; pseudo-independence; immersion-emersion; autonomy
Kaplan
Two subtypes of case consultation; client centered and consultee centered and two types of administrative consultation : consultee and program centered
Reciprocal inhibitor
Two things that are the opposite happen at the same time, so whatever is stronger will inhibit the weaker
A person with this type of personality is competitive, achievement oriented, highly involved with work, and is active and aggressive.
Type A
Multiple Baseline Design
Type of Single Subjects design; Involves sequentially applying a treatment to different baselines (e.g. to different behaviors, settings, tasks, or subjects).
AB Design
Type of Single Subjects design; includes a single baseline phase (A) and single treatment phase (B), with the treatment being withdrawn ("reversed"- take away treatment, measure, and readminister to confirm findings) (e.g. ABA or ABAB design) during the second and subsequent baseline phases. No reversal if unethical ( causes harm). Can't conclude if effects persist after treatment (B) is removed.
Prescrpitive Eclectic Therapy
Type of eclectic psychotherapy Beutler Match most effective techniques (eclectic) to client based on est (prescription) Three key elements: 1) synergy of awareness and action (both methods influence each other); 2) complementary nature of psychotherapy symptoms (diff. theories offer diversity, not contradict); 3) identification of empirical markers for selecting tx (all est have a place in tx) Prescriptive matching
Adaptive Counseling Therapy
Type of eclectic psychotherapy Howard, Nance, Myers therapy is customized to client's level of readiness, including willingness to be in therapy, ability, and confidence in therapy outcome
MultiModal Therapy (MMT)
Type of eclectic psychotherapy Lazarus BASIC ID: seven ares of life that need to be addressed Behavior, Affect, Sensations, Imagery, Cognitions, Interpersonal relationships, need for drugs, exercise, nutrition Largely psychoeducational
Transtheoretical Model of Change
Type of eclectic psychotherapy Prochaska & DiClemente Six Stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination (last often left off) Weigh pros and cons at each stage: decisional balance
Mixed (Split-Plot) ANOVA
Type of factorial ANOVA that is used when a study includes at least one between-groups IV and one within-subjects IV.
Mixed Designs
Type of factorial design in which at least one IV is a between-groups variable and one IV is a within-subjects variable.
classical conditioning in pavlov's dog
US: meat powder UR: salivation CS: bell eventually bell would produce salivation, then called CR.
Racial identity development: early
Uncomfortable with identity, prefers dominant identity
Hypothyroidism
Under active thyroid, leads to weight gain regardless of food intake, slowed heart rate, lethargy
What is the best diagnosis for a person who has at least 1 physical complaint that has persisted for at least 6 months and cannot be fully explained by a medical condition or substance use (e.g., chronic fatigue, appetite loss)?
Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder (if less than 6 months = Somatoform Disorder NOS)
A person who presents with symptoms of Schizophrenia though does not clearly qualify as disorganized, catatonic, or paranoid types would be classified as what type?
Undifferentiated Type
What is the term used to describe panic attacks that occur without warning and in the absence of a trigger (must occur for a diagnosis of Panic Disorder)?
Unexpected panic attacks
Etic
Universal
Unconditioned stimulus
Universal
When a client's delusional belief cannot be clearly determined or is not described by the specific types, they would receive a diagnosis of Delusional Disorder ________ Type.
Unspecified
Premack principle
Use a high frequency behavior to reinforce a low frequency behavior
DBT
Used especially for borderline and suicide. Very present focused. Very structured and behavioral. Have the pt agree to be in tx for a year and regularly attend. Client needs to work on therapy impairing behavior. Also skills building.
t-test for Single Sample
Used to compare a single obtained sample mean to a known or hypothesized population mean.
t-test for Independent Samples
Used to compare means from two independent groups.
t-test for Correlated Samples
Used to compare two sample means when subjects in the two groups are related in some way (e.g. because they were matched on an extraneous variable or because a single-group pretest/post-test design was used).
ANCOVA
Used to increase the efficiency of the analysis by statistically removing variability in the DV that is due to an extraneous variable. Each person's score on the DV is adjusted on the basis of their score on the extraneous variable.
Least Square Criterion
Used to locate the regression line so that the amount error in prediction is minimized.
Regression Analysis
Used to predict a score on one criterion based on the person's obtained score on one predictor. Involves identifying the location of the regression line ("line of best fit") and using the equation for that line, the regression equation, to make predictions.
Path Analysis
Used to verify a predefined causal model or theory. Involves translating the theory into a path diagram, collecting data on the variables of interest (the observed variables) and calculating and interpreting path coefficients indicating strength/direction of relationship between pairs of variables. If pattern fits predicted from theory it supports the theory.
Point Biserial Coefficient
Used when One variable is a true dichotomy and the other is continuous variable.
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
Used when a study includes one or more IVs and two or more DVs that are each measured on an interval or ratio scale. Helps reduce the experimentwise error rate (probability of making a Type I error) and increases power by simultaneously analyzing the effects of the IV(s) on all of the DVs.
Randomized block ANOVA
Used when blocking has been used a as a method for controlling an extraneous variable (i.e., when the extraneous variable is treated as an independent variable). Allows an investigator to statistically analyze the main and interaction effects of the extraneous variable.
Spearman rho Coefficient
Used when both variables are ranks.
Pearson r Coefficient
Used when data on variables represent a continuous scale. *2 interval or ratio variables.
Biserial Coefficient
Used when one variable is an artificial dichotomy and the other is continuous (interval/ratio).
Factorial Analysis of Variance
Used when study includes two or more IV's and a single DV that is measure on an interval or ratio scale. Also known as a two-way ANOVA, three-way ANOVA, etc. with the numbers "two" and "three" referring to the number of IVs.
Single Sample Chi-Square
Used when the study includes one variable with multiple categories. "Goodness of Fit."
Multiple-Sample Chi-Square
Used when the study includes two or more variables with different categories.
Eta Coefficient
Used when the variables are both continuous and have a nonlinear relationship. *2 interval/ratio.
This term refers to vaginal muscle contractions that make penile penetration difficult and painful.
Vaginismus
Cross Validation
Validating a correlation coefficient on a new sample (e.g. a criterion-related validity coefficient).
