eps 7 midterm 2
COP
Conference of the Parties
What happens when we calculate the average temperature of Earth the same way that we did for Mercury and Mars?
we get too cold a temperature
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +1 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of -2 kg/s is applied?
-2m
When wind turbines are distributed over a property to maximize the electrical power generated per land area, roughly what amount of electrical power per area can we hope to generate?
1 W/m2
Utility-scale wind power costs roughly how much to install per watt of rated power?
1 dollar/W
what us 1.02^30
1.60
How many gas giants are there in our Solar System?
4
Roughly how much coal is available for humans to burn?
5 TtC
If a laser delivers 30 W of power to a target over 2 seconds, how much energy does it deliver to the target?
60 J
If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP8.5 scenario, roughly how much globally averaged warming would we get if we waited long enough?
8 K
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −20 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of −4 m?
80 kg/s
Which is not a contributing factor to the seasonal cycle in atmospheric CO2?
CO2 is a greenhouse gas
Who is credited with identifying the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect?
John Tyndall
What is unit for power
Watts
What is the source of a storm cloud's buoyancy?
condensation
A positive forcing
is an externally applied increase in the net inflow
What is so super about a supercomputer?
it has many ordinary computers connected together
Which of the following is a mechanism built into the Kyoto Protocol to allow countries to avoid reducing their own emissions?
joint implementation
Biodiesel is made from the stuff found in
jun of vegetable oil
When water vapor condenses, this is an example of
latent converting to sensible
What do we call energy hidden in a particular phase of matter?
latent heat
A coal-fired power plant converts -grade energy into -grade energy
low, high
Which of the following is not one of the primary pieces of evidence for global warming?
lunar brightness records
When talking about the wavelengths of radiation from the Sun and Earth, it is most convenient to use which unit?
micrometer
Shortwave
sunlight
At the current rate of global warming of 3 K/century, roughly how much additional sea-level rise have we committed the planet to each year?
0.2 m
900 millibars equals
0.9 bar
In a business-as-usual scenario, what is a likely concentration of atmospheric CO2 in the year 2100?
1000 PPM
What is the likely amount of carbon contained in methane clathrates?
1000-10000 GtC
In the business-as-usual scenario, the global mean temperature will be 4 K warmer than preindustrial in 2100. What will the rate of sea level rise be?
12 mm/year
When was the universe formed?
14 Gya
An overshot water wheel generates power by capturing the gravitational potential energy of water as it is carried by the wheel from its top to its bottom. If a 2-m-diameter overshot water wheel processes 7 kg/s of water, roughly how much power does it generate?
140 W
Consider a metal rod that has 10 W of heat conduction between its two ends, which are maintained at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K. If we lower the temperature of the cold end from 200 K to 100 K, what is the new rate of heat conduction along the rod?
15 W
In what decade did measurements on Mauna Loa first document rising concentrations of CO2?
1960s
By how much have Berkeley's warm-season maximum temperatures increased over the past 125 years?
2 K
At what rate are humans currently consuming energy?
20 TW
When the planet has warmed by 3 K, roughly what is the committed sea-level rise?
20 m
Roughly how much higher will CAPE be when the temperature has increased by 3 K?
20%
Roughly what fraction of Earth's atmosphere is oxygen?
20%
Typical temperature of a blowtorch
2000K
Imagine that the Arctic has 3 million km2 of ice in September of 2030, and that September Arctic ice area is decreasing in 2030 by 2 million km2 per decade. In what year would you project the Arctic to be ice-free in September?
2045
If Earth's mean temperature increases from 288 K to 291 K when CO2 is doubled from its preindustrial concentration, what mean temperature would you expect if CO2 were quadrupled from its preindustrial concentration?
294 K
Given Earth's feedback parameter of -1 W/m2/K, what is roughly its final temperature perturbation in response to a doubling of CO2, which causes a forcing of 3 W/m2?
3 K
What is the modern best estimate of Earth's climate sensitivity?
3 K
At the current rate of sea-level rise, how much higher will global mean sea level be in 10 years?
3 cm
At roughly what rate is global mean sea level rising currently?
3 mm/year
What is roughly the per-capita consumption of coal in the United States?
3 tons/year
Roughly how much more water vapor is in an atmosphere once it warms up by 5 K?
35%
When was the Earth formed?
4.5 GYA
How much kinetic energy is in a 2-kg ball traveling at 3 m/s?
9J
When was most coal formed?
Carboniferous period 300 Mya
Not a rocky planet
Neptune
Snowball Earth has occurred
Precambrian
What is HCO3−?
bicarbonate ion
A negative forcing
is an externally applied reduction in the net inflow
By what process does energy from the Sun get to Earth's surface?
radiation
As the Earth cools, the atmosphere holds ____ water vapor and that tends to cause the atmosphere to emit ____ radiation to space.
"less" and "more"
According to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, pv * increases with temperature exponentially at a rate of approximately
7%/K
At roughly what rate will sea-level be rising when the planet has warmed by 3 K?
9 mm/year
Unit for energy
Joule
CAPE is the amount of kinetic energy per mass of air that a cloud could theoretially get by rising through the atmosphere with and no drag.
maximum / no entrainment
sun powered by
nuclear fission
If constructed, the Keystone XL pipeline will carry
oil from Albert tar sands
If constructed, the Dakota Access Pipeline will carry
oil past Native-American land
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −15 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of 3 m?
-45 kg/s
How much higher is global mean sea level today than it was in the preindustrial?
0.3 m
Roughly how much is 1.07^5
1.35
If a 5-kg weight is lifted 2 meters on the moon, how much gravitational potential energy has it been given? On the moon, g = 1.6 m/s2.
16 j
In an atmosphere with water, approximately what is the temperature at a height of 4 km if the temperature at a height of 2 km is 283 K?
270 K
0 C in kelvin
273
How much kinetic energy is in a 3-kg ball traveling at 2 m/s?
6 J
Which of the following is not a leading source of anthropogenic methane emissions?
burning natural gas
Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 0 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
buys 3 permits and thereby loses 300 $
Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 3 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 6 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
buys 3 permits and thereby loses 300 $
Why does a small piece of burning paper float up into the air?
convection
Ethanol fuel is made from the stuff found in
glassmof beer
Which of the following is a violation of conservation of mass?
none of the other answers
Which of the following is a violation of conservation of momentum?
none of the other answers
If humans burn 5000 GtC in a couple centuries, roughly what will the atmospheric concentration of CO2 be in the year 12017?
750 ppm
Given Earth's feedback parameter of -1 W/m2/K, what is roughly its final temperature perturbation in response to a brightening of the Sun that leads to 9 W/m2 of extra solar absorption?
9 K
What is a GtC?
A billion tons of carbon
What is an AMSU?
Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit
What is plankton?
Any collection of microscopic organisms that drift in the sea.
What is the empirical formula for coal?
C or CH
Which of these is an example of a halocarbon?
CF2Cl2
What is the empirical formula for oil?
CH2
What is the chemical formula for methane?
CH4
What is the empirical formula for gas?
CH4
What chemical formula most accurately describes the burning of natural gas?
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Photosynthesis is best described by what chemical reaction?
CO2 + H2O + photon → O2 + CH2O
When permafrost thaws, it releases
CO2 and CH4
What chemical reaction ultimately removes the excess carbon from the atmosphere and ocean?
CaSiO3 + CO2 → CaCO3 + SiO2
Which of the following is a mechanism built into the Kyoto Protocol to allow countries to avoid reducing their own emissions?
Clean Development Mechanism
When a mass exchanges energy with an adjacent mass by jiggling against it, what do we call this?
Conduction
When energy moves from one place to another because a mass carries that energy there, what do we call this?
Convection
Who is credited with alerting scientists to global warming by documenting the rising concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Dave Keeling
Through this program, consumers are told what the annual energy cost of an appliance is likely to be.
Energy Star
Halocarbons are still found in aerosol spray cans.
False
What is the first molecule that CO2 forms when dissolved in water?
H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
Which chemical reaction describes ocean acidification?
H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3−
In what form is most of the dissolved carbon in the ocean?
HCO3-
longest wavelengths: visible, infared, ultraviolet
INFRARED
Through this program, the federal government pays for a fraction of your residential solar PV installation.
ITC
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Watt in units
J/s
Who is credited with alerting the public to global warming with his congressional testimony?
James Hansen
Who discovered that mechanical work gets converted to heat, thereby establishing the law of conservation of energy?
James Joule
Who is credited with starting the industrial revolution with their invention?
James Watt
Who is credited with postulating the existence of a greenhouse effect and thereby kicking off the field of climate science?
Joseph Fourier
When was most oil formed?
Jurassic period 150 Mya
What are a set of appropriate units for the lapse rate?
K/km
Who created the cloud classification scheme that we still use today?
Luke Howard
Curiosity rover is on
Mars
What is the most abundant molecule in Earth's atmosphere?
N2
What is the chemical formula for nitrous oxide?
N2O
Which of the following is required for forming ozone in smog?
NOx, volatile organic compounds, sunlight
Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?
Nitrogen
Which of these is an example of a NOx?
No2
Atmospheric CO2 decreases most rapidly in
Northern-Hemisphere summer
Respiration is best described by what chemical reaction?