The "F" or infrequency scale MMPI
Validity scale "faking good" or "faking bad" very high (90) = invaliad high = malingering
the ? or Cannot Say Scale MMPI
Validity scale # of items left unanswered 30 or more not interpreted High = reading comprehension, overcautious, paranoid, rebellious
The K or correction scale
Validity scale defensiveness = high, also assoc. w/ high education
The "L" or lie scale MMPI
Validity scale deliberate attempt to present in favorable light high=unwilling to admit minor shortcomings low=exaggeration of problems
Ratio Scale of Measurement
Variables are ordered and have equal intervals and an absolute zero. Ex) Kelvin scale.
Interval Scale of Measurement
Variables are ordered and have equal intervals of measurement. Does not have an absolute zero. Ex) Temperature.
Technical Eclecticism
Variation of assimilative integration No unifying theory, varied techniques
Composition of Groups summary
Various factors impact effectiveness and interaction in groups. Heterogeneous: each member has diverse traits Homogenous: members have similar traits Composition factors include developmental level, gender, intelligence level, stability, and size
A person who presents with significant problems in memory and/or other cognitive disturbances following a cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke or infarction) would receive what diagnosis?
Vascular Dementia
Which of the WAIS-III factors is most stable across the lifespan?
Verbal comprehension
Research has shown that alcoholics who are administered the WAIS perform relatively normal on _______ subtests, while their ________ subtest scores are often poorer than expected, especially on visual-spatial measures.
Verbal; performance
Systems Theory Summary
Views the family as a system of interacting relationships and transactional patterns. Can be open or closed. Ultimate goal to avoid closed system.
Stepping/walking reflex
Walking motion when the baby is held upright and feel are flat on a surface
Classical vs Operant Conditioning.
We bring about Classical Conditioning by paring. We bring about operant conditioning by reinforcement.
Actor observer bias
When I fail it's external, when they fail it's internal
Social referencing
When an infant takes you about their emotions and how to react from the environment.
Protocol analysis
When doing a new task, asked to verbalized out loud the steps they are using to solve this problem.
Cultural Encapsulation
Wren's concept defines reality according to own culture, insensitive to cultural variations, disregards evidence against own assumptions, unaware of biases, defines counseling in dogmatic, quick-fix solutions
HIPAA, right of accounting, __________________________ by the patient may be used in lieu of an accounting procedure.
Written authorizations
Benefits of Group Thearpy
Yalom 11 mechanisms of change or therapeutic factors: 1) installation of hope, 2) universality; 3) imparting info; 4) altruism; 5) recapitulation of primary family group; 6) development of social skills; 7) imitative bx; *8) interpersonal learning; *9) cohesiveness; *10) catharsis; 11) existential factors *most important according to Yalom, instillation of hope for lower functioning Studies suggest cohesiveness= pos. outcome
Stage of Group Therapy
Yalom: 3 formative stages 1: hesitancy to disclose, orientation, dependent on leader 2: conflict, dominance, rebellion, hostile communication 3: cohesiveness, support and positive communication, more disclosure After 3, group can effectively deal with member issues, leader's goal is to continue working toward goals and avoid subgrouping
Self monitoring
You monitor yourself
If data points are widely scattered around a regresion ine, it would indicate
a low correlation coefficient
aversive conditioning
a noxious stimuli (US) is paired with a behavior targeted for elimination (CS) i.e Antabuse (US)--Alcohol (CS)--Nausea (UR) when Alcohol produces Nausea then Nausea (CR)
career maturity (in adults career adaptability)
a person's ability to cope w/the developmental tasks of their life stage . assessed with Career Development Inventory
Interruption of psych services, plans for continuation of care are often termed "__________"
a professional will
primary reinforcer
a reinforcer that is inherently valuable (e.g food, water, sex)
secondary reinforcer
a reinforcer that is paired with a primary reinforcer & gains power as a reinforcer--$$$$, token economy
Learning
a relatively permanent change in potential performance or behavior as a result of experience. Requires active participation
Merely taking an internship or acquiring experience in a practicum or employment setting is not adequate preparation for _____________________________________
a retraining psychologist (switching specialties clinical, counseling, IO, school)
adverse impact (2 causes)
a selection test is discriminating against members of a legally protected group; diff selection, placement or promotion rate 1. differential validity: measure is valid for one group but not another. (moderator variable: distinguishing characteristic btwn groups; age,race,gender) 2. unfairness: one group gets consistently lower scores on predictor than members of another group; but diff is NOT related to diff in scores on the criterion.(solution is to use diff predictor cutoff scores)
chaining
a series of related & simple behaviors are tied together to form a more complex behavior. each response in the series acts as both a secondary reinforcer for the preceding response & a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain
Unless serious threat, or required by law, to disclose psychotherapy notes to anyone, the patient must complete a ____________________________________.
a specific and detailed authorization
factor analysis
a squared factor loading provides a measure of "shared variability" when factors are orthogonal, a test's communality can be calculated by squaring and adding the test's factor loadings
mediated stimulus generalization
a stimulus serves as a mediator (connecting link) between 2 stimuli that themselves were never paired
token economy
a structured environment is established in which tokens (points, tickets, stickers, etc) are used as reinforcers for targeted behaviors. response cost is often also involved
insight learning
a sudden, novel solution to a problem. sudden internal cognitive restructuring of the environment. Gestalt Learning Theory
rebt
abc (activating event, belief, consequence) de (therapist dispute beliefs, e is alternative beliefs that result) tx is educayional, confratative, persuasive
Somatic Nervous System
ability to walk, raise your hand, voluntary movement.
According to recent research, the compressed workweek has the least impact on:
absenteeism
Therapeutic alliance & txt outcome
accounts for most of the variance in txt outcome more important than specific intervention
coping strategies
active is better than passive (exercise vs restricting activity)
Recommendations for working with Hispanic clients
active, goal-oriented tx, consider importance of family in tx, aware of need for bilingual services Cuento therapy: use of folktale in tx, either in original form for children, or adapted for adults
criterion contamination
actual criterion assesses factors other than those it was designed to measure ex. knowledge of employee's predictor performace
actuarial vs. clinical predictions
actuarial: based on empirically validated clinica: based on person's intuitino, experience and knowledge
social learning theory--Bandura
adds a 3rd mechanism to learning paradigm--cognitive mediational processes--cognitive processes govern what environmental influences are attended to & how they are perceived & interpreted.