O2 + CH2O → CO2 + H2O + photon
What is the chemical formula for ozone?
O3
What does optically thick mean?
Opaque
Which of the following gases is transparent to longwave radiation?
Oxygen
Through this program, the federal government pays some number of dollars for each joule of electricity generated from the first 10 years of a wind turbine's life?
PTC
Order the Phanerozoic eras from oldest to most recent.
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
What is Earth's biggest negative feedback?
Planck feedback
Through this program, a state requires that a fraction of the electricity sold by utilities comes from renewable sources like wind and solar.
RPS
What book is credited with kicking off the U.S. environmental movement in 1962?
Rachel Carson's Silent Spring
January is during the southern hemispheres...
Summer
Who first predicted global warming and made a calculation of Earth's climate sensitivity?
Svante Arrhenius
In a house, hot air rises and cold air sinks
True
Which of the following federal agencies does not have its own climate model?
USPS
What industrialized country did not join the Kyoto Protocol?
United States
Not a gas giant
Venus
How is a Joule dened in terms of other units?
W/s^2
The IPCC was founded by
WMO and UNEP
Which person did not play a role in discovering the power per area of radiation emitted by an object?
Watt
Roughly how much of the recoverable coal have humans used?
a few percent
What is an acid?
a molecule that adds H+ ions to water
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +3 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of 3 kg/s is applied?
a nonsense question bc the dune is unstable
Methane clathrate is
a water-ice lattice that encases methane molecules
What is the primary source of anthropogenic nitrous oxide?
agriculture
Which of the following is not one of the three major sectors of energy consumption?
agriculture
Where does radiation move energy into, out of, or within the Earth?
all answers
What motivated the formation of the International Meteorological Organization, later renamed the World Meteorological Organization, in the 1800s?
all answers, desire to make weather forecast, large size of storms compared to european countries, invention of telegraph.
Parties to the UNFCCC include
all nations on Earth
What of the following emits photons?
all of answers
Which describes Mercury; closest to sun, smallest, no atm
all of answers
Which of the following was responsible for the industrial revolution?
all of answers
what is cloud base
all of the other answers
With the exception of high-energy nuclear reactions, which of the following is always conserved?
all of the other answers, momentum enegrry and mass
The optical depth τ for some path of light through a gas depends on
all of these answers; the density p of the gas, the length z of the light path, a constant i describing how readily the gas tends to absorb or scatter radiation.
Many of those who deny the science of climate change today also previously denied the science of
all other
Why is there abundant nitrogen in Earth's atmosphere?
all other answers: N2 does not readily react & doesn't like to stay in mamgma
CAPE is proportional to
amount if water vapor in the air
The radiative forcing by extra greenhouse gases is best described as causing
an decrease of outgoing power
Which causes the greater amount of additional warming?
an increase of CO2 from 300 to 400 ppm
Which of the following radiates the most power?
an object with Area = 1 m2 and T = 1000 K
Which of the three has the shortest wavelength?
blue
Another name cyanobacteria
blue green algae
Conduction
burn hand on hot pan
Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 0 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 6 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
buys 6 permits and thereby loses 600 $
Through this program, car manufacturers are forced to sell cars that have, on average, a miles-per-gallon efficiency above some threshold.
cafe
What is CaCO3?
calcium carbonate
Between a blue berry and a red berry, which has the higher temperature?
cannot tell bc their color is scattered light
A carbon-pricing scheme in which 2000 permits are given out for free to companies in proportion to their past emissions and 100 permits are auctioned with proceeds divvied up among all households is best described as
cap & trade and polluters get the money
A carbon-pricing scheme in which 100 permits are given out for free to companies in proportion to their past emissions and 2000 permits are auctioned with proceeds spent on renewables research and development is best described as
cap & trade and victims get the money
In this carbon-pricing scheme, the market sets the price of carbon emissions.
cap and trade
A carbon-pricing scheme in which 2000 permits are given out for free to companies in proportion to their past emissions and 100 permits are auctioned with proceeds spent on renewables research and development is best described as
cap n trade n pollutera get money
A carbon-pricing scheme in which 100 permits are given out for free to companies in proportion to their past emissions and 2000 permits are auctioned with proceeds divvied up among all households is best described as
capa n trade and everyone gets the money
Which of the following gases is relatively opaque to longwave radiation?
carbon dioxide
In this carbon-pricing scheme, the government sets the price of carbon emissions.
carbon tax
What is CO3−−?
carbonate ion
What is H2CO3?
carbonic acid
Climate sensitivity
change in temperature for a doubling of CO2
A natural-gas-fired power plant is powered by
chemical reactions
Which of the following is not a positive feedback?
cloud albedo feedback ice albedo feedback (!) lapse-rate feedback water-vapor feedback
Low atmospheric surface pressure usually corresponds to
cloudy and rainy weatehr
Which of the following carbon pools has the largest amount of carbon at present?
coal
Compared to earth mars is
cold
Would most people consider 40 K cold or hot?
cold
By what process does air that is in contact with the Earth's surface get heat?
conduction
What do we call a fundamental law of physics that says that stuff is neither created nor destroyed?
conservation law
By what process does a blob of hot air move its heat from Earth's surface up into the atmosphere?
convection
If the Earth suddenly becomes warmer than its steady-state temperature, the Planck feedback tends to make the Earth
cooler
What made the Cenozoic the Age of Mammals rather than the Second Age of Dinosaurs?
cooler climate in the Cenozoic
What happens to the temperature of your skin when you exercise?
cools down
What is the most certain way to date glacial ice?
counting layers
What caused the Great Oxygenation Event 2.4 billion years ago?
cyanobacteria
The Climate Science Legal Defense Fund
defends climate scientists being threatened or harassed
The divvying up of the world into Annex-I and Annex-II countries broadly reflects
different economic conditions in North America and Western Europe compared to the former Soviet Socialist republics
Mesozoic
dinosaurs
The acidified ocean is returned to its original pH by
dissolution of calcium carbonate
Fossil Free UC is trying to get UC to
divest from fossil fuel companies
If we could somehow double the albedo of Mars, would its temperature go up or down?
down
What do we call an animal that relies on environmental heat to keep its body warm?
ectotherm
What force holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus?
electromagnetic
What force prevents you from pushing one hand through your other hand?
electromagnetic
What do we call an animal that generates its own heat to keep its body warm?
endotherm
What is a sink of a storm cloud's buoyancy?
entrainment
Biomass energy has the potential to provide all of humanity's current energy needs.
false
Biomass energy has the potential to provide all of humanity's future energy needs.
false
Hydropower has the potential to provide all of humanity's current energy needs.
false
Observations prove that global warming has made hurricanes more frequent:
false
Observations prove that global warming has made hurricanes more intense:
false
Observations prove that global warming has made tornadoes more frequent:
false
Observations prove that global warming has made tornadoes more intense:
false
Pressure decreases as we move downwards in a fluid like the ocean or atmosphere
false
Compared to the Earth, is Mars farther from the Sun or closer to the Sun?
farther
Methane clathrate is
flammable, cold, white
coal is
fossilized peat
Naturgal Gas is
fossilized plankton
oil is
fossilized plankton
Where does conduction move energy into, out of, or within the Earth?
from the surface to the atmosphere
Which way do storms move in the continental United States?
from west to east
Why is the sky blue?
gas molecules scatter short wavelengths more than long wavelengths
Tilting PV panels towards the Sun allows them to
generate more power per panel area
Overall, the land surface and the top layers of soil tend to ____ with warming.
get drier
When a gas is depressurized, its temperature
goes down
When a gas is pressurized, its temperature
goes up
Roughly how much of the recoverable oil have humans used?
half
Condensation of water vapor does the following?
heats the air
clothung for 260 K
heavy winter jacket and earmuffs
A toaster converts -grade energy into -grade energy.
high/ low
The higher the k and/or ρ of some gas in the atmosphere, the ______ the effective height of emission to space.
higher
40 C is considered
hot
Convection example
hot air balloon rises
Which emits water molecules at a faster rate?
hot water
Burning a significant portion of the recoverable fossil fuel will push Earth into what climate state?
hothouse
What climate state was Earth in at the time of the dinosaurs?
hothouse
Which is an example of an endotherm?
human
H+
hydrogen ion
What climate state is Earth in now?
icehouse
If someone claims to be generating biofuel energy at a rate of 10 W per square meter of cropland, you would say that is
impossible
What is another name for longwave?
infared
A negative perturbation
is a decrease in the stock from its steady-state level
positive perturbation
is an increase in the stock from its steady-state level
If the number of air molecules in a sealed jar is doubled without changing the temperature, how does the pressure in the jar change?
it doubles
If the number of water molecules in a fixed volume of air is doubled without changing the temperature, what happens to the water vapor pressure pv?
it doubles
If the temperature of air in a sealed jar is doubled without changing the number of air molecules, how does the pressure in the jar change?
it doubles
If the height of a sand dune is 50 meters and the net inflow of sand is 10 kg/s, what can we say about this sand dune?
it is not in steady state
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +8 kg/s/m, what happens if we suddenly reduce the height of the dune by 2 m?
it will disappear
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −5 kg/s/m, what happens if we suddenly add 4 m of sand?