Delegation of work, supervisees (etc.) only perform duties if have _____________ __________ and no __________ __________
adequate competence, multiple relationships
self-instructional thinking
adhd
at what age kids understand different races
age 10
reminiscence bump
age 10-30 memories
autonomous morality
age 11 and beyond, rules can be changed with the ppl who make them, focus on intention of actor vs consequences
strong interest inventory
age 15 and above. occupational.
wais
age 16-90. provides FSIQ. assess intellectual ability in 16 and older
telegraphic speech
age 18-24 months, put 2 words together to make sentence. vocab is 300-400 words
self-conscious emotions (jealous/embarrass)
age 2
wppsi
age 2-7
kauffman tests
age 3-18. culture fair test.
wisc
age 6-16. autistic lowest scores: comprehension, symbol, coding adhd lowest scores: cancellation, math, coding
heternomous morality
age 7-10, rules set by adults, unchangeable and what are consequences...
bender visual-motor gestalt
ages 3 and older, assess visual-motor integration, 16 cards with geometric figures. 2 part of copy and recall.
kohler insight learninh
aha experience; internal cog restructuring of the env so subject can reach goals
Services through organizations, if feedback is precluded for legal or organizational reasons, should inform the person of this fact ______________.
ahead of time
hyperthyroidism
aka grave's disease (high hr, temp, weight loss, low attn(
new neurons
aka neurogenesis; in hippocampus and caudate nucleus
beta
alert, fully awake
random assignment
allows investigator to be more certain that an observed effect on the DV was actually caused by the IV (distinguishes true experimental research from quasi-experiemental research)
sleep stages
alpha, theta, delta, beta 1-4 is nrem (3/4 is slow wave) 5 is rem every 90-100 minutes all stages
attachement to fathers
also attach at same level, but with play activities vs. care giving of mothers
what reliability is best to assess speed tests?
alternate forms
Animal research, animals are only to be subjected to pain or stress when an __________________ is not available, and is justified in terms of _____________.
alternative procedure; value
Ach
alzeheimer's memory issues (drugs slow breakdown of Ach)
repression
an active inhibition of recall due to its emotional significance
discriminative stimulus
an environmental cue that a particular behavior will be reinforced; e.g. asking Dad (not Mom) to borrow the car, stay out late or pigeon receiving food after pressing lever while green light is on (not red light)
Failure to cooperate with an ethics investigation, by APA or state, constitutes _______________________.
an ethical violation in and of itself.
attention
an internal cognitive process by which one actively selects environmental information or actively processes information from internal sources
endorphins
analgesis pain relief. prevent release of substance P. "runner's high"
thorndike
animal study; learning is due to connectionism, not mental events
maoi's
anticholinergic side effects, weight gain, hypertensive crisis
The primary associated feature of the Somatoform Disorders is
anxiety and depression.
james-lange
anxious first, then emotion
Education and training, descriptions of education and training programs must be accurate in terms of content, goals, stipends, as well as _____________________.
any requirements for counseling
HIPPA - Psychologist Duties, Safeguarding Access to PHI, Practitioners must take _____________ and ____________ actions such as locking filing cabinets, ensuring password protection, and encrypting emails that contain PHI.
appropriate and reasonable
Assessments, recommendations, and reports, including forensic testimony, should be based on techniques that are _________________________________.
appropriate and sufficient
HIPAA Transaction Rule, Practitioners who submit claims electronically must either use __________________ or contract with a _________________.
appropriate software; health-care clearinghouse
Psychologists should not promote the use of assessment by unqualified persons, unless it is in the context of an ______________________________-.
appropriate training program
Location & Rorschach Scoring
areas of blot used in responses whole (w: intellectual, organized) unusual detail (Dd: avoidance, compulsion)
dysarthia
articulation issue
biserial
artificial dichotomy (favorable/unfavorable)
Right Brain
artistic, visual spatial, more intuitive
selection
as a threat to internal validity, selection is really an assignment problem
Fees and financial arrangements, fees and billing arrangements must be agreed upon "_____________________________________ in a professional or scientific relationship."
as early as feasible
Therapy, informed consent including description of services, course of treatment, fees, third party involvement, and limits to confidentiality, should be discussed as _________________________________.
as early as feasible in the therapeutic relationship
Issues of publication credit should be discussed with students ______________________ and ___________________.
as early as possible; throughout the publication process
2002 Ethics Code - Preamble and General Principles
aspirational goals to guide psychologists toward the highest ideals of psychology
Subpoena, no client permission, 1. request subpoena be quashed; 2. appear but then ______________________.
assert patient-therapist privilege
other types of counter-conditioning
assertiveness training & sensate focus
glasgow coma scale
assess loc post brain injury, score of 3-8 indicates unconsciousness
method of loci
associating items to be remembered with mental images of "places."
Theory Y managers
assume that workers are motivated primarily by financial self-interest; that job demands must match workers' skills, and that workers need detailed guidelines and constant supervision.
According to current research, the most predictive variable for adult IQ scores among infant responses would be
attention to a visual recognition task.
temporal lobe
auditory cortex wernicke's area (comprehension), antero/retrograde amnesia right lobe = nonverbal
A patient's employer, spouse, school, or the court requests PHI, an _____________________________ must be secured.
authorization from the patient
huntington's disease due to what
autosomal dominant gene
covert sensitization
aversive conditioning that takes place through the imagination. Requires one to imagine unpleasant scenes & pair the images with the targeted behavior
escape vs avoidance conditioning
avoidance; one can avoid negative reinforcer all together, escape is just escaping it (avoidance combines classical conditioning)
explicit memories
awareness of remembering, can be revealed by testing memory; AKA declarative memory. Semantic & episodic memory
TAT
based on Murray's theory of needs
self-directed search
based on holland's RIASEC, must match job's requirements.