it will go back to its original steady state
An AMSU measures temperature at many heights in the atmosphere by measuring atmospheric emission at multiple wavelengths on the side of an oxygen resonance that each have a different
k and so a different τ=1 level
What are the units of kinetic energy?
kg m^2/s^2
Lifting a 20-kg weight a height of 0.5 m a total of 7 times requires lifting a 5-kg weight a height of 1 m a total of 15 times.
less energy than
if RH < 1 then
liquid water evaporates
Example of ectotherm
lizard
What do we call the radiation emitted by a planet?
longwave
Imagine that the carbon tax is 100 $/tC. If a company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
loses 300 $
Imagine that the carbon tax is 100 $/tC. If a company burns 6 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
loses 600 $
James watt primary contribution
making the steam engine more efficient
For climate studies, what are the two most important instruments inside a Stevenson enclosure?
min-temperature and max-temperature thermometers
Pulling a seed out of molten silicon is a way to generate
monocrystalline silicon
how many cops
more than 20
An extra molecule of CH4 in the atmosphere causes an extra molecule of CO2 in the atmosphere.
more warming than
As the Earth warms, the atmosphere holds ____ water vapor and that tends to cause the Earth to emit ____ radiation to space.
more, less
Plastering all residential roofs with solar panels would generate
much less than 60 TW
A cap and trade scheme with auctioning of all permits preferentially favors
neither
A carbon tax with proceeds divvied up among all households preferentially favors
neither
Through this program, you are allowed to effectively sell your surplus solar electricity to the utility during the daytime.
net metering
Do suction cups work in space
no
Which of the following countries uses Fahrenheit?
none
If a bank account accrues interest at a rate of 4% per year, by what percentage has the initial principal increased after 50 years?
none of the other answers
Roughly how much more water vapor is in an atmosphere once it is 20 K warmer?
none of the other answers
Which of the following is a violation of conservation of energy?
none of the other answers
If RH = 1, then
nothing happens
Whats so soecial about 0k
notjing moves
Americium in your smoke detector releases energy by
nuclear fission
Existing nuclear power plants are powered by
nuclear fission
A hypothetical tokamak power plant is powered by
nuclear fusion
A cap and trade scheme with free distribution of permits based on historical emissions preferentially favors
old companies
A carbon tax with proceeds returned to companies based on historical emissions preferentially favors
old companies
Large optical depth τ ≫ 1 corresponds to being
optically thick
Small optical depth τ ≪ 1 corresponds to being
optically thin
The temperature of Mercury is most similar to which of the following?
oven
Which more strongly absorbs long wave radiation?
oxygen
Why is the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere decreasing?
oxygen is being reacted with carbon to make carbon dioxide
Which of the following is the ideal gas law?
p ∝ NT
Clothing for 280 K
pants and a sweater maybe a light jacket
Scotch, the alcoholic drink and not the people, is made using
peat
what do we call the layer of the sun that emits light to space?
photosphere
By what process do cyanobacteria release oxygen?
photosynthesis
What kind of orbit do most AMSUs fly?
polar
Freezing silicon in a vat is a way to generate
polycrystalline silicon
Is the ice-abedo feedback a positive or negative feedback?
positive
With respect to Earth's temperature, an increase in CO2 in the atmosphere can be described as a
positive forcing
Parties to the UNFCCC commit to the UNFCCC objective of
preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with climate
The number of what particle determines what element an atom is?
proton
Which is not a type of photon?
proton
When a mass exchanges energy with a faraway mass by sending photons to it, what do we call this?
radiation
Which of the following is not a step in enacting a new treaty?
reconciliation
which of the three has longest wavelength
red
The purpose of a Stevenson screen is to
reflect away sunlight, provide shade, provide a ventilated enclosure
International coordination on climate change began in 1992 with a document adopted in
rio de janeiro
The climate of Venus is best described as
runaway greenhouse
Silicon is obtained from
sand
Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 6 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
sells 3 permits and thereby earns 300 $
The energy budget of a wet-bulb thermometer is described by power being delivered to the bulb as heat and power being removed from the bulb as heat.
sensible and latent
When liquid water evaporates, this is an example of
sensible converting to latent
What do we call regular heat that you can feel?
sensible heat
Phil Tagami is trying to
shipncoal to asia through an oakland port
300 k clothing
shorts and jacket
What do we call the radiation emitted by the Sun?
shortwave
Order the four global climate states from coldest to warmest.
snowball / icehouse / hothouse / runaway greenhouse
what is peat
soggy swamp soil
Permafrost is
soil thats frozen all year long
Which of the following is not synonymous with the others?
solar power tower
What is serial computing?
solving a single problem on a single computer
What is parallel computing?