Subpoenas are issued by lawyers, and can not ______________.
be ignored
separation anxiety
begins at 6-8 months, intense btwn 14-18 months
Variable Interval Schedule (VI)
behavior is unpredictably reinforced
Theory X managers
believe that workers dislike work and avoid it whenever possible; therefore, workers must be directed and controlled.
intermittent (partial) schedule of reinforcement
best to switch to this after establishing a behavior. results in greater resistance to extinction. 4 types: fixed ration, fixed interval, variable ratio, variable interval
centralized network
better for simple task
holland
better job outcome with personality-environment fit when person exhibits a high degree of differentiation (high score on domain and low on rest of riasec)
nativist approach
biological mechanism and universal pattern
PET scan/fMRI
bloodflow and function
Which is the most common anticholinergic side-effect?
blurred vision
ocd and adhd
both develop repetitive routines
dementia pugilistica
boxing dementia progressive
gender stability
boys grow up to be men and etc
side effects of propranol (inderal)
bradycardia and depression
CNS
brain and spinal cord (connects to PNS)
sexual dimorphism
brain is diff for male/female
rehm's self-control theory
brief group tx:self-monitoring, evaluation, reinforcement
sensory memory
brief storage for information gained by sense; info available for 2-3 seconds, capacity unlimited,
frontal lobe
broca's area (expressive), primary motor cortex, complex
hydrocephalus
build up of fluid of ventricles in brain
bilingual ability vs monolingual
by adolescence they both are the same in terms of cognitive tests
gender constancy
by age 7, know that one can't change gender by changing external appearance
retrograde amnesia
can learn & recall new information, but no memory before the trauma; extensive retrograde amnesia rare & more serious than anterograde amnesia. may signify a lack of physiological etiology.
split-brain patient
can name object in right visual field, but can't pick it up with left hand
tricyclics side effects
cardiotoxic, anticholinergic side effects, fine hand tremor
tiedman and o'hara
career decision-making model related to ego identity development: anticipation phase: explore and make choice implementation phase: in job
career concept
career decisions
social learning to change someone's view you would look at their?
categories of judgment
basal ganglia- motor actions
caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus
In Huntington's Disease, the first brain structure to show signs of damage is the
caudate nucleus.
Temporal Lobe Damage
cause hallucinations, delusions, and mood disturbance. Also produces deficits in declarative memory and episodic memory.
2 types of communication networks
cenralized: Y, chain, wheel: must pass through single person decentralized network: : circle, all-channel: members discuss info freely (better for complex tasks)
multi-component model
central executive phonological loop visuo-spatial sketchpad episodic buffer
trace decay theory
change in brain but decays over time without use
maturation
changes that occur within person due to time
Determinants & Rorschach Scoring
characteristics of blot: form, movement, shading, color form (F): based on perceived form [shape], and scoring includes "form quality," or correspondence to actual form
response generalization
child praised for saying dada, will also say mama and baba
gender identity
children recognize they are male or female, by age 3
The most frequent complaints among individuals diagnosed with Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder include
chronic fatigue, loss of appetite, gastrointestinal, or genitourinary symptoms
Preamble, Psychologists respect and protect _______ and ______ _____ and the principles of freedom of inquiry and expression.
civil and human rights
Goals & txt outcome
clarity on goals is moderate predictor of outcome
Research using a "dismantling strategy" suggest that the most critical component of systematic desensitization is
classical extinction.
Therapist emotional stability & txt outcome
clear, modest relationship to txt outcome
When using a collection agency, the most limited information should be used, typically just ____________________ and __________.
client's name; amount of money owed
When a subpoena received, the psychologist must seek the _______________________.
client's permission to release information
atypical antipsychotics
clozapine, resperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine positive and negative sx motor disorders too act on d4 (dopamine), serotonin, glutamate side effects; anticholinergic, sedation, lowered seizure threshold, extrapyrmidal side effects are lower, except akathesia aranulocytosis; low wbc. still can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome, lower chance of tardive dyskensia
sedative-hypnotics (barbituates, anxiolytics, alcohol)
cns depressants causes dependence (cross-tolerance), w/drawal is dangerous benzos (end in -pam/-lam) = anxiety drugs (gaba) *buspirone = no sedation, but takes longer to work
When clients information is entered into databases, measures such as ____________________ should be taken.
coding of personal identifiers
KR-20
coefficient alpha
Research, excessive financial or other inducements are prohibited as they may act as _____________.
coercion
mmse
cog impairment in older adults
PASS model of intelligence
cognitive assessment system. age 5-17
Dementia due to HIV Disease includes:
cognitive slowing, impaired attention, and forgetfulness; apathy and social withdrawal; and clumsiness and leg weakness.
what technique is good for reducing aggression
cognitive training
Financial, psychologist must inform clients before using a ____________________, and provide the opportunity to make prompt payment.
collection agency
jungian archetype
collective unconscious
assessment for disabilities
columbia mental maturity: does not require verbal or fine motor skills peabody picture vocab: estimates verbal iq, good for ppl with motor or speech impairment haptic scale for adult blind, uses tactile stimuli hiskey-nebraska: use for hearing/language problem
avoidance conditioning
combination of classical conditioning & negative reinforcement. Illustrated by Mower's 2-factor theory of learning--something "bad" occurs when something neutral occurs (light & shock). avoidance response reinforced by the termination of fear/anxiety each time situation is avoided. Very resistant to extinction
Differential Reinforcement for Other behaviors (DRO)
combination of operant extinction & positive reinforcement. involves non-reinforcement (extinction) of the target behavior & reinforcement of all other non-target behaviors
history
comes from "out there" and occurs at around the same time that the IV is administered
Communication-interaction therapy espouses that communication has both a "report" function and a
command function
type A
competitive impatient hostile
chaining
complex behaviors like baking a cake, all steps important
decentralized network
complex tasks and more satisfaction
When it is required, should provide accurate information and obtain approval from host institutions before ____________________.
conducting research
____________ is the right to have communications kept within the bounds of the professional client-therapist relationship.
confidentiality
Should make research data available for replication, assuming ________________________ are addressed.
confidentiality and legal concerns
Psychologists should make advance plans to protect the __________________________________ in case of death or incapacity.
confidentiality of records and data
If you learn of ethical violation directly from client: protect ______ above all, and down report unless you receive a _____________ from client.
confidentiality; release of information
Standard-reporting ethical violations, further action should not be taken if ______________ will be violated, or if you were retained to ______________________________.
confidentiality; review the work of a psychologist whose conduct was in question
rational-economic model
consider all possibilities
relevance
construct validity- degree to which it measures the ultimate criterion
what is a source of error for split-half reliability and coefficient of alpha?
content sampling coefficeint of alpha also has another source of error: heterogeneity of the content domain (so coefficient of alpha is smaller for all the sections of eppp than for the eppp covering only test construction)
Interruption of psych services, must make plans for ____________________________ in the event of relocation, illness death, client's financial limitations etc.
continuation of care
HIPPA - Psychologist Duties, Psychologists must obtain ___________________________ that business associates (e.g., billing companies) comply with HIPAA.
contractual assurances
closed-head injury
contrecoup (opposite side) hemorrhage, edema, amnesias
Publication credit should accurately reflect __________________________.
contributions to the research
oblique factors
correlated
When participation in research is part of a ________________________________, other alternatives must be made available.
course requirement or option for extra credit
In contrast to subpoena, a ____________ is signed by a judge and carries the weight of the law.
court order
The psychologist must comply with any __________ or held in contempt of court. Psychologist should maintain frequent communication with client and client's attorney.
court order
In a _____________________ privilege does not exist.
court-appointed evaluation
In _________, the client is the client, and therefore the client has confidentiality rights and there is a need for a release
court-ordered therapy
the psychologist must generally obtain a signed release of information from the client in order to communicate with the court
court-ordered therapy
Informed consent exception example, In a __________ evaluation, consent is not obtained. The client is, however, informed of the ___________________ and ______________.
court-ordered; purposes of the evaluation and limits of confidentiality
nondominant- right hemisphere
creativity, facial recognition, spatial relationship
4 horsemen of the apocalypse
criticism, defesniveness, contempt, stonewalling
The variable most directly associated with a need for personal space is
cultural background.
Multiple relationship, when a therapist enters into a non-professional relationship with a ___________, someone ___________, or promises to enter into ___________.
current client; some close to the client; another relationship with client or someone close in the future
The Ethics Code allows for solicitation and use of testimonials, by must never be solicited from ________________, or from any persons who are _______________________.
current clients; vulnerable to undue influence
Guidelines for child custody evaluations, Conducting a ________________ with a current or former client, or conducting therapy with a current or prior _________________ should be avoided.
custody evaluation; custody examinee
Child custody, if not agreement between parents can be reached, the principle of the "_____________________" is used to make determination.
"best interests of the child"
Psychologists still should not enter into sexual relationships with former clients unless "________________________" exist.
"most unusual circumstances"
Standard, Conflicts between ethics and law, may never be used "to justify or defend ____________"
"to justify or defend violating human rights"
Interruption of psych services, qualifies the requirement for a continuation of care plan (professional will) with the statement "______________"
"unless otherwise covered by contract"
subjective criterion measures: relative comparative and absolute
relative (comparative) : rater compares 2 or more employees (alleviates rater bias, forces to place some employees at low performance levels, doesn't provide employee feedback) absolute: ratee's performance w/out comparison paired comparison: rate in pairs compared with all forced distribution: grading on curve: assign ratees to a limited number of categories on normal distribution critical incident: supervisor observes employee and then marks as good or bad (good for feedback, but only extremes of job, not typical behaviors) forced choice: 2-4 alternatives that best or least describes the employee graphic rating: likert scale (high bias fixed w/specific job behaviors) BARS: identify job behaviors, behavioral anchors (critical incidents). choose one behavior/dimension. (time consuming and expectations of raters interfere)
systematic desensitization
relaxation paired with a mild anxiety provoking situation; can't be relaxed & anxious at the same time. Wolpe, 1949. Hierarchy of fears
Evaluations should be made on "the basis of....actual performance on ____________________________________"
relevant and established program requirements
Assessment tools are to be used appropriately in light of ____________________.
relevant research
consistency aka
reliability (true score variablity)= estimate of the proportion of variablity in examinees' obtained scores that is due to true diffferences among testees on the attributes measured by the test
Hall's High-Context Communication
relies on "restricted codes," culturally-defined meanings, non-verbal messages more characteristic of African, Asian, Hispanic, Native American (contrasted to low-context, =anglo)
shrinking retrograde amnesia
remote memories return first
Wernicke's, Broca's and conduction aphasia share which of the following difficulties?
repeating what is said
differential reinforcement
replace behavior with alternative, reinforce with token vs child self-reinforcing with hand flapping
Newly Revised Strong Interest Inventory
representative of general US workforce General Occupational Themes (GOTs): Holland's six expanded to include technology Basic Interest Scales (BISs): 30 w/ contemporary interests Occupational Scales (OSs): 244 Personal Style Scales: work style, learning env't, leadership, risk taking, team orientation Administrative Indices: type and consistency of responses computer scored, longitudinal (predictive) validity of success, satisfaction
According to Erikson, an adolescent who is unsuccessful in resolving the identity vs. identity confusion psychosocial conflict will exhibit:
repudiation.
The Standards for educational and Psychological Testing, test users should have a sound technical and professional basis for their actions, which can be derived from ______________________________________.
research done by test developers and publishers
scallop effect
responding (behavior occurrence) very slow/non-existent immediately following a reinforcement, increases & is finally very rapid right before next reinforcement. E.g. child exhibiting good behavior immediately before X-mas
superstitious learning/ adventitious reinforcement
responses that are reinforced accidentally by the coincidental pairing of response & reinforcement. Produces superstitious behavior
Overcorrection typically involves
restitution, guided movement, and positive practice.
Research debriefing, Participants are entitled to a prompt opportunity to obtain information about the research, including _______________________.
results and conclusions
type 2 error
retain a false null hypothesis equal to beta
Statements by others, psychologists _______ for public statements even when they hire someone else to promote them.
retain responsibility
shaping
reward behavior in small steps until goal is achieved, ultimate goal is important only
When psychologists serve in more than one role in a judicial or administrative proceeding, they should clarify ______________________, and update clarification as often as __________.
roles and limits of confidentiality; changes occur
theory of work adjustment (twa)
satisfaction (actual work) and satisfactoriness (worker's skills)
HIPAA, Duties of the Psychologist, compliance is "______________", meaning more is expected of a hospital than a private practitioner.
scalable
beck's cbt
schemas automatic thougts cog. distortions cog. triad (- view of self, world and future) tx: collaborative empiricism, timie limited (~15 sessions), structured, goal-oriented, socratic dialogue, relapse prevention
prefrontal cortex
schizo problem
A high level of expressed emotion by family members has been found to be predictive of relapse for which of the following disorders?
schizophrenia, eating disorders, and mood disorders.