solving a single problem on multiple computers at the same time
The fossil-fuel industry employs scientists and public-relations firms primarily to
spread doubt about the state if climate science
What word do we ascribe to a sand dune that has no grains of sand being added or removed?
static equilibrium
What do we call a situation where wind is actively blowing sand onto and off of the sand dune, but the height of the sand dune is not changing in time?
steady state
What force keeps neutrons and protons bound together?
strong
The objective of the IPCC assessment reports is to
summarize the state of climate science
Which of the following was not a consequence of the Great Oxygenation Event?
swarms of earthquakes
According to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, the saturation vapor pressure pv* is a function only of
temperature
dalton laws states
that partial pressures add
What causes the seasons?
the Earth's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to Earth's orbital plane
The divvying up of the world into Annex-I and non-Annex countries broadly reflects
the North-South divide
What best describes the atmospheric greenhouse effect?
the atmosphere lets shortwave pass through but greenhouse gases readily absorb longwave
Between a blue star and a red star, which has the higher temperature?
the blue star by Wien's law
Lapse rate
the decrease in atmospheric with height
The rate of heat conduction, in watts, from a hot place to a cold place is proportional to
the difference in temp between the hot and cold places
Which is a valid definition of wavelength?
the distance from a peak to an adjacent peak
Why does burning fossil fuels cause global warming?
the extra atmospheric CO2 lifts the τ = 1 layer to a colder level in the atmosphere
Albedo
the fraction of sunlight reflected to space
As you move from the equator to one of the poles, the land tends to get less solar power per land-surface area. This is because
the higher latitudes receive sunlight at a more glancing angle
Clausius Claperyon equation tels us
the presurenofbwater molecules leaving a liwuid surface
Lifting a 10-kg weight a height of 0.5 m a total of 5 times requires lifting a 5-kg weight a height of 1 m a total of 5 times.
the same energy as
The timescale for a process is
the time it takes for the process to be mostly done
The active layer is
the top layer of soil that thaws out at least once a year
In the ocean and in the atmosphere, pressure is equal to
the weight per area of overlying fluid
Halocarbons were initially phased out by international law because
they generated the ozone hole
Which radiates the most power, a wall with a total area of 2 m2 and temperature of 310 K, or a chair with a total area of 2 m2 and temperature of 310 K?
they radiate the same power
Whats true about all protons
they travel at the same speed
Which of the following is not the same as the rest?
thousandth of a meter
What is an example of something that a wind mill does not do?
to generate electricity
optically thin
transparent
Hydropower has the potential to provide all of humanity's future energy needs.
true
In a pot of water heated from below, hot water rises and cold water sinks
true
In the atmosphere, hot air rises and cold air sinks
true
Relative humidity is the vapor pressure in the air divided by the saturation vapor pressure.
true
If the dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature are much greater than normal skin temperature, then
u are dying
Shortest wavelength
ultraviolet
The document adopted in 1992 is called the
united nations framework convention on climate change
Studies of boreholes reveal that these layers of the ground are warmer than they would be in the absence of global warming.
upper layers
Which of the following is not an example of a gas being pressurized?
using a can of air duster to clean a computer
Denoting wind speed by v, the kinetic energy of a blob of air is proportional to
v2
Denoting wind speed by v, the power generated by a wind turbine is proportional to
v3
radiation example
warm hands by the fireplace
If the Earth suddenly becomes cooler than its steady-state temperature, the Planck feedback tends to make the Earth
warmer
Venus is the ___
warmest
AMSU records show the atmosphere
warming at low altitudes and cooling at high altitudes
The unique fingerprint of CO2-induced global warming is
warming at low altitudes and cooling at high altitudes
If RH > 1, then
water vapor condenses
What is the Earth's biggest positive feedback?
water vapor feedback
What is acidic water?
water with a high concentration of H+ ions
What color are clouds as seen from space?
white because water drops and ice scatter all wavelengths
When the Northern Hemisphere is in summer, the Southern Hemisphere is in
winter
Where does convection move energy into, out of, or within the Earth?
within the atmosphere
Do suction cups work in the deep ocean?
yes
If the dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature are much less than normal skin temperature, then
you are not sweating
If the dry-bulb temperature is much greater than normal skin temperature and the wet-bulb temperature is much less than normal skin temperature, then
you are sweating
From what optical depth into the Sun does the Sun emit light to space?
τ = 1
How deep into a gas does the gas emit radiation like a solid surface?
τ = 1
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +25 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of −5 m?
-125 kg/s
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −3 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of −9 kg/s is applied?
-3m
Aerosol spray cans are responsible for how much radiative forcing?
0 W/m2
Roughly how much sea-level rise do we get from melting the Arctic sea ice?