Preamble, work toward increasing __________ and ________ knowledge of behavior and people's understanding of themselves.
scientific and professional
Psychologists should always base their work on the ________ and ______ knowledge that has been established in the field of psychology.
scientific and professional
Minimizing intrusions to privacy, Psychologists should discuss confidential information only for ________________________, and should include only the confidential information ______________________________
scientific or professional purposes, necessary when preparing oral or written reports
Deception in research, should be avoided unless: 1. justified by the study's "significant prospective ___________________________."
scientific, educational, or applied value
higher-order conditoning aka second-order
second US paired with CR, it also became CR.
puberty
secondary sex characteristics (earlier in usa)
attachment pattersn
secure: mild upset when mom gone, seeks comfort when she returns(moms are responsive to baby) insecure/ambivalent: very disturbed when alone, angry when ma returns and comfort (moms are moody and inconsistent) insecure/avoidant: low distress when alone, ignores when ma returns (moms are impatient or unresponsive or too stimulating) disorganized: fear of caregiver
according to super, what depends on job satisfaction, stability and success?
self-concept
info processing model of memory
sensory - lot of info but few seconds stm- limited info, 30 seconds, 7 +/-2 ltm-unlimited, semantic, recent/remote
echoic store
sensory store for auditory information
HIPAA, in order to be considered "psychotherapy notes" and be afforded special protection, the notes must be "_________________________________________"
separated from the rest of individual's medical record
Cooperation/other professionals, Psychologists should cooperate with other professionals, as appropriate, in order to ________________.
serve best interests of clients
phylogenetic scale
sex hormone less important, learning and experiencing more important
All information gathered in a court-appointed evaluation may be shared with court, no __________________ is needed.
signed release of information
primary hypertension
silent killer, unknown cause
identical elements
similarity between learning and actual experience
partial seizures
simple-no loc complex-aloc
Your friend Bill has been involved in a motorcycle accident that resulted in a head injury. His neurologist has indicated taht Bill is experiencing aphasia. As a knowledgeable psychologist, you would give Bill the following news about his injury except:
since he is right-handed he will probably exhibit milder aphasia
holophrastic speech
single word to convey whole sentence
chi-square test
single-sample: one variable multiple-sample: more than one variable only one nominal variable; does patient's dad have schizo, mom have schizo or do both have schizo? (multiple variable would be the parents and the subtypes of schizo)
advance sleep phase
sleep and awaken early in older adults, not less sleep needed
sleep deprivation
sleep deprivation and alcohol related accidents are same
morpheme
small unit of sound that convey meaning
difference threshold aka JND (just noticeable difference(
smallest diff in stimulus to detect difference
phoneme
smallest unit of sound that are understood in a language
The research suggests that, to control excessive aggression in children, the best approach is:
social skills training
PNS
somatic nervous autonomic nervous (parasympathetic - decrease, and sympathetic-fight or flight) relays info between cns and body organs
post-concussional syndrome
somatic/psychological sx occur in up to 50% ppl with tbi, most resolve within 3 months
parietal lobe
somatosensory cortex damage= apraxia, anosognosia gerstmann= agraphia, acalcula, finger agnosia
escape conditioning
some action an organism takes to get away from an aversive stimulus (i.e. a negative reinforcer)--torture--provide answers & torture ceases
vocab of 18 month old
speak 50 words
Standard-informal resolution of ethical violations, ethical violation by another psychologist, should ______ to the colleague, assuming an "informal resolution" seems appropriate and ______________ will not be violated.
speak directly; confidentiality
Following a stroke, a patient exhibits right hemiplegia. Other symptoms are likely to include
speech-language deficits (the left side of the brain is affected) and slow-cautious behavior style.
internal consistency reliability is not appropriate for what tests?
speed
Which of the following descriptive words for tests are most opposite in nature?
speed and power
spearman-brown formula
spilt-half reliability
split-half reliability
split test into 2 and correlate scores. as length of test decreases so does reliability, so use spearman-brown formula to correct this
what are 2 ways of measuring internal consistency?
split-half reliability and Cronbach's coefficient alpha (both administer the test once to a single group)
Kuder-Richardson reliability applies to
split-half reliability.
standard deviation
square root of the variance 68% (SD1) 95% (SD2) 99% (SD3)
what is used to construct confidence interval around predicted score?
standard error of estimate
Although not mandatory, it is generally considered to be ___________________________ to secure informed consent in written format.
standard of practice
moro
startle response flings arms and legs outward
positive reinforcement
stimulus applied & behavior increases
negative reinforcement
stimulus removed & behavior increases. associated with 2 types of behavior escape & avoidance
Plagiarism is _______________________.
strictly prohibited
levels of processing model of memeory
structural phonemic semantic; best/ meaning
CT/xray
structure only
psychophysics
study btwn physica stimulus and corresponding psychological sensations
experimental neurosis
subject distress when it can't discriminate
behavioral contrast
subject reinforced for two behaviors and one stops being reinforced, the other behavior will increase
stimulus generalization
subjects responds similarly as the original CS to similar object (salivate to 400hz vs 300 hz when original is 500hz)
Subpoenas, requires the therapist to appear with client records.
subpoena duces tecum
Ethically, psychologists may refuse to release test data if would cause "_____________" or the "_________________ of test data." Laws may still require release nevertheless.
substantial harm, misuse or misinterpretation
Exceptions to the requirement for predetermination counseling include when actions of the client make it impossible (e.g., ________________), or when it is ___________________.
sudden refusal to attend therapy sessions; prohibited by third-party payors
Conflict of interest, no professional relationship with someone that you already have other relationships with, if impairs objectivity, competence, or effectiveness, or that other party would __________
suffer harm or exploitation
What is needed for a successful malpractice lawsuit against a psychologist
sufficient harm
In African-Americans
suicide occurs at the highest rate among individuals between the ages of 20-34.
midbrain
superior and inferior colliculi substantia nigra reticular formation (RAS- consciousness, arousal and wakefullness)
When state law is stricter, it __________________.
supersedes HIPAA
Specifically, when HIPAA is stricter, it ___________________________.
supersedes state law
In a consultee-centered case consultation, the consultant's roles is most similar to a
supervisor.