0 m
To make 1 J of ethanol energy from Brazilian sugarcane, we have to expend
0.1 to 0.25 J
What is a typical capacity factor for a solar panel?
0.15
How long does it take to drive 5 km at 20 km/hour?
0.25 hours
What is a typical capacity factor for a wind turbine?
0.3
What is another way to write 300 Mya?
0.3 GYA
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −8 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of 4 kg/s is applied?
0.5 m
Using Wien's law, what is the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by an object with a temperature of 6000 K?
0.5 micron
To make 1 J of ethanol energy from U.S. corn, we have to expend
0.6 to 1.3 J
Ocean acidification puts 60% of the carbon burned by humans into the ocean on a timescale of
1 thousand years
Proven reserves of uranium could provide the needed 60 TW of power for how long?
1 year
To generate the needed 60 TW of power, roughly what percentage of Earth's land surface would we need to cover in solar cells?
1%
Taken altogether, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and halocarbons are responsible for how much radiative forcing?
1.0 W/m^2
What is roughly the maximum potential global power generation from hydroelectric dams?
1.5 TW
What is the modern estimate for the likely range of Earth's climate sensitivity?
1.5 to 4.5 K
Using the minus-thirty-and-halve approximation, what is 50 °F in Celsius?
10 C
Roughly at what rate are fossil fuels being burned today?
10 GtC/year
In a dry atmosphere, what is the numerical value of the lapse rate?
10 K/km
Consider a metal rod that has 10 W of heat conduction between its two ends, which are maintained at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K. If we raise the temperature of both ends by 100 K, what is the new rate of heat conduction along the rod?
10 W
If a lightbulb produces 100 J of heat and light energy while on for 10 seconds, how much electrical power does the lightbulb consume?
10 W
Towards the end of this century, the human population will be roughly
10 billion
How thick earths atm
10 km
What is the rate of gravitational acceleration on Earth, often represented by g?
10 m/s^2
Using Wien's law, what is the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by an object with a temperature of 300 K?
10 micron
The acidified ocean is returned to its original pH on a timescale of
10 thousand years
At Earth's surface, atmospheric pressure is equivalent to
10 tons per sqaure meter
At the current rate of global warming of 3 K/century, how long does it take to get an additional committed sea-level rise equal to the height of a Cal basketball player?
10 years
Methane in the atmosphere oxidizes to CO2 on what timescale?
10 years
What is the timescale for a human to grow to its maximum height?
10 years
Roughly what fraction of land area is suitable for wind power, i.e., has a wind class of 3 or higher?
10%
Using the approximate Stefan-Boltzmann law, Power per area = 6[T/100]4, what is the temperature of a planet that radiates 6 W/m2?
100 K
If a 2-kg weight is lifted 5 meters, how much gravitational potential energy has it been given?
100 j
If a hydropower plant extracts energy from 100 kg/s of water that falls 100 m, roughly how much electrical power does it generate?
100 kw
After ocean acidification and dissolution of calcium carbonate, silicate weathering removes the remaining 20% of the extra carbon still in the atmosphere on a timescale of
100 thousand years
How much power does the average American consume?
10000 W
If a 5-kg weight is lifted 2 meters, how much gravitational potential energy has it been given?
100j
If the partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and water vapor are 780 mbars, 200 mbars, 10 mbars, and 30 mbars, what is the total pressure?
1020 mbars
If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP8.5 scenario, roughly how much land warming would we get if we waited long enough?
12 K
Roughly how much wind power could we possibly extract from the global land surface?
15 TW
Consider a metal rod that has 10 W of heat conduction between its two ends, which are maintained at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K. If we raise the temperature of the hot end from 400 K to 500 K, what is the new rate of heat conduction along the rod?
15 W
Averaging over all land, day/night, seasons, and weather, the power per land area of sunlight is
150 W/m^2
Including all soil depths, permafrost contains how much carbon?
1500 GtC
If planet A is the same size as planet B, but is twice as hot, how much more rapidly does planet A lose energy by radiation?
16 times
If a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen has a total pressure of 900 mbars, and if the partial pressure of nitrogen is 720 mbars, what is the partial pressure of oxygen?
180 mbars
In what year was the greenhouse effect postulated, thereby initiating the field of climate science?
1824
The first prediction of global warming was made in what year?
1896
In what year did congressional testimony first raise public awareness about global warming?
1988
The IPCC was founded in and issued its first assessment report in .
1988 and 1990
Borehole paleothermometry reveals a mean global ground-temperature increase over the past ~100 years of
1K
What is the current radiative forcing from the extra CO2 that is currently in the atmosphere?
2 W/m2
If planet A is the same temperature as planet B, but has twice the area, how much more rapidly does planet A lose energy by radiation?
2 times
A typical building has 3 meters between floors and the average American adult weighs 80 kg. How much energy does it take to lift 5 average American adults up 2 floors in a typical building?
2.4 kj
Roughly at what rate is the atmospheric concentration of CO2 increasing?
2.5 ppm/year
The carbon contained in peat down to 1 meter is equivalent to how many years of fossil-fuel burning at the current rate of emissions?
20
What is roughly the per-capita consumption of oil in the United States?
20 barrels/year
Assuming a 2000-year timescale for the adjustment of sea level, if sea level is rising at 10 mm/year, roughly what is the committed sea-level rise?
20 m
Consider a 0.01-kg feather initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 20 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?
20 m
Consider a 2-kg bowling ball initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 20 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?
20 m
Roughly what fraction of the carbon burned by humans is still in the atmosphere as CO2 after 10,000 years?
20%
How much carbon is there in peat worldwide down to one-meter depth?
200 GtC
If the concentration of atmospheric CO2 increases by 100 ppm, roughly how much more carbon is there in the atmosphere?
200 GtC
If a planet's total solar irradiance, or TSI, is 1000 W/m2, what is the average incident sunlight per planetary surface area?
250 W/m2
What was the preindustral concentration of carbon dioxide?
280 ppm
Earth avg temp
288 K
20 C in kelvin
293 K
Roughly how much power will a 10-MW wind turbine generate?
3 MW
what is 3 gya
3 billion years ago
How far does a person go if they jog at 1 m/s for 1 hour?
3.6 KM
Averaging over all land, day/night, seasons, and weather, and assuming a typical solar-cell efficiency, the electrical power per land area generated by PV panels is
30 W/m^2
Using Wien's law, what is the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by an object with a temperature of 100 K?
30 micron
If a town is underlain by 3 m of permafrost, and if the permafrost is thawing there at a rate of 10 cm/year, in roughly how long will the town have no permafrost?
30 years
On planet Zorkon, the effective height of longwave emission to space is at 9 km where the temperature is 210 K. If the lapse rate in Zorkon's dry atmosphere is 10 K/km, what is the surface temperature?
300 K
Which of the following is a typical temperature on Earth?
300 K
If a planet's TSI is 2000 W/m2 and its albedo is 0.4, how much power per area must the planet radiate?
300 W/m2
How many Joules of heat are generated by a heater that outputs 500 W for 10 minutes?
300 kj
On planet Cruftulon, the effective height of longwave emission to space is at 3 km where the temperature is 310 K. If the lapse rate in Kruftulon's dry atmosphere is 10 K/km, what is the surface temperature?
340 K
The human body produces about 100 W of heat energy per time. How much heat energy does the human body emit in an hour? Recall that an hour has 3600 seconds.
360 KJ
How many rocket planets
4
If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP4.5 scenario, roughly how much globally averaged warming would we get if we waited long enough?
4 K
How much fossil fuel have humans burned?
400 GtC
What is the current concentration of atmospheric CO2?
400 ppm
Roughly how much power will a 300-W solar panel generate?
45 W
Typical temp of an oven
450 K
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +24 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of 2 m?
48 kg/s
Roughly at what rate are the ocean and plants absorbing CO2 at present?
5 GtC/year
Consider a metal rod that has 10 W of heat conduction between its two ends, which are maintained at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K. If we lower the temperature of the hot end from 400 K to 300 K, what is the new rate of heat conduction along the rod?
5 W
Consider a metal rod that has 10 W of heat conduction between its two ends, which are maintained at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K. If we raise the temperature of the cold end from 200 K to 300 K, what is the new rate of heat conduction along the rod?
5 W
Consider a 0.01-kg feather initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 10 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?
5 m
Consider a 2-kg bowling ball initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 10 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?
5 m
The power per area emitted by an object, in W/m2, is equal to
5.67(T/100)4
If the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere increases by 100 GtC, roughly how much does the concentration of CO2 increase?
50 ppm
What is the approximate power per are emited by a person in W/m2?
6 x 3^4
What is the approximate power per area emitted by the inside wall of an oven when baking a cake in W/m2?
6 x 4.5^4
In an atmosphere with water, what is the numerical value of the lapse rate?
6.5 K/km
To allow all 10 billion people to live like Americans, roughly how much electrical power does humanity need to generate?
60 TW
If a bank account accrues interest at a rate of 2% per year, by what percentage has the initial principal increased after 30 years?
60%
How many GtC were there in the preindustrial atmosphere?
600 GtC
Typical Temperature of the sun
6000 K
If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP4.5 scenario, roughly how much land warming would we get if we waited long enough?
7 K
Roughly how much higher is CAPE in an atmosphere once it has warmed by 1 K?
7%