Low LPC Leaders
task and achievement oriented
scientific management
taylor: workers motivated by money; differential piece-rate system
self-fulfilling prophecy (rosenthal)
teacher's expectations have an effect on outcome (females put down for lack of ability, but praised for trying) boys better in visuo-spatial and math, girls verbal compensatory programs- better in long run montesori method- child centered, sensory learning and paced individually by age 7, kids know that TV is not reality and age 8 for commercials are marketing not entertainment
Hersey and Blanchard
telling style = more effective when an employee's ability and willingness to accept responsibility are low. selling-style = high task orientation and high relationship orientation. participatory-style = low task orientation and high relationship orientation. delegating-style = both low task and low relationship orientation.
Kuder Vocational Preference Record (KVP-R)
ten broad vocational areas & based on content validity forced choice, ipsative scores reveal strength/weakness, grades 6-12
3 types of validity
test's accuracy: is it measuring what it's meant to? 1. content: familiarity with a particular content (mostly achievement tests and job sample test) 2. construct: possesses a particular hypothetical trait (high correlation of convergent and low correlation of divergent) 3. criterion-related: status/performance on an external criterion (multitrait-multimethod matrix: organize data for convergent/divergent validity, this matrix contains 4 correlation coefficients)
Studies looking at the outcomes for rejected and neglected children have found:
that rejection is more stable than neglect.
Simultaneous Conditioning
the CS & US are presented at the same time. Moderately effective
reinforcement--classical conditioning
the CS as a signal has been confirmed by being followed by the US
higher order conditioning
the CS becomes a US for another stimulus--bell paired with a light to elicit salivation
sustained attention
the ability to direct & focus cognitive activity on specific stimuli over an extended period of time (EPPP studying)
cognitive map
the acquisition of a cognitive structure
A child receives a performance IQ score that is higher than Verbal IQ score on the WISC-III. When interpreting this difference, it is important to keep in mind that:
the difference may be significant if it is 12 points or more and the scatter on the Performance subtests is less than 9 points and the scatter on the Verbal subtests is less than 7 points.
pseudoconditioning
the experimental conditions become the CS, esp. for fear responses. Dog in lab. Bell paired with a shock, but the bell does not elicit the fear response outside the experimental room
In whites
the highest rate of suicide occurs near the end of the life cycle.
stimulus generalization
the learning (a CS eliciting a CR) can generalize to similar stimuli --e.g. Pavlov's dog buzz instead of bell still get salivation
in posivite distrubtion, what do 3 measures look like?
the mean is greater than median which greater than mode
The best explanation for group member's reluctance to provide negative feedback to one another is
the mum effect.
Coding Personality Disorders on a separate axis, according to the DSM-IV-TR, is due to:
the need to reduce the possibility of being overlooked.
Psychologists DO NOT have to inform clients at _____________________ that they may use a collection agency at some point, however they must give clients _______________ before one is used to allow opportunity to pay.
the outset of treatment; sufficient warning
HIPAA's three rules:
the privacy rule, transaction rule, and the security rule
when probability of makign a type 1 error increases
the probabiliyto making type 2 error decreases
Following a stroke, a woman complains of numbness in her left hand and she does not respond to images presented to her left visual field. She most likely suffered damage in:
the right postcentral gyrus
The Standards for educational and Psychological Testing, Although the test developer should supply needed information, the ultimate responsibility for appropriate test use lies with ______________.
the user
operant extinction
the withdrawal of reinforcement from a previously reinforced behavior so that the behavior is decreased or eliminated
normal distribution, what do 3 measures look like?
they are all the same value
protocol analysis
think aloud, record the subject
metacognition
thinking about thinking or knowing about knowing.
Frontal Lobe
thinking, planning, organizing, inhibition, shifting sets, contains dopamine centers of the brain, reward, attention, motivation
multi-store model
three levels--sensory memory; 2) short-term memory; 3) long-term memory
secondary reinforcer
tokens, gold stars (money is generalized secondary reinforcer bc it can be traded for primary reinforcer)
gate-control theory
too much info, cells in spinal cord block incoming pain signals (massage, heat/cold, mental activites)
rooting
touch cheek and turns head
sensate focus
touch pleasure, no sex. counterconditioning. good for performance anxiety
babinski
tows fan out
best way to improve rating accuary?
train raters , rate specific behaviors vs global traits and name critical incidents FOR training (frame of reference): provide training to raters on what constitutes effective and ineffective performance on each dimension
work samples
trainability tests and rjp (Realistic job preview)
HIPPA - Psychologist Duties, Psychologists must ensure employees are ______________________ with HIPAA requirements.
trained and compliant
"Theme Interference" is analogous to
transference
Technically, compliance with HIPAA's rules is only required when health information is _______________________________.
transmitted in some electronic form,
HIPAA allows for the disclosures of PHI for the purposes of _______________, _____________, or to carry out _____________________.
treatment, payment, health care operations
point biserial
true dichotomy (male or female) ; interval or ratio IQ score
alternative forms reliability
two equivalent forms of thet test are given to the same group. coefficient of equivalence= test administered at same time. coefficient of equivalence and stability= test administered over long period of time. used for attributes that are stable over time (aptitude, but not mood)
Psychologists may never have sex with a former client unless at least ________ have passed.
two years
thermal biofeedback
tx for reynaud's disease, combined with autogenic training for migraines
ultimate vs actual criterion
ultimate : complete measure of performance actual: way performance is actually measured
deep structure of language
underlying meaning of sentences
The Ethics Code explicitly states that a multiple relationship is not in and of itself ______________.
unethical
3 stages of organizational change
unfreezing changing refreezing
long term memory
unlimited capacity; info gets into LTM from STM, process seems to be related to elaborative rehearsal.
serial position effect
unrelated words given in a list to memorize. words recalled from beginning & end of list best words in LTM & STM respectively, middle words affected by interference
An employer CANNOT refuse to hire someone because of an ______________________ against him or her.
unresolved ethics complaint pending
metalinguisitc awareness at age 7
use language as communicatoin tool, use humor
semantic bootstrapping
use meaning of words to infer category
syntatic bootstrapping
use of syntatical knowledge to understand meaning of words
utility analysis
used in organizations to get program's financial return on investment
code switching
using 2 languages at same time
Premack Principle
using a high probability behavior to reinforce a low probability behavior--referred to as "Grandma's rule"--1st work, then play
how is a confidence interval setup?
using the standard error of measurement and obtained score
intercept bias
validity coefficients and criterion perfomance for diff groups are the same, but mean scores on predictor are diff. regression lines cross the y-intercept at diff points
TRIN and VRIN MMPI
validity scales true response inconsistency & variable response inconsistency consistency in response throughout test
Forensic reports that do not include examination of person, must clarify the effect on _________ and limit ___________ accordingly.
validity; conclusions
bipolar meds
valproic acid and lithium
Preamble, psychologists engage in a __________, such as researcher, educator, etc.
variety of roles
Therapist age & txt outcome
very little relationship; younger clients may do better w/ younger therapist
infant, which sense is worst
vision; close to adult level at 6 months
Charactersitcs that are considered particularly important to leaders include
visionary, creative, flexible, inspiring, courageous, and independent
A person with agnosia is unable to identify a familiar object by sight but does identify it when it is placed in her hand. This is most likely due to
visual not knowing.
flashbulb memory
vivid, detailed memories of emotionally charged or surprising events. most accurate when the event has personal significance or consequences
hypothyroidism
weight gain, low hr, low temp, depression
continuous reinforcement
when a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. leads to fast learning, fast satiation, & fast extinction. most useful when establishing a new behavior
one-way ANOVA
when a study includes 1 IV
when can you square a correlation coefficient
when it represents the correlation between two different tests or other variables
criterion contamination.
when rater knows performance on the predictor
response generalization
when reinforcement increases the occurrence of one response also increases the occurrence of similar responses
factorial ANOVA
when study has factorial design; 2 or more IV
the matching law
when subjects provided with 2 or more opportunities for reinforcement, they will respond more to the greater rate of reinforcement. Rat in Skinner box. 2 levers--1 at VR-15 the other at VR-60. the rat will press lever 1 4xs as often as lever 2
when can mean be calculated?
when variable has been measured using a interval or ratio scale
HIPPA allows for PHI disclosure _______________________ for treatment, payment, and operations.
without patient's consent
bona-fide occupational qualification
women for cleaning women's restroom, male for male role in a play
anomia
word finding "naming" issue
An organization decides to implement changes based on a job characteristics assessment. Which of the following is least likely to be affected?
work quality
what decreases with age normally
working memory and processing speed
separation from parents
worst at age 9 months (no reaction at 3 months of age) good bond with adopters if by age 6yo
Psychologist may provide services for which they are not fully competent, if an individual...
would otherwise be unable to obtain mental health services
Although not technically needed, it is still considered standard of practice to obtain _____________________ for any disclosures of confidential information.
written consent
HIPAA, Generalized consent, Patients must be informed of a practitioners privacy policy (e.g., given paperwork description), however, they do not have to give _________________________.
written consent
color blindness
x chromosome (more males; most common is red/green) if female to get, both parents must give her traits
theory x vs theory y
x: employees hate work, must be directed and controlled y: as natural as play, self-control/direction (more positive)
sibling relationships
young: play/cooperation middle childhood: closeness/conflict, cooperation/competition (worst for same-sex siblings 1.5- 3 years apart and inconsistent parenting)
most common standard score
z score (mean is 0)
parasthesia
numbness in hands/feet
lassiez-faire parenting
permissive
conjuctive vs disjunctive task
disjunctive: best member conjuctive: worst member
life-space
various social roles person has. assessed with life-career rainbow
When the Ethics Code sets a higher standard than law, psychologists are bound to uphold "______"
"the higher ethical standard"
operant
a response voluntarily emitted & learned as the result of environmental consequences that follow
Consultation, only share information that is __________________ for purposes of consultation.
absolutely necessary
Consideration and Initiating Structure
According to the Ohio State University studies from 1950's, these are the two dimensions of leadership.
beta-blocker
*propranolol (for high bp) not good for asthma and needs to be slowly tapered off
transient tic
1-12 months
kuder tests
10 broad vocational areas
What is another term for what the DSM calls Dementia Due to HIV Disease?
AIDS Dementia Complex
Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord
Super
Developed a developmental or stage theory.
Bystander apathy
Diffusion of responsibility
Pavlov
Father of classical conditioning
Hs MMPI
Hypochondriasis bodily/somatic functioning
Ataxia
Impaired balance or coordination
Court Referred Patient
Need informed consent
Systematic Error
Predictable error.
Symbolic modeling
Seeing the behavior filmed or played
What is another term used to refer to people diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Sociopath
This type of Delusional Disorder is characterized by the irrational conviction that one has a physical defect, disorder, or disease.
Somatic Type
What are some of the undesirable side-effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin), which is often used to treat ADHD?
Somatic symptoms (decreased appetite, insomnia, stomach aches); movement abnormalities (motor and vocal tics, stereotyped movements); obsessive-compulsive symptoms (though more common with dextroamphetamine); growth suppression (hence "drug holidays")
premack principle
The idea that you can use a frequency behavior to reinforce the low-frequency
What did Vygotsky stress over Piaget?
Their relationship with others in the family.
Lithium
This is often used in treating mood disorders.
Temperal Lobe
Where Wernicke's area is located.
spontaneous recovery
a weaker response will reappear if the CS is re-administered
punishment
an event (stimulus applied or removed) that decreases behavior
reliability.
are test scores free from measurement errors
opiod w/drawal
bad flu-like
bounded rationality
choose first best option that comes up
seizure
eeg test confirms
Panic Disorder
includes heart palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, or feeling of choking
infant and preschool tests
not very valid below age 2. denver developmental test: paraprofessionals can use it. bayley scales of infant and toddler dev: easy to admin, current functioning Fagan test: assesses selective attention to novel stimuli.
viagra aka sildenafil
penile tissue, not androgen
multiple successive hurdles
predictors administered one at a time only if previous was passed (saves time/money)
identical elements
predicts that transfer increases as similarity of stimulus & response elements in the training & performance environments increase
time-out
secluding or ignoring an individual so that access to reinforcers is cut-off for a specified, short period of time. Based on punishment
According to HIPAA, managed care organizations and other third-party reimbursement entities may not require the release of ___________________________ to provide reimbursement.
psychotherapy notes
anterograde amnesia
recall of previously learned material, but not new material
what is used to construct confidence interval around obtained score?
standard error of measurement
cannon-bard
same time
Instructors who will be evaluating a student's work may not provide _______________.
therapy to the student
orthogonal factors
uncorrelated
alpha
wake but relaxed stage 1